In his path-breaking analysis of the formation of an ideological >white< self-consciousness among American workers in the nineteenth century, David Roediger relies on a theoretical synthesis of historical materialism and psychoanalysis. This paper explores the parallels in methodology and content between Roediger’s work and the critical theory of Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, which was also based on a synthesis of Marx and Freud. The paper seeks to place Roediger’s arguments in a broader theoretical context and to highlight the ongoing relevance of early Frankfurt School critical theory to contemporary discussions in critical race theory.
Resulting from the prevalence of hedonistic egoism within the youth culture and the media targeted to this demographic, this essay offers a brief discussion of hedonistic egoism absent in much of contemporary ethics. Analyzing Fred Feldman’s pure hedonism as discussed in >Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausibility of Hedonism<, hedonistic egoism is defined as an extension of Feldmanian pure hedonism. Discussing the use of hedonistic egoism in modern society by certain societal groups, especially adolescents and young adults, as a means to seek freedom from certain societal authorities such as the law, or at least portions of it, the differences between negative and positive freedom are explored using Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom<. It is then argued that when hedonistic egoism is used by individuals to seek freedom, whether it be negative or positive, certain paradoxes arise. Firstly, negative freedom, if existent, will exist merely psychology while, secondly, so far that pleasure and pain act as new authorities and egoism is present, positive freedom becomes an impossibility.
The research questions of the article are: What takes place in the professional cooperative work of including children with special needs in kindergartens and in counteracting exclusive process? How are views on children and ethics expressed through practice and in reflections on practice among the staff in kindergarten? What constitutes >pedagogical presence<, >attentive love< and children's participation in developing pedagogical practice? A common understanding of these concepts are highlighted by Fromm's understanding of >being-mode< and >having-mode< as different modes of orientation toward ourselves and the world. The article draws on critical social theory on preschool education and is based on empiric findings from ethnographic studies in two kindergartens. While planning and regulating the practice according to a biased view on >what children need< earlier were main topic in the kindergartens studied, now concentration on listening to and >reading< the children is focused, and thus expansion of the interests and questions the children themselves bring in is facilitated. The new practice can be seen as a resistance movement against the growth of an instrumental and technical approach to preschool education the last years.
Die Überlegungen von Erich Fromm bezüglich eines Lebens im Konsum und einem Leben im Sein sind in Zeiten wie den unseren nötiger denn je. In dieser Hausarbeit werden seine Gedanken zusammengefasst und kommentiert.Unsere Gesellschaft versucht den Spagat zwischen maximalem Konsum und Umweltschutz. Dieser Spagat ist nach Erich Fromm unmöglich. Die Probleme der heutigen Gesellschaft führt er auf die Lebensweise des Habens zurück, womit sich die Umweltverträglichkeit bei gleichzeitig maximalem Konsum ausschließt. Durch psychoanalytische Methoden versuchte er die empirische Grundlage zur Unterscheidung von der Lebensweise des Habens von der des Seins zu ermitteln. Was sind das für Lebensweisen, die nach Fromm für das Scheitern oder das Gelingen unserer Gesellschaft verantwortlich sind? [Buecher.de]
Kevin B.Anderson and Russell Rockwell, Lexington Books (Apr. 杜娜叶夫斯卡碰 (Raya Dunayevskaya,1910—1987) 系马克思主义人道主义者、女权主义哲学家。本书的研究对象是她和另两位思想家H?马尔库塞(Herbert Marcuse,1898—1979)、E.弗洛姆 (Erich Fromm,1900—1980)在1954—1978 年间的往来书信。在本书中, K.B.安德森 (Kevin B. Anderson) 和R洛克威尔 (Russell Rockwell) 重点概括了这些书信中关于理论与政治的对话,话题涉及辩证的社会理论
Rand’s triadic model is particularly germane to understanding Fitzgerald’s Bernice Bobs Her Hair. I will discuss Fitzgerald’s characters, their worlds, and beliefs in terms of the conflicts between the three types of people: >Being,< >Having,< and >Doing.< I will also explain why Fitzgerald presents his characters the way he does and examine how Rand’s theory influences his narrative point of view.
