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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (429)
Borosilicate glass has a wide range of technical applications due to its high chemical durability and thermal-shock resistivity. Here the effect of H2O on 16 Na2O, 10 B2O3,74 SiO2 glass is studied over a wide range of water contents from 0 to 8 wt.%. MIR spectra give evidence for the coexistence of strongly and weakly H-bonded hydrous species. Evaluation of NIR bands at 5200 cm-1 (molecular H2O), 4700 cm-1 (B-OH), and 4500 cm-1 (Si-OH) reveal that OH groups dominate up to ~6 wt.% H2O, with B-OH/Si-OH of ≈ 0.8. The incorporation of low amounts of H2O has strong impact on structure. NMR spectra of nominally dry glasses indicate a significant fraction (12 %) of 3-coordinated boron, but almost all boron is 4-coordinated after addition of 3 wt.% H2O. Raman spectra show that hydration results preferentially in transformation of Q4 to Q2 while Q3 remain unchanged, probably stabilized by bonding to BO4 tetrahedra. Viscosity measurements and differential thermal analysis give consistent results, confirming strong decrease of the glass transition temperature with addition of water from 849 K (dry) to 540 K (5 wt% H2O). An additional relaxation mechanism in hydrous glasses is inferred from dynamic mechanical analysis and is assigned to cooperative processes involving hydrous species. It is postulated that this relaxation mechanism plays an important role in crack growth kinetics.
The process of laser metal deposition can be applied in many ways. Mostly, it is relevant to coating, for repair welding and for additive manufacturing. To increase the effectiveness and the productiveness, a good process understanding is necessary. Statistical test planning is effectual and often used for this purpose. For financial and temporal reasons, a restriction of the test space is reasonable. In this case, it is recommended to use a D-optimal experimental design which is practically applied to extend existing test plans or if process Limits are known. This paper investigates the applicability of a D-optimum experimental design for the laser metal deposition. The results are compared to the current results of a full factorial test plan.
Known restrictions are used for the limitation of the test space. Ti6Al4 is utilized as Substrate material and powder. Comparable results of the D-optimal experimental design and of the full factorial test plan can be demonstrated. However, 80 % of time can be saved by the experimental procedure. For this reason, the application of D-optimal experimental design for laser metal deposition is recommend.
The aim of the present work was to investigate the possibilities of hybrid laser arc welding regarding reliable production of longitudinal welds of high strength pipe steels X80 and X120 and to evaluate achievable mechanical properties of laser hybrid welds. The study focused on weld toughness examination in low temperature range up to -60 °C. SЮТЭКЛХО ПТХХОЫ ЦКЭОЫТКХЬ were identified in the context of this task. It could be shown that metal cored electrodes guaranteed sufficient Charpy impact toughness at low temperature for both investigated materials. Modern arc welding technologies such as modified pulsed spray arc were used to promote deeper Penetration of the filler material into the narrow laser welding gap. Edge preparation with a 14 mm deep root face was considered as optimum, because no penetration of the filler material could be detected beyond this depth limit and therefore any metallurgical influences on the weld metal properties through the welding wire could be excluded.
Hydrous silicate and borate glasses of up to 8 wt% water were prepared using wet condition of melting under external pressure. Rheological experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the total water content on viscous flow and kinetic fragility. The findings indicate that dissolved water acts as a strong fluxing agent in both glass types. Water decreases particularly viscosity at the glass transition range, makes the viscosity-temperature curve "longer" and thus decreases kinetic fragility. Recent IR and NMR data are presented to link the dynamics of hydrous silicate and borate glasses with their structure particularly with regard to changes in the water-, silicon- and boron-speciation.
Der derzeitige Trend, Konstruktionen immer leichter zu gestalten, führt im modernen Stahlbau zu einer zunehmenden Relevanz höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ab 690 MPa. Daher bieten Hersteller Grund- und Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe dieser Güten mit guter Schweißeignung an. Bei der Fertigung von Baumaschinen wie Mobilkranen werden diese Werkstoffe bereits seit mehreren Jahrzehnten erfolgreich eingesetzt. Jüngst weitet sich die Verwendung auch auf andere Bereiche des Stahlbaus wie dem Brücken- oder Windenergieanlagenbau aus. Jedoch lässt sich nach aktuellem Stand der Normen das Festigkeitspotential dieser höherfesten Stähle oft noch nicht wirtschaftlich effizient und vollständig ausnutzen. Denn mit zunehmender Festigkeit geschweißter Verbindungen sind engere Verfahrensgrenzen sowie angehobene Tragfähigkeits- und Sicherheitsanforderungen verbunden. Eigenspannungen in geschweißten Bauteilen sind dabei maßgeblich, weil diese die Beanspruchbarkeit und Bauteilperformance insbesondere infolge der geringen plastischen Dehnungsreserven höherfester Feinkornbaustähle beeinflussen. Die Eigenspannungsausbildung ist wesentlich vom Werkstoff, dem Schweißprozess und der Konstruktion sowie deren Interaktion abhängig. Bei normgemäßer schweißtechnischer Fertigung und Konstruktionsauslegung wird in der Regel pauschal von Eigenspannungen in Höhe der Streckgrenze ausgegangen. Die Regelwerke und Richtlinien beruhen jedoch auf Annahmen, die vorwiegend für niedrigfeste Stähle zutreffend sind. Zwar zeigen frühere Arbeiten, dass Eigenspannungen in höherfesten Verbindungen meist deutlich unterhalb der Streckgrenze liegen. Die Untersuchungen konzentrierten sich jedoch vornehmlich auf Einzeleinflüssen und freischrumpfende Laborproben. Bisher fehlen systematische Untersuchungen an höherfesten Verbindungen, die die Steifigkeits- und Wärmeableitungsbedingungen realer Bauteile berücksichtigen. Für eine adäquate Bewertung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Optimierung mithilfe adaptierter Wärmeführung ist dies aber erforderlich. Denn globale Reaktionsspannungen infolge einer äußeren Schrumpfbehinderung können zur deutlichen Anhebung der Gesamtbeanspruchung führen.
Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand deshalb die Erarbeitung einer statistischen Versuchsmatrix zur Durchführung freischrumpfender und definiert schrumpfbehinderter Schweißexperimente. Dazu erfolgten systematische mehraxiale Analysen globaler Kräfte, Momente und Spannungen während des Schweißens und Abkühlens sowie lokaler Eigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht in Abhängigkeit von Wärmeführung und eingesetztem Werkstoff. Hierfür wurden Experimente an speziellen dreidimensional wirkenden Prüfanlagen zur Abbildung wirklichkeitsnaher Einspannbedingungen durchgeführt. Die lokale Eigenspannungsanalyse erfolgte mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie. Die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf reale Bauteile gewährleisteten numerische und experimentelle Analysen zur Steifigkeit von Bauteilstrukturen und Prüfanlagen gegenüber Quer- und Winkelschrumpfung. Ziel war die Quantifizierung der Einzeleffekte unter Berücksichtigung gegenseitiger Wechselwirkungen nach Wirkungsart bzw. -ort und auf den resultierenden Beanspruchungszustand. Nur mit diesen Kenntnissen lassen sich schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen bei der Fertigung und Konstruktion höherfester Bauteile angemessen berücksichtigen.
Für die Beanspruchungsanalysen konnten durch Einsatz anwendungsnaher Schweißverfahren und -parameter höherfeste Schweißverbindungen an zwei Blechdicken der vorwiegend eingesetzten wasservergüteten Feinkornbaustähle S690QL und S960QL realisiert werden. Die Abkühlbedingungen sowie die daraus resultierenden Gefüge und Eigenschaften wurden analysiert. Schweiß-Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsschaubilder ließen sich mithilfe der Einsensor-Differenz-Thermoanalyse erarbeiten. Dies ermöglichte die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Legierungszusammensetzung und des Umwandlungsverhaltens der Werkstoffe auf die Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungsausbildung im Zusammenhang mit der Ermittlung einer adäquaten Wärmeführung. So zeigte sich im Gegensatz zu den Regelwerken bei den für höherfeste Güten empfohlenen hohen Abkühlraten eine günstigere Beeinflussung durch die Streckenenergie als durch die Arbeitstemperatur. Umfangreiche Analysen der auf die neutrale Faser der Schweißnaht bezogenen Kräfte und Spannungen belegten erstmals quantitativ die hohe Abhängigkeit des Reaktionsmomentes und damit der Biegespannungen von der Wärmeführung. Angehobene Arbeitstemperaturen führen zwar zu erhöhten Beanspruchungen während der Fertigung. Dem kann aber mit Schweißgütern niedrigerer Festigkeit oder angepasster Nahtkonfiguration Rechnung getragen werden. Für erhöhte Einspannbedingungen riefen abgesenkte Arbeitstemperaturen deutlich niedrigere Reaktionsmomente und -spannungen nach der Abkühlung hervor. Im Widerspruch dazu empfehlen die Regelwerke für risssicheres Schweißen von Feinkornbaustählen basierend auf Kohlenstoffäquivalentkonzepten die Einstellung einer Wärmeführung über das Anheben von Mindestarbeitstemperaturen. Diese Konzepte besitzen daher nur eingeschränkte Gültigkeit, um bei angehobenen Einspannbedingungen in höherfesten Verbindungen gezielt schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen zu reduzieren und ein erhöhtes Rissrisiko zu vermeiden. Höhere Streckenenergien führten infolge gesteigerter Abschmelzraten und einer geringeren Anzahl an Schweißlagen sowie außermittig eingebrachter Schweißraupen zur wesentlichen Absenkung der Reaktionsmomente und -spannungen. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung der Streckenenergie zur Einstellung adäquater Abkühlbedingungen bei höherfesten Stählen. Eine weitere deutliche Reduzierung des Gesamtbeanspruchungsniveaus war bei hohen Einspann- und Biegeeinspanngraden durch eine Verringerung des Nahtspaltes unter Verwendung einer modifizierten Sprühlichtbogenvariante möglich. Des Weiteren ergaben sich beim Einsatz von Zusatzwerkstoffen mit höherer Festigkeit in den Fülllagen aufgrund des Umwandlungsverhaltens positive Effekte auf den Kräfte- und Spannungshaushalt. Diese Erkenntnisse konnten durch die lokalen Eigenspannungsanalysen bestätigt werden. Erhöhte Biegespannungen wirken sich weniger auf das Eigenspannungsniveau im Schweißgut als vielmehr auf die benachbarten Bereiche bzw. die Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) aus. Annähernd unabhängig vom eingesetzten Werkstoff war ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen Biegeeinspanngrad, Biegespannung und Höhe der Zugeigenspannungen in der WEZ zu beobachten. Vor diesem Hintergrund kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass eine Umlagerung dieser Zugeigenspannungen, bspw. durch Lasten im Betrieb, im Zusammenhang mit den geringen plastischen Dehnungsreserven der höherfesten Werkstoffe nicht stattfinden kann. Zudem bedingen die Gefüge der WEZ herabgesetzte mechanische Eigenschaften und in Kombination mit komplexen, mehrachsigen Spannungszuständen eine Minderung der Bauteilperformance und mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit ein frühzeitiges Bauteilversagen.
Eine zusammenfassende Effekt- und Wechselwirkungsanalyse der verschiedenen Nahtbereiche mit Regressionsmodellen war Grundlage für die Abschätzung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen. Damit zeigt die Arbeit, dass sich unter Gewährleistung der mechanisch-technologischen Nahteigenschaften eine adaptierte Wärmeführung ermitteln lässt, um möglichst geringe Zugeigenspannungen in lastkritischen Bereichen zu erzielen. Darauf basierend erfolgte die Entwicklung eines Konzeptes zur Bewertung und Optimierung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen in höherfesten Verbindungen. In Anlehnung an die Bemessungskonzepte der Betriebsfestigkeit wurden somit Berechnungsansätze zu einer nach Wirkungsart und -ort differenzierten Berücksichtigung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen in höherfesten Konstruktionen beispielhaft für den Mobilkranbau erarbeitet. In Fallbeispielen ließ sich mit einem neuen Berechnungsansatz zeigen, dass die zur Optimierung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen abgeschätzten Wärmeführungs- und Schweißparameter eine gesteigerte Ausnutzung der Streckgrenzen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle gegenüber dem konventionellen Tragfähigkeitsnachweis ermöglichen.
