Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2017 (6) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (3)
- Vortrag (2)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (1)
Schlagworte
- Welding (6) (entfernen)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (2)
In situ EDXRD study of MAG-welding using LTT weld filler materials under structural restraint
(2017)
Welding using low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative approach to mitigate detrimental welding residual stresses without cost-intensive post weldtreatments. Due to the local Generation of compressive residual stresses in the weld line by means of a delayed martensite transformation a significant enhancement of the cold cracking resistance of highly stressed welded components can be expected. For the effective usage of These materials a deeper understanding of the microstructural evolution inside the weld material is necessary to determine the complex processes that cause the residual stress formation during welding. Solid-state phase transformation kinetics and the evolution of strain in LTT weld filler materials are monitored in-situ at the instrument ID15A at the ESRF in Grenoble, France. The transferability to real components is implemented by using a realistic MAG welding process under consideration of structural restraint. During welding of multilayer joints, the phase Transformation and phase specific strain evolution of each individual layer is investigated in transmission geometry by means of energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction EDXRD using high energy synchrotron Radiation with a counting rate of 2.5 Hz. The measurement results of a 10% Cr / 10% Ni LTT weld filler are compared to data monitored for the conventional weld filler material G89. The in-situ data clearly indicate a strong effect on the local strain evolution and the formation of compressive strain. This results from the restraint volume expansion during the postponed austenite to martensite transformation of the LTT weld filler, which counteracts the thermal shrinkage. In contrast, for the conventional weld filler material the thermal contraction strains lead to tensile residual strain during welding. Furthermore, the results of in-situ observation during welding Show that the transformation kinetic is dependent on the welding sequence.
In general, hydrogen assisted cracking is a result of a critical combination of local microstructure, mechanical load and hydrogen concentration. In that connection, welded microstructures of low-alloyed creep-resistant steels can show different hydrogen trapping kinetics. That influences the adsorbed hydrogen concentration as well as the diffusion itself in terms of moderate or strong trapping. A common approach to describe trapping is by the activation energy that is necessary to release hydrogen from a specific trap site. In the present study, T24 base material and weld metal were investigated. For that purpose, electrochemically hydrogen charged specimens were analyzed by thermal desorption analysis(TDA) with linear heating using a mass spectrometer. The results showed a microstructure effect on hydrogen trapping kinetics at elevated temperatures. Additionally, it is necessary to monitor the specimen temperature. A comparison between idealized temperature profile and real specimen temperature showed that the calculated activation energy varied up to a factor of two. Thus, the assigned trap character(moderate or strong) changed. In case of high temperature peaks, this effect could be more important compared to the microstructure effect itself.
High-strength steels with yield strengths ≥ 690 MPa are becoming increasingly significant for modern steel constructions. Both quenched and tempered (QT) high-strength steels and steels produced by the thermo-mechanically controlled process (TMCP) are currently available. TMCP-steels are usually provided with a typical mill scale. Apart from the manufacturing process these steels differ also in their chemical composition. The influence of these differences are investigated here with focus on the residual stresses formed during TIG welding. Bead on plate welds have shown characteristic residual stress distributions depending on the type of steel as well as on the heat input and preheat temperature. The following work demonstrates that the fluid flow, induced by the elements present in the mill scale, leads to a deeper penetration of the material. This can also lead to increased residual stresses in the surface of the weld and the HAZ. Furthermore, higher heat input and preheat temperature can induce higher tensile residual stresses − which are evident in the present study.
The duplex stainless steel 1.4062 (X2CrNiN22-2) is used as alternative material to austenitic stainless steels in the construction industry. The corrosion resistance of welded seams is influenced by the base material, the weld filler material, the welding process and also by the final surface treatment. The scale layer next to the weld seam can be removed by grinding, pickling, electro-polished or blasting depending on the application and the requested corrosion resistance. Blasted surfaces are often used in industrial practice due to the easier and cheaper manufacturing process compared to pickled or electro-polished surfaces. Furthermore blasting with corundum-grain is more effective than blasting with glass-beads which also lower the process costs. In recent years, stainless steel surfaces showed an unusually high susceptibility to pitting corrosion after grinding with corundum. For this reason, it is now also questioned critically whether the corrosion resistance is influenced by the applied blasting agent. This question was specifically investigated by comparing grinded, pickled, corundum-grain- and glass-bead-blasted welding seams. Results of the SEM analyses of the blasting agents and the blasted surfaces will be presented and correlated with the different performed corrosion tests (potential measurement, KorroPad-test and pitting potential) on welding seams with different surface treatments.
Der nichtrostende Duplexstahl 1.4062 (X2CrNiN22-2) hat sich im Bauwesen als Werk-stoffalternative zu den nichtrostenden Austeniten etabliert. Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Schweißverbindungen aus 1.4062 wird, neben dem Grundwerkstoff, dem Schweißzu-satzwerkstoff und dem Schweißverfahren, auch sehr stark von der Oberflächennachbe-handlung der Schweißnahtbeeinflusst. Je nach zukünftigem Anwendungsbereich und geforderter Korrosionsbeständigkeit wird die Schweißnaht geschliffen, gebeizt, elektropo-liert oder gestrahlt, um die beim Schweißen entstandenen Anlauffarben zu entfernen. Gestrahlte Oberfläche sind in der industriellen Praxis häufig anzutreffen, da sie deutlich einfacher und kostengünstiger herzustellen sind als gebeizte oder elektropolierte Oberflä-chen. Die Auswahl des Strahlmittels bestimmt auch die Prozesskosten, wobei das Strah-len mit Korund effektiver als das Strahlen mit Glasperlen ist. In den letzten Jahren wurden korrosionsanfällige Oberflächen bei nichtrostenden Stählen beobachtet, wenn diese mit Korund geschliffen wurden. Daher wird nun auch beim Strahlen kritisch hinterfragt, ob Korund als Strahlmittel die Korrosionsbeständigkeit verändert. Diese Fragestellung wird im Vortrag beantwortet indem geschliffene, gebeizte, mit Korund gestrahlte und mit Glasperlen gestrahlte Schweißverbindungen vergleichend untersucht werden. Die Ergeb-nisse der Untersuchungen von den Strahlmitteln und den gestrahlten Oberflächen werden mit den Ergebnissen der KorroPad-Prüfung und der kritischen Lochkorrosionspotentiale korreliert.
Residual stresses and distortions in welded I-girders for steel construction are relevant when evaluating the stability of steel beams and column members. The application of high strength steels allows smaller wall thicknesses compared to conventional steels. Therefore, the risk of buckling has to be considered carefully. Due to the lack of knowledge concerning the residual stresses present after welding in high strength steel components conservative assumptions of their level and distribution is typically applied. In this study I-girders made of steels showing strengths of 355 MPa and 690 MPa were welded with varying heat input. Due to the dimension of the I-girders and the complex geometry the accessibility for residual stress measurement using X-ray diffraction was limited. Therefore, saw cutting accompanied by strain gauge measurement has been used to produce smaller sections appropriate to apply X-ray diffraction. The stress relaxation measured by strain gauges has been added to residual stresses determined by X-ray diffraction to obtain the original stress level and distribution before sectioning. The combination of both techniques can produce robust residual stress values. From practical point of view afford for strain gauge application can be limited to a number of measuring positions solely to record the global amount of stress relaxation. X-ray diffraction can be applied after sectioning to determine the residual stresses with sufficient spatial resolution.