Sullivan Integrated
(2013)
This paper discusses two 19-century French-speaking authors, Pierre Janet and Auguste Forel, who both employed hypnosis and in various ways were influential on psychoanalysis. Marcelle, a long case history by Janet, is presented. Freud’s long review of Forel’s book on hypnotism is then discussed, as well as a short review by Erich Fromm of Forel’s autobiography. A case history by Forel is also presented. The connections between these two authors and modern developments are discussed.
Ferenczi is regarded as the initiator of the relational model in psychoanalysis. In Britain his influence on Bowlby was largely indirect. In the United States he exercized an explicit influence on the interpersonal school through Clara Thompson. Fromm was already an admirer and supporter of Ferenczi. In comparing Fromm and Bowlby their convergence on the evolutionary paradigm is stressed. These two authors also converge on two important Ferenczian themes: the primary nature of the mother-child relationship and the importance of real-life traumatic events. The quality of attachment may contribute to the social character.
В статье рассматривается использование марксисткой концепции отчуждения в >Обществе спектакля< Ги Дебора для описания ситуации, возникшей в ХХ веке, когда появились новые формы отчуждения, основанные на навязывании престижных потребностей. Именно консьюмеризм становится важнейшей опорой существующего порядка. Ги Дебор считает, что общество потребления можно одновременно описать и как общество спектакля, который стал тотальным. Концепция Ги Дебора рассматривается в контексте предшествовавшей и последующей историографии: работ Т. Веблена, Г. Маркузе, Э. Фромма.
The history of attitudes toward Freud's adoption of free-associative discourse, as well as toward the significance of the clinical significance of the free-associative method, is critically reviewed. It is argued that, if one takes the re-inviting of repressed contents back into self-consciousness to be the defining process of psychoanalysis as a discipline (distinguishing it even from those psychotherapies that are based on psychoanalytic models of the mind), then free-associating is indeed the sine qua non of the psychoanalysis process. It is further suggested that whereas Freud's notion of libidinality radically subverts Cartesian dualism, our thinking about the significance of free-associative discourse has too frequently lapsed into the mistaken assumption that free-associating should only be about what “comes to mind.” In this context, a way of free-associating with the “bodymind” is described as an addendum to customary psychoanalytic practices. This augmented method remains faithful to Freud's practice of allowing the voice of sensuality to “join the conversation,” at the same time that its clinical implementation incorporates some of the wisdom concerning “breathwork” that comes from the yogic procedures for cultivating awareness.
Norbert Elias, Erich Fromm, and Theodor Adorno all crossed paths at the University of Frankfurt in the pivotal period of the early 1930s, all were haunted by Nazism, and each produced remarkable chapters in the social psychology of authoritarianism. Adorno’s (co-authored) >The Authoritarian Personality< (1950) was the most influential, but perhaps only at the cost of downplaying or hiding underlying theoretical and political interests during a period of significant professional constraints. Currently none of these contributions enjoys much attention, despite enduring academic, political, and national security interests in understanding the origins and nature of popular political ideologies characterized by uncritical submission to militant and intolerant politics. This chapter surveys the neglected social psychologies of authoritarianism offered by Elias and Fromm and offers comparisons and contrasts between these two contributions, and also the more famous publication: >The Authoritarian Personality<. Elias’s >The Germans< is revealed to have many overlooked and lasting virtues, especially its abilities to avoid troubling reifications and to offer insights that more easily transcend the particular traditions of psychoanalysis, Marxism, and positivism.
В статье анализируются работы зарубежных и отечественных теоретиков личности, представляющих различные психологические направления, в которых присутствует обращение к проблеме зависти. Проблема зависти обсуждается в рамках классического психоанализа (З. Фрейд, М. Кляйн), индивидуальной психологии (А. Адлер), аналитической психологии (К. Юнг), концепции гуманистического психоанализа (Э. Фромм), социокультурной теории (К. Хорни), эго-теории (Э. Эриксон, А. Питерс), диспозиционального направления (Г. Олпорт, Р. Кеттелл), гуманистической психологии (А. Маслоу), экзистенциональной психологии (В. Франкл). Показывается, что в отечественных теориях личности проблема зависти находит свое отражение в трудах А.А. Бодалева, В.Н. Мясищева, В.Н. Панферова, А.В. Петровского. Цель. Осуществить анализ психологических теорий личности на предмет выявления специфики представлений о психологической сущности и истоках зависти. Метод. Теоретический анализ и систематизация научных данных. Результаты. Выявлена разрозненность и неоднородность научных пред-ставлений о зависти, что, с одной стороны, позволяет взглянуть на нее с разных углов зрения, а с другой – противодействует интеграции знаний о зависти в единую теоретическую систему.