An approach to develop an arc sensor for gap-width estimation during automated NG-GMAW with a weaving electrode motion is introduced by combining arc sensor readings with optical measurement of the groove shape to allow precise analyses of the process. The two test specimen welded for this study were designed to feature a variable groove geometry in order to maximize efficiency of the conducted experimental efforts, resulting in 1696 individual weaving cycle records with associated arc sensor measurements, process parameters and groove shape information. Gap width was varied from 18 to 25 mm and wire feed rates in the range of 9 to 13 m/min were used in the course of this study. Artificial neural networks were used as a modelling tool to derive an arc sensor for estimation of gap width suitable for online process control that can adapt to changes in process parameters as well as changes in the weaving motion of the electrode. Wire feed rate, weaving current, sidewall dwell currents and angles were used as inputs to calculate the gap width. Evaluation the proposed arc sensor model show very good estimation capabilities for parameters sufficiently covered during experiments.
Die transiente nichtlineare 3D-Wärmeleitungsgleichung wurde zur numerischen Lösung mittels der Finite-Elemente-Methode im Ort und mittels explizitem Eulerschema in der Zeit diskretisiert. Der resultierende Algorithmus wurde in ein Computerprogramm überführt wobei besonderer Wert auf paralleles Rechnen gelegt wurde. Das Programm wurde auf die numerische Berechnung eines schweißtypischen transienten Temperaturfelds angewandt. Die Rechenzeit und Skalierbarkeit des Computerprogramms bezüglich der Anzahl verwendeter CPU Kerne wurde untersucht und mit dem kommerziellen FEM Programm Abaqus 6.14 verglichen. Die Anwendung der expliziten Zeitintegration resultiert in verbesserter Skalierbarkeit bezüglich der Anzahl verwendeter CPU Kerne und Rechenzeitersparnis gegenüber der in Abaqus implementierten impliziten Zeitintegrationsmethode.
Presentation of the work of division 9.4 with focus on the Key aspects of component welding applying higher-strength fine-grained structural steels. The increased application of higher-strength steels and filler materials necessitates a more profound understanding of the interactions between the welding process, the heat input, the cooling conditions and the resulting metallurgical processes in the weld and its surroundings. Strategies, which help to improve the strength properties and life-time of welded structures to such an extent that the utilisation of higher-strength materials can be justified and their lightweight construction potential can thus be exploited to the full, can only be derived from the interaction between all the influencing factors. Examples of a few investigations on welded joints between higher-strength fine-grained structural steels with regard to the interactions between the main variables influencing the cold cracking are presented.
Um das Risswachstum in Gläsern zu untersuchen, sind in einer Glovebox 185 Risse ausgehen von Vickers-Eindrücken in Kalk-Natron-Glas initiiert und gewachsen. Die direkte Beobachtung des unterkritischen Risswachstums erfolgte mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die statistische Auswertung vieler radialer Risse von multiplen Rissevents notwendig ist, um eine Korrelation zum Spannungsintensitätsfaktor ziehen zu können.
185 cracks were initiated in a soda-lime-silica glass by Vickers indentation and grown under controlled dry nitrogen atmosphere. Direct observation of subcritical crack growth (SCCG) upon indentation was performed using a video camera with an image acquisition rate of 3 ms. The results show that the validity of K(c) relations used to determine the indentation fracture toughness from a single imprint is questionable. It seems that correlation of crack length to stress intensity necessitate the use of statistical significant data of multiple crack events.
Recent studies have shown that host-microbiota interactions can lead to dramatic changes in host phenotype. We investigate the causal drivers of microbe-associated shifts in host phenotype by examining how feeding behaviour is modulated by microbiota interactions in two omnivorous cockroaches: Blatta orientalis and Blatella germanica. We conducted food-choice experiments after challenging hosts with a common entomopathogenic soil bacterium to understand the impact of pathogens on host macronutrient preference. We find that immune challenge by a pathogenic microbe drives a sharp decline in carbohydrate intake and results in a relative increase in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P:C) consumed. Additionally, infected cockroaches reduce their Overall nutrient intake, which is consistent with an illness-induced anorexia-like response. We show for the first time that cockroach feeding behaviour is dynamically modulated by a pathogen, and examine the influence of modified feeding behaviour on host immunity. We also investigate whether in Addition to pathogens, gut commensals are causally responsible for shifts in host behavioural phenotype. Here, we conduct food-choice and immune-challenge experiments in germ-free cockroaches, which have been refaunated with gut microbiota that are experimentally adapted to variable macronutrient (P:C) diets.
Recent studies have shown that host-microbiota interactions can lead to dramatic changes in host phenotype. We investigate the causal drivers of microbe-associated shifts in host phenotype by examining how feeding behaviour is modulated by microbiota interactions in two omnivorous cockroaches: Blatta orientalis and Blatella germanica. We conducted food-choice experiments after challenging hosts with a common entomopathogenic soil bacterium to understand the impact of pathogens on host macronutrient preference. We find that immune challenge by a pathogenic microbe drives a sharp decline in carbohydrate intake and results in a relative increase in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P:C) consumed. Additionally, infected cockroaches reduce their overall nutrient intake, which is consistent with an illness-induced anorexia-like response. We show for the first time that cockroach feeding behaviour is dynamically modulated by a pathogen, and examine the influence of modified feeding behaviour on host immunity. We also investigate whether in addition to pathogens, gut commensals are causally responsible for shifts in host behavioural phenotype. Here, we conduct food-choice and immune-challenge experiments in germ-free cockroaches, which have been refaunated with gut microbiota that are experimentally adapted to variable macronutrient (P:C) diets.
Diverse animal species consume toxins, minerals or secondary compounds as an adaptive response to pathogen infection – a process termed self-medication. Recent studies have also shown that macronutrients can play an important role in an individual’s infection response. For instance African army worm caterpillars select a diet rich in protein and low in carbohydrate upon baculovirus infection. Here we investigate whether dietary choice of macronutrients also plays a role in immunity in the omnivorous cockroach: Blatta orientalis. After challenging individual cockroaches with a common entomopathogenic soil bacterium, Pseudomonas entomophila, we conducted food-choice experiments using two artificial diets differing in their relative protein to carbohydrate ratio. We show for the first time that cockroaches are able to self-select a protein-enriched diet as a response to bacterial infection. This is driven by a sharp decline in carbohydrate intake rather than an increase in protein intake. Additionally, infected cockroaches reduced their overall nutrient intake, which is consistent with an illness-induced anorexia-like response. The feeding pattern of bacteria-challenged individuals returned to normality approx 4 days after challenge. We also investigate whether cockroach survival and hemolymph immunity are enhanced in individuals when restricted to a protein-rich vs. carbohydrate-rich diet. Overall, our findings demonstrate that macronutrient preferences follow a general pattern independent of pathogen type. Furthermore, we show that interactions between nutrition and immunity are highly conserved in evolution, highlighted by the fact that caterpillars and cockroaches diverged some 386 million years ago.
Damage development and damage tolerance of structures manufactured by selective laser melting
(2017)
The additive manufacturing technology of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) experiences a rapid development within an increasing marked of quite different application fields. The properties of SLM materials and structures are influenced by a number of tech-nological parameters such as the metal powder (particle size, homogeneity, cleanliness), the laser tool (power, beam diameter, pulse lengths), the scanning operation (speed, sequence and orientation of melting paths), parameters of the over-all equipment (design and preheating of the base plate, currents and turbulence in the protective gas atmosphere) and, last not least, the hatching strategy including the build-up direction of the structure with respect to the loading direction of the component.
For the perspective use of SLM structures as load carrying, safety-relevant components the knowledge of their mechanical properties is necessary. It is essential to understand these in the context of the manufacturing-related features and at the back-ground of the basic characteristics of metallic materials: crystal lattice, microstructure and material defects. The paper provides an overview on factors which affect the mechanical parameters stiffness, strength, ductility, toughness, fatigue crack propagation and fatigue strength in the context of selective laser melting.
Up to now, the mechanisms of surface nucleation and surface-induced texture formation are far from being understood. Corresponding phenomena are discussed hypothetically or even controversial, and related studies are restricted to very few glasses. As a main drawback, the vast majority of previous work on oriented growth of surface crystals do not consider the possible effects of glass surface treatments (like polishing defects, adhered particles and cracks, …) or ambient annealing conditions (vacuum or atmospheric pressure) which both can influence crystal nucleation and growth. Moreover, very few observations of crystal orientation related to surface crystallization were focused on separately growing crystals. In conclusion, up to now, no systematic studies on initially oriented crystal growth or nucleation from defined active nucleation sites have been pursued.
Therefore, the main objective of the proposed project is to gain a basic understanding of the mechanisms of surface-induced microstructure formation in glass ceramics. We shall answer the question whether preferred orientation of surface crystals is the result of oriented nucleation or caused by other orientation selection mechanisms acting during early crystal growth. In both cases, crystal orientation may be caused by the orientation of the glass surface itself or the anisotropy and orientation of active surface nucleation defects.
New techniques of experimental characterization of surface-crystallized glasses shall be applied to find answers to the questions posed above. Based on a controlled preparation and annealing of the glass sample surfaces, that includes the defined creation of active nucleation defects, and followed by the microstructural characterization especially during the very early growth stages of separated surface crystals, the orientation relations between defect and initiated surface crystal will be analyzed. In order to gain new insights, a couple of entirely new microstructure diagnostics techniques, including chemically contrasted XRM, laser-based sample preparation for XRM, and 3D electron backscatter diffraction shall be developed or applied.
This way, using X-ray microscopy as a pivotal technique for the non-destructive 3D characterization of relatively large samples at superior spatial resolution (but also complemented by other microstructure diagnostics techniques, e.g. TEM elemental mappings at cross-sectioned samples) unprecedented insights into the microstructure evolution upon surface crystallization of model glasses will be gained.
The manufacture of sintered glasses and glass-ceramics, glass Matrix composites and glass-bounded ceramics or pastes is often affected by gas bubble formation. Against this background, we studied sintering and foaming of barium silicate glass powders used as SOFC sealants using different powder milling scenarios. Sintering was measured by means of heating microscopy backed up by XPD, DTA, Vacuum Hot Extraction (VHE) and optical and electron microscopy. Foaming increased significantly as milling progressed. For moderately milled glass powders, subsequent storage in air could also promote foaming. Although the powder compacts were uniaxially pressed and sintered in air, the milling environment significantly affected foaming. The strength of this effect increased in the order Ar >> N2 < air < CO2. Conformingly, VHE studies revealed that the pores of aerated samples predominantly encapsulated CO2, even for powders milled in Ar and N2. Results of this study thus indicate that foaming is caused by carbonaceous species trapped on the glass powder surface. Foaming could be substantially reduced by milling in water and 10 wt% HCl.
Up to now, the mechanisms of surface nucleation and surface-induced texture formation are far from being understood. Corresponding phenomena are discussed hypothetically or even controversial, and related studies are restricted to very few glasses. As a main drawback, the vast majority of previous work on oriented growth of surface crystals do not consider the possible effects of glass surface treatments (like polishing defects, adhered particles and cracks, …) or ambient annealing conditions (vacuum or atmospheric pressure) which both can influence crystal nucleation and growth. Moreover, very few observations of crystal orientation related to surface crystallization were focused on separately growing crystals. In conclusion, up to now, no systematic studies on initially oriented crystal growth or nucleation from defined active nucleation sites have been pursued.
Therefore, the main objective of the proposed project is to gain a basic understanding of the mechanisms of surface-induced microstructure formation in glass ceramics. We shall answer the question whether preferred orientation of surface crystals is the result of oriented nucleation or caused by other orientation selection mechanisms acting during early crystal growth. In both cases, crystal orientation may be caused by the orientation of the glass surface itself or the anisotropy and orientation of active surface nucleation defects.
New techniques of experimental characterization of surface-crystallized glasses shall be applied to find answers to the questions posed above. Based on a controlled preparation and annealing of the glass sample surfaces, that includes the defined creation of active nucleation defects, and followed by the microstructural characterization especially during the very early growth stages of separated surface crystals, the orientation relations between defect and initiated surface crystal will be analyzed. In order to gain new insights, a couple of entirely new microstructure diagnostics techniques, including chemically contrasted XRM, laser-based sample preparation for XRM, and 3D electron backscatter diffraction shall be developed or applied.
This way, using X-ray microscopy as a pivotal technique for the non-destructive 3D characterization of relatively large samples at superior spatial resolution (but also complemented by other microstructure diagnostics techniques, e.g. TEM elemental mappings at cross-sectioned samples) unprecedented insights into the microstructure evolution upon surface crystallization of model glasses will be gained.