This paper reveals the basic ideas of Erich Fromm’s analytical social psychology and shows links among work, character and education. Social changes may be better understood in the background of work evolution. Today the concept of waged work has been extended to unpaid activities. At the same time, the working life has been changed from a stable model to a flexible one. The work, its standards and social distribution, are also different now. Erich Fromm’s concept of "social character” clarifies the changes and explains the consequences of the social changes. The relations to work are also different. During these changes – unemployment included – concepts of the unconditional basic income were stud-ied. These concepts explain why it is possible for people without waged work to participate in community life and consumption, without being excluded. The author presents the basic social changes that affected many different subpopulation and age groups.
The aim of this short contribution is to present a summary of the decision problem within the profession of the pedagogue, and the fundamental role of the abduction (>απαγωγή<, retroduction) process in its proper context, in professional practice of the pedagogue, as in all professional practice involving the social and professional pedagogy. Pedagogy is a field for reflection, application and commitment or engagement to education. Moreover, pedagogy is establishing itself as a profession, the profession of the pedagogist (not of the educator, who is a different figure), in the socio-health, intellectual, cultural and aid profession field, even in spite of heavy delays and failures of the Italian laws and the resistance of professional groups related but already recognized both by law and by society. The so-called >pedagogical interlocution< is a paradigmatic form of the professional pedagogical practice. Decision in professional pedagogy, properly speaking, must be reached by the interlocutor(s), who must debate and develop it, with the aid of the professional pedagogue. Abduction is not a valid syllogism: it concerns a possible example of a general case or of a rule, who's the actual pertinence to this general case or this rule is mediated by the professional or expert assumptions. The professional approach of the pedagogue, from methodological point of view, is casuistic (case based) and situational as a form of aid given to the person, alternative and other than to the statistical-operational methodology that addresses rather to populations composed of individuals. Cases of general interest in professional pedagogy can be labeled as >casuistries< or >case study< categories. A good collection of casuistries-case study categories is provided by Erich Fromm, concerning the problems of family education; and by Viktor E. Frankl in his search for sense, Lebenssinn or λόγος. A further range of examples of categories based on case studies which can be dealt with a pedagogical professional methodology are the life and studies orientation problems. A fourth class of examples, applicable differently but methodologically similar, offers to us the autogenic training, particularly the choice of the propositional formula, called and eventually repeated both in the opening and in the closure, which must be adapted to the particular case of each single person; and this can be considered a specific pedagogical competence as the gradual training to the technique proposed by Johannes Heinrich Schultz reveals to be. Professional pedagogy, by this way, can make an important and an authentic and specific contribution to general discussion about decision in the social, human and cultural sciences (or Human-, Sozial-, Geisteswissenschaften).
The journal >Psyche – Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwedungen<: A historical overview
(2013)
The author presents a historical overview of the evolution of the German journal Psyche, starting from its foundation by Alexander Mitscherlich, Felix Schottlaender, and Hans Kunz in 1946. After the gradual reorientation of Psyche in the direction of being a purely psychoanalytic journal, Mitscherlich became its sole editor in 1969. In the 1980s, Psyche played a central role in the discussion and working-through of the German analysts' involvement in the National Socialist Regime. In 1997, Werner Bohleber followed Margarete Mitscherlich as editor-in-chief. Psyche, the only monthly psychoanalytic journal in the world, keeps not only documenting, but also shaping the main developments taking place in our field, on both a national and an international level. As far as the last 20 years are concerned, the journal has also played a central role in the debate conducted in and outside Germany in terms of empirical research in psychoanalysis and the dialogue with the neurosciences.