Glasig-kristalline Werkstoffe für Schlüsseltechnologien - Prozessbegleitende Prüfung und Simulation
(2017)
Eigenschaftsprofile und Kennwertstreuungen keramischer und glaskeramischer Komponenten und Bauteile werden durch ihren Herstellungsprozess wesentlich mitbestimmt. Prozessbegleitende Prüf- und Simulationsmethoden gewinnen so wachsenden Einfluss auf die Erschließung neuer Applikationsfelder dieser Werkstoffe. Eine wichtige Rol¬le spielen hierbei oft thermokinetische Prozesse, die u. a. Wärmetransport- und Diffusionsvorgänge, Phasengrenzflächenreaktionen, das rheologische Verhalten heterogener Systeme sowie deren Gefügeevolution beim Sintern umfassen. Ziel des Vortrages ist es, diesen Trend anhand ausgewählter Bei-spiele aus der Arbeit des Fachbereichs Glas der BAM zu illustrieren.
The work presents the microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of Inconel 686 coatings after high - temperature corrosion in environment of aggressive gases. To produce the Ni - base weld overlays the QS Nd:YAG laser beam was used. The substrates were 13Mo4-5 boilers plate steel. Ni - base alloys characterize the excellent high temperature corrosion resistance, good strength and good ability to work in aggressive environments. Applied overlays had a proper combination of the metal substrate in particular small amount of Fe. This could be achieved by the reduction of the melting of the substrate and its dissolution into the overlays. The microstructure, chemical composition of the obtained overlays were investigated by means of a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the EDS detector. The overlays had cellular-dendritic structure. The variations of the chemical composition (especially Mo, Ni and W ) in the interdendritic and dendritic regions were observed. The interdendritic regions were enriched during solidifications in Mo and W and had lower content of Ni.
The microstructure of weld overlay Ni - base alloy deposited on carbon steel by laser QS-Nd:YAG
(2017)
Ni- base alloys are used as a one of the most important coating material and can be applied in a different environments and elements of devices having various applications. To protect the surface of the material from aggressive gases at high temperature, there are use different kinds of the Ni- base alloys. One of such alloy is Ni-Cr-Mo-W called commercial Inconel 686. This alloy based on NiCr22Mo9Nb (Inconel 625), in which content of molybdenum increased and niobium was replaced with the addition of tungsten, in order to counteract the strong segregation in the microstructure, which results in homogeneity of the chemical composition of the structure. Inconel 686 is also characterized by greater resistance to high temperature corrosion and heat resistance than Inconel 625. The Inconel 686 alloy was deposited on 13CrMo4-5 steel by laser QS - Nd:YAG. In the poster the microstructure (SEM) and chemical composition (EDS) of obtained weld overlays were investigated.
The layer-wise slurry deposition (LSD) is an innovative process for the deposition of powder layers with a high packing density for Additive Manufacturing (AM). A slurry with small organic content is repetitively spread as thin layers on top of each other by means of a doctor blade. During the deposition, the ceramic particles settle to form thin layers with a high packing density (55-60%). Each layer is then dried, resulting in the stacking of a dry powder bed with high powder packing. When coupled with a printing head or with a laser source, the LSD enables novel AM technologies inspired to the 3D printing or selective laser sintering, but taking advantage of having a highly dense powder bed.
The LSD -3D printing, in particular, offers the potential of producing large (> 100 mm) and high quality ceramic parts, with microstructure and properties similar to traditional processing.
This presentation will give an overview of the milestones in the development of this technology, with focus on the latest results applied both to silicate and to technical ceramics.
Several Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes are based on the deposition of a powder to form a powder bed layer-by-layer, which typically has a low packing density (35-50%) and consequently hinders the ability of sintering ceramic parts to full density.
The layerwise slurry deposition (LSD) is an innovative process for the deposition of layers in AM. In the LSD, a slurry with no or small organic content is repetitively spread as thin layers on each other by means of a doctor blade. During the deposition, the ceramic particles settle to form thin layers with a high packing density (55-60%). When coupled with a printing head or with a laser, the LSD enables novel AM technologies inspired to the 3D printing or selective laser sintering, but taking advantage of having a highly dense powder-bed.
The LSD combined with inkjet binder printing (LSD-print) was applied to a submicron Al2O3 powder to produce samples which had a comparable density to uniaxially pressed samples, both in the green and in the sintered state.
Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von austenitischen Mischnähten, wie sie beispielsweise im Primärkreislauf von Kernkraftwerken vorkommen, stellt besondere Anforderungen an die eingesetzte Ultraschallprüfung. Voraussetzung für die positions- und größenrichtige Darstellung von Bauteilfehlern, insbesondere bei bildgebenden Ultraschallverfahren, ist die genaue Kenntnis der Materialparameter auf dem gesamten Schalllaufweg vom Sender zum Empfänger. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts entwickeln wir ein zerstörungsfreies, inverses Verfahren, das die Schweißnahtparameter entsprechend des Ogilvy-Modells aus der Schallschnelleverteilung bestimmt, die eine Longitudinalwelle an der Oberfläche erzeugt, nachdem sie durch die Schweißnaht gelaufen ist.
Lumineszenzmethoden und funktionelle Chromophore erlangten in den letzten Jahren breite Anwendungen in den Material- und Lebenswissenschaften wie z.B. in der medizinischen Diagnostik, der Beleuchtungs- und Displaytechnologie, der Photovoltaik oder im Sicherheitsbereich für die Echtheitskodierung. Entscheidend für eine hohe Effizienz und Nachweisempfindlichkeit funktioneller Chromophore ist eine große Helligkeit bzw. Brillanz. Brillante Stoffe zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Absorption des anregenden Lichtes (messbar über den molaren Extinktionskoeffizienten) aus sowie durch eine effiziente Umwandlung des absorbierten Lichtes in Lumineszenzlicht bzw. durch eine große Photolumineszenzquantenausbeute aus. Die Bestimmung der Schlüsselgröße Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute erfolgt i.a. relativ zu einem Farbstoff bekannter Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute über einen Vergleich der absorptionsgewichteten integralen Fluoreszenzspektren von Probe und Standard. Hierfür werden Referenzmaterialien mit zertifizierten Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten benötigt, die bislang nicht verfügbar sind. Im folgenden werden die laufenden Forschungsarbeiten an einer Serie an Fluoreszenzquantenausbeutestandard vorgestellt, die im Spektralbereich von 350 nm – 1050 nm emittieren. Diese Materialien können auch zur Überprüfung von Ulbrichtkugelmessplätzen eingesetzt werden.
Quantum dot (QD) based nanomaterials are very promising materials for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices like solar cells, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and photodetectors as well as as reporters for chemo- and biosensing and bioimaging. Many of These applications involve the monitoring of changes in photoluminescence intensity and energy transfer processes which can strongly depend on excitation wavelength or energy. In this work, we analyzed the excitation energy dependence (EED) of the photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs) and decay kinetics and the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of CdSe/CdS core/shell QDs with different thicknesses of the surface passivation shell. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between the spectral position of local maxima observed in the EED of PL QY and the zero-crossing points of the CD profiles. Theoretical analysis of the energy band structure of the QDs with effective mass approximation suggests that these structures could correspond to exciton energy levels. This underlines the potential of CD spectroscopy for the study of electronic energy structure of chiroptically active nanocrystals which reveal quantum confinement effects.
Microbial symbionts of insects provide a range of ecological traits to their hosts that are beneficial in the context of biotic interactions. However, little is known about insect symbiont-mediated adaptation to the abiotic environment, for example, temperature and humidity. Here, we report on an ancient clade of intracellular, bacteriome-located Bacteroidetes symbionts that are associated with grain and Wood pest beetles of the phylogenetically distant families Silvanidae and Bostrichidae. In the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, we demonstrate that the symbionts affect cuticle thickness, melanization and hydrocarbon profile, enhancing desiccation resistance and thereby strongly improving fitness under dry conditions. Together with earlier observations on Symbiont contributions to cuticle biosynthesis in weevils, our findings indicate that convergent acquisitions of bacterial mutualists represented key adaptations enabling diverse pest beetle groups to survive and proliferate under the low ambient humidity that characterizes dry grain storage facilities.
The implementation of fluorescent methods is of outstanding importance in the field of optical chemical sensor Technology and biosciences. Their bioanalytical applications are manifold including fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunoassays, analysis of DNA and Protein microarrays, and quantitative PCR, just to name a few examples. Particularly, fluorescence microscopy is a valuable method in the versatile field of biomedical imaging methods which nowadays utilizes different fluorescence Parameters like emission wavelength/Color and lifetime for the discrimination between different targets. Sectional Images are available with confocal microscopes. Tissue, cells or single cellular compartments can be stained and visualized with fluorescent dyes and biomolecules can be selectively labeled with fluorescent dyes to Monitor biomolecular interactions inside cells or at Membrane bound receptors.
On the other hand , fluorophores can act as indicator (or "molecular probe") to visualize intrinsically colorless and non-fluorescent ionic and neutral analytes such as pH, Oxygen (pO2), metal ions, anions, hydrogen peroxide or bioactive small organic molecules such as Sugars or nucleotides. Thereby, their photoluminescent properties (fluorescence or phoporescence intensity, exitation and/or Emission wavelength, emission lifetime or anisotropy) respond to the presence of these species in their immediate Environment. In general, the use of luminescent probes has the advantage that they can be delivered directly into the sample, and detected in a contactless remote mode. By now, these probes are often encapsulated in different types of nanoparticles (NPs) made from (biodegradable) organic polymers, biopolymers or inorganic materials like silica or bound to their surface.
Corrosion fatigue (CF) of duplex stainless steel (DSS) X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 was investigated in in-situ geothermal conditions of the Northern German Basin (NGB). The influence of the load type on CF behavior of the alloy was examined by applying push/pull and rotating bending cyclic load to failure. The hour-glass shaped specimens with both polished and precisely turned surface finish were tested in corrosion chambers allowing for the permanent circulation of Northern German Basin electrolyte heated to 369 K. Additionally, the influence of a protective cathodic potential on the CF life expectancy was investigated by employing a potentiostat. The rotating bending cyclic load led to a higher CF life expectancy, which decreased with increasing duration of the experiment due to a higher deterioration rate of the material. The application of a cathodic potential caused a significant increase of the CF lifespan from 4.7 x 105 (open-circuit potential (OCP)) to 107 cycles (preset threshold cycle number) for the potential range from USHE = – 450 to – 900 mV. Microstructural analysis of the CF damage revealed horizontal grain attack within corrosion pit cavities, multiple fatigue cracks and preferable deterioration of the austenitic phase.
Micelles are of increasing importance as versatile carriers for hydrophobic substances and nanoprobes for a wide range of pharmaceutical, diagnostic, medical, and therapeutic applications. A key Parameter indicating the Formation and stability of micelles is the critical micelle concentration (CMC). In this respect, we determined the CMC of common anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactants fluorometrically using different fluorescent probes and fluorescence Parameters for Signal detection and ompared the results with conductometric and surface Tension measurements. Based upon These results, requirements, Advantages, and pitfalls of each methods are discussed. Our study underlines the versatility of fluorometric methods that do not impose specific requirements on surfactants and are especially suited for the quantification of very low CMC values. Conductivity and surface Tension measurements yield smaller uncertainties particularly for high CMC values, yet are more time- and substance consuming and not suitable for every surfactant.
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are of great interest for biomedical applications. Currently, the applicability of UCNP bionanotechnology is hampered by the generally low luminescence intensity of UCNPs and inefficient energy Transfer from UCNPs to surface-bound chromophores used e.g. for photodynamic therapy or analyte sensing. In this work, we address the low-Efficiency issue by developing versatile core-Shell nanostructures, where high-concentration sensitizers and activators are confined in the core and Shell Region of representative hexagonal NaYF2:Yb,Er UCNPs. After Doping concentration optimization, the sensitizer-rich core is able to harvest/accumulate more excitation energy and generate almost one order of Magnitude higher luminescence intesity than conventional homogeneously doped nanostructures. At the same time, the activator Ions located in the Shell enable a ~6 times more efficient resonant energy Transfer from UCNPs to surface-bound acceptor dye molecules due to the short distance between donor-acceptor pairs. Our work provides new insights into the rational design of UCNPs and will greatly encrease the General applicability of upconversion nanotechnologies.
The work aims at addressing the modelling and implementation of criteria for multiple crack propagation, including interaction and coalescence, for a more reliable fracture mechanics-based prediction of stress-life curves for weldments.
A large experimental work is presented in which micro-cracks have been made visible by heat-tinting at successive stages of fatigue life of the welded specimens. Here the correlation between the number of initiation sites and the applied stress level has been also investigated.
The criteria have been implemented in in-house software, which allows multiple fatigue crack propagation, and validated against selected experimental tests. The results have shown that the modelling of multiple crack propagation and interaction is crucial for the prediction of the fatigue strength of weldments, both in finite and infinite life regime.
Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde werden zunehmend in der Luft- und Raumfahrt, der Automobil- und Windenergieindustrie eingesetzt. Die hier entwickelten Bauteile sind oft nicht nur multiaxialen mechanischen Belastungen, sondern auch hohen klimatischen Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt. Einsatztemperaturen zwischen -60°C und 100°C bei 10-90% relativer Feuchte sind keine Seltenheit, in der Raumfahrt sind die thermischen Belastungen sogar noch extremer. Die Auswirkungen einer Wechselwirkung extremer klimatischer Beanspruchungen mit multiaxialen mechanischen Belastungen wurden bisher kaum betrachtet. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die Untersuchung des Ermüdungsverhaltens der Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde in Abhängigkeit von multiaxialer mechanischer Belastung, Temperatur und Feuchte. Dazu werden umfangreiche experimentelle Untersuchungen an Flach- und Rohrproben sowie numerische und analytische Berechnungen durchgeführt.
Für die Durchführung der Experimente werden zunächst Glasfaser-Preforms in einem an der BAM entwickelten Haspelverfahren ohne nominelle Ondulation hergestellt. Aus diesen Preforms werden anschließend in einem vakuumunterstützten Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)-Prozess die GFK-Probekörper gefertigt.
Bisher wurden die thermoelastischen Eigenschaften und die Festigkeiten des Faser-Kunststoff-Verbundes und der Matrix mit Zug- und Druckversuchen unter paralleler Temperaturlast im Bereich von -60°C bis +80°C ermittelt. Auf der Basis eines Konzeptes zur Berechnung der Matrixbeanspruchung wurde ein Modell zur Bestimmung des Schädigungsbeginns von Laminaten unter quasistatischer thermomechanischer Belastung weiterentwickelt und experimentell validiert.
Im weiteren Verlauf des Projekts wird das Verhalten von Glasfaser-Kunststoff-Verbunden unter schwingender Belastung und paralleler Temperaturlast untersucht. Hier wurden bereits Experimente bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt. Mit dem Verfahren der Grauwertanalyse ist es dabei möglich, in-situ die Schädigung des Werkstoffs zu messen. Des Weiteren wird das Verhalten von Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden unter zyklischer Temperaturlast ohne mechanische Belastung untersucht. Auch hier zeigen sich bereits nach wenigen Lastwechseln erste Zwischenfaserbrüche.
The work aims at addressing the modelling and implementation of criteria for multiple crack propagation, including interaction and coalescence, for a more reliable fracture mechanics-based prediction of stress-life curves for weldments.
A large experimental work is presented in which micro-cracks have been made visible by heat-tinting at successive stages of fatigue life of the welded specimens. Here the correlation between the number of initiation sites and the applied stress level has been also investigated.
The criteria have been implemented in in-house software, which allows multiple fatigue crack propagation, and validated against selected experimental tests. The results have shown that the modelling of multiple crack propagation and interaction is crucial for the prediction of the fatigue strength of weldments, both in finite and infinite life regime.
Absorption edge tomography is a method which exploits the sudden change of the attenuation coefficient, when the photon energy crosses the absorption edge of an element. The beamline BAMline at BESSY II, which is operated by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, can provide a monochromatized beam in a photon energy range from 5 keV up to 80 keV with a bandwidth of 2%. Together with the microtomography setup, this enables differential tomography sensitive to any element with N >= 24 (Cr) by using an appropriate K- or L-edge in this range. Here, absorption edge tomography at the Yttrium edge is employed to perform a non-destructive 3D characterization of the microstructure of a high strength Mg-Y-Zn alloy. The long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase which forms fibres in this material was extracted based on the Yttrium content and the fibre length distribution was analysed.
The additive manufacturing technology of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) experiences a rapid development within an increasing marked of quite different application fields. The properties of SLM materials and structures are influenced by a number of tech-nological parameters such as the metal powder (particle size, homogeneity, cleanliness), the laser tool (power, beam diameter, pulse lengths), the scanning operation (speed, sequence and orientation of melting paths), parameters of the over-all equipment (design and preheating of the base plate, currents and turbulence in the protective gas atmosphere) and, last not least, the hatching strategy including the build-up direction of the structure with respect to the loading direction of the component.
For the perspective use of SLM structures as load carrying, safety-relevant components the knowledge of their mechanical properties is necessary. It is essential to understand these in the context of the manufacturing-related features and at the back-ground of the basic characteristics of metallic materials: crystal lattice, microstructure and material defects. The paper provides an overview on factors which affect the mechanical parameters stiffness, strength, ductility, toughness, fatigue crack propagation and fatigue strength in the context of selective laser melting.
The paper provides an overview on the results of a German cluster project on the use of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue strength of weldments with fatigue cracks originating at the weld toes. The approach includes (a) a concept for short crack propagation for which the common ΔK concept is not applicable and the crack closure effects are still being gradually build-up, (b) a method for determining fatigue life relevant initial crack sizes as they are needed in any fracture mechanics analysis and (c) multiple cracking and crack coalescence at load levels higher than the endurance limit. The analyses are stochastically performed. Both, the endurance limit and the finite life branch of the S-N curve are determined.
Besides a brief introduction into the approach, validation examples are presented. These comprise different weldment types (butt welds, cross joints and longitudinal stiffened plates), two steels (S355NL and S960QL) of quite different strengths, different weld geometries due to different welding techniques (WIG, MAG), as-welded and stress relieved welds and different stress ratios varying from R = -1 to R = 0.5.
The paper provides an overview on the results of a German cluster project on the use of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue strength of weldments with fatigue cracks originating at the weld toes. The approach includes (a) a concept for short crack propagation for which the common K concept is not applicable and the crack closure effects are still being gradually build-up, (b) a method for determining fatigue life relevant initial crack sizes as they are needed in any fracture mechanics analysis and (c) multiple cracking and crack coalescence at load levels higher than the endurance limit. The analyses are stochastically performed. Both, the endurance limit as defined for 107 loading cycles and the finite life branch of the S-N curve are determined.
Besides a brief introduction into the approach, a wide range of validation examples is presented. These comprise different weldment types (butt welds, cross joints and longitudinal stiffened plates), two steels of quite different strengths, different weld geometries due to different welding techniques (TIG, MAG), as-welded and stress relieved welds and different stress ratios varying from R = -1 to R = 0.5.
Fracture mechanics based component design requires appropriate fracture mechanics toughness data with respect to both, loading rate as well as test temperature. Taking high-rate loading into account such as with accidental scenarios, different standards such as ASTM E 1820 or BS 7448-3 provide some information on dynamic fracture mechanics testing. Nevertheless, the designations differ so that a validation of the own material specific test method used for dynamic R-curve determination is mandatory. In order to address this for ductile cast iron materials an experimental method for the reliable determination of dynamic J-integral crack resistance curves at -40 °C following the multiple specimen approach has been established and validated. The experimental concept offers some additional valuable features. Single values of dynamic crack initiation toughness can be determined using a single specimen technique based on crack sensors. Furthermore, an experimentally independent method is provided according to which CTOD δ5 R-curves can be established. The focus of the present paper is on the validation of the experimental low blow technique using a drop tower test system.
A drop tower test system was developed and set up to perform low blow tests at temperatures down to -40 °C. The system allows for a variation of the impact mass and height and was optimized for testing of ductile cast iron at stress intensity rates from approximately 5∙10⁴ to 3∙10⁵ MPa√ms⁻¹. This range of loading rate is characteristic for instance with crash scenarios of heavy sectioned DCI casks for radioactive materials. In order to address characteristic challenges of impact tests (test duration of microseconds up to milliseconds, inertial effects, signal oscillations), an appropriate full bridge strain gage method for the measurement of force directly on the specimen as well as a non-contact measurement of load line displacement using an optical extensometer have been developed and validated.
The low blow test requires either to prevent bouncing strikes of the hammer by using the stop block technique or to catch the hammer after its first strike. Both options are not part of the experimental concept and setup which have been realized here. The paper describes investigations which have been performed in order to make sure that bouncing strikes of the hammer do not cause additional crack extension in the specimen. This is necessary to ensure a unique relation between the work done and the achieved crack extension. The investigations covered the analysis of limit loads of the specimen with respect to the measured force. The measured stiffness of the specimen was assessed and signals of crack sensors were analyzed. Furthermore, an analysis of the mechanical behavior of the loading system and the specimen by optical observation was performed. Corresponding results are discussed in the paper. It had finally been proven that additional crack extension in the specimen due to bouncing strikes of the hammer is not to be expected under the given conditions of test setup, material and loading. It can be seen as a major experimental advantage that the striker does not have to be catched after the low blow test.
The present work describes the shear creep behavior of the superalloy LEK 94 at temperatures between 980 and 1050 °C and shear stresses between 50 and 140 MPa for loading on the macroscopic crystallographic shear system (MCSS) (011)[01-1]. The strain rate versus strain curves show short primary and extended secondary creep regimes. We find an apparent activation energy for creep of Qapp = 466 kJ/mol and a Norton-law stress exponent of n = 6. With scanning transmission electron microscopy, we characterize three material states that differ in temperature, applied stress, and accumulated strain/time. Rafting develops perpendicular to the maximum principal stress direction, gamma channels fill with dislocations, superdislocations cut gamma' particles, and dislocation networks form at gamma/gamma' interfaces. Our findings are in agreement with previous results for high-temperature and low-stress [001] and [110] tensile creep testing, and for shear creep testing of the superalloys CMSX-4 and CMSX-6 on the MCSSs (111)[01-1] and (001)[100]. The parameters that characterize the evolving gamma/gamma' microstructure and the evolving dislocation substructures depend on creep temperature, stress, strain, and time.
Up to now, there exists a lack of methods for the additive manufacturing of voluminous ceramic parts with properties comparable to those of conventionally manufactured ones. A high density after sintering is needed to reach the superior properties of ceramic materials. We have developed a new additive manufacturing method, Laser-Induced Slip casting (LIS), to generate ceramic green bodies with high particle packing density and with virtually no restriction in the particle size of the feedstock, especially in terms of small particles. This is achieved by laser-induced local drying of slurries, with the process resembling many features of the well-established stereolithography, but without the excessive use of polymeric material. Thus, unlike the stereolithography process, the resulting green bodies can be processed like traditionally produced ceramic parts. This method allows large and dense additive-manufactured parts to be obtained from conventional water-based ceramic slurries. As an example, we will demonstrate the application of this novel technique with Si3N4.
Volume fraction determination of discretely oriented disc-shaped precipitates in transmission mode
(2017)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Formel zur Berechnung des Volumenantei ls dis kret orientierter scheibenförmiger Phasen für die Untersuchung im Transmissionsmodus hergeleitet, validiert und mit bereits veröffent lichen Formeln verglichen. Bei diesem Ver gleich konnte gezeigt werden,dass die in zahl reichen Veröffentlichungen benutzte Formel von E. E. Underwood für die Volumenanteils bestimmungbeidiskret orientierten Ausschei dungsphasen nicht benutzt werden sollte, da sie den Volumenanteil deutlich unterschätzt.
Die Ursache liegt in der von E.E. Underwood getroffenen Annahme, dass die kreisförmigen Scheiben regellos angeordnet und nicht aus gerichtet sind, was in Al-Legierungen in der Regel nicht der Fall ist.
Finally it can be summarized that this book fulfills its intention of providing theoretical background and examples for practical applications of coatings used for corrosion protection.
It can be recommended to those being interested in coatings, serving as an overview on aspects which needs to be considered when working with such systems.
Letztendlich erfüllt auch diese Ausgabe ihren Anspruch, allen Verarbeitern und Recyclern, Prüfern und Einkäufern von Cu-Werkstoffen in Bau, E-Technik, Haustechnik und Elektronik die jeweilige Werkstoffauswahl unter aktuellen technischen und normativen Aspekten zu erleichtern. So haben sie mit den übersichtlich aufbereiteten Daten im Arbeitsalltag eine zuverlässige Entscheidungshilfe für die Anwendung und den Einsatz verschiedener Kupfer-Legierungen. Es sollte daher in deren Bücherschrank nicht fehlen.
Finally, this book fulfills its intension of facilitating the materials selection regarding current technical and normative aspects for all users, recyclers, test personnel and byers of Cu-materials in all kinds of applications. The well-structured data provide a reliable help for making decisions when applying or using Cu-alloys within the daily business. It shall not be missed in their book-shelfs.
Abschließend kann diesem Buch attestiert werden, dass es seinem Ansinnen, eine wertvolle Hilfe für alle zu liefern, die im Beruf besser Englisch sprechen wollen, auf eine angenehme Art und Weise gerecht wird. Dabei ist seine Nutzbarkeit nicht nur auf Labormitarbeiter beschränkt. Es ist auch allgemein ein sehr hilfreiches Nachschlagewerk für die alltägliche Anwendung der englischen Sprache.