A importância da teoria humanista existencial psicanalítica e a linguagem corporal dos sonhos
(2013)
Music has the uncanny potential to transport its listeners to normally inaccessible realms of the psyche. Grounded in an object relations perspective informed by the burgeoning neo-monistic philosophical discipline of somaesthetics, it is suggested that the synthesis of conscious (necessarily explicit), unconscious (potentially explicit), and nonconscious (necessarily implicit) elements comprises a more utilitarian concept of the psychic essence of an individual: the >foundational self.< This foundational self, or the >spiritual self,< represents the irreducible and ultimately unformulatable core of human experience that results from the dialectical fusion of true-self object relations with concomitant developmentally primitive psychosomatic self states. It is argued that certain types of so-called >sacred music< – music whose form aligns with implicit affective registries that are filtered through intrapsychic constellations of true self object relations – act as perhaps the most potent catalyst in facilitating experiences of spirituality. The phonological qualities of sacred music share the same spectrum of transitional space in which the foundational self enjoys its fullest expression. Sacred music possesses the ability to dissolve explicit representational boundaries in service of achieving symbolic interpersonal fusion with the foundational self, in so doing facilitating a blissfully ego-boundless sensation of unio mystica.
Le nuove dipendenze
(2013)
Why is it that imprisonment has undergone an explosive growth in the USA and Britain over the last three decades against the background of falling crime rates in both countries? And why has this development met with a significant and escalating degree of support among the public? To the extent that governing elites on either side of the Atlantic have been eliciting public support for their authority by inducing concerns about issues of crime and punishment, what explains the selection of crime as a means to this effect, and in what precise ways do crime and punishment fulfil their hidden political function? Moreover, how do Americans and Britons legitimate their consent to objectively irrational policies and the elites responsible for their formulation? In seeking to advance the study of these questions, the present article rediscovers the method and key findings of Erich Fromm’s ‘materialistic psychoanalysis’, bringing them to bear upon insights produced by political economies of contemporary punishment and related scholarship. Particular attention is paid to the hitherto understudied themes of the political production of middle-class support for punitive penal policies under conditions of neoliberal capitalism, and the crucial role played in this process by the privileged position accorded to violent street crime in the public domain.
l objetivo de este artículo es realizar una contribución tanto sustantiva como epistemológica al estudio de la punitividad estatal y pública. Epistemológicamente, se desarrolla un argumento a favor de la utilización del psicoanálisis y especialmente la vertiente >materialista< de Fromm. Sustantivamente y por medio de convocar el psicoanálisis frommiano a dialogar con las visiones de las economías políticas del castigo contemporáneo, el objetivo es trazar las formas en las que la penalidad contribuye a un proyecto más amplio de dominación estatal sobre el público en los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña bajo las condiciones del capitalismo neoliberal. Se le presta particular atención en este sentido a los temas poco estudiados hasta aquí de la producción política del apoyo de las clases medias a las políticas punitivas y el rol crucial que ha jugado en este proceso la posición privilegiada otorgada al delito violento de la calle en el dominio público. El artículo argumenta que la penalidad neoliberal y sus efectos políticos requieren necesariamente lo que ha sido típicamente teorizado como los lenguajes y operaciones moralmente neutrales y desapasionadas del gerencialismo. Concluye reclamando un quiebre con respecto a los dos enfoques dominantes acerca de la responsabilidad de las elites por la punitividad pública: >punitividad populista< y >populismo penal<. A partir del trabajo de Fromm sobre el carácter social de las clases dominantes, se plantea que la auto legitimación y sus bases narcisistas son claves para comprender las acciones e inacciones de las elites.
우리나라의 근대 학교교육은 초기에는 생존을 위한 기술을 중시하였고, 생존의 문제가 어느 정도 해결되자 경제적인 부(富)와 명예를 보장하는 지식을 중시하였다. 보다 유용한 지식의 추구에서 경쟁이 일상화되었고 이로 인해 여러 부분에서의 발전이 이루어졌으나 간과할 수 없는 격차와 소외 또한 발생하였다. 본고에서는 Erich Fromm이 『소유냐 존재냐』에서 경고한 바와 같이 현재 학교와 사회가 직면하고 있는 인간소외 현상은 교육이 지식을 소유하고 소비하는 대상으로 간주하여 발생하는 것으로 보았다. 이를 극복하기 위해서는 존재에 관심을 돌려 교육주체의 체험과 실천을 통해 주체를 성장하게 하고 그들이 자신들의 존재를 찾고 삶의 의미를 구성하는데 주력해야 하는데 가장 적절한 수단으로 Jerome S. Bruner가 논의한 내러티브를 탐구하였다. 본 연구는 1980년대 중반 Bruner의 인식론에 변화가 생긴 시기를 기점으로 전기의 대표적인 교육이론인 ‘지식의 구조’와 후기의 대표적인 교육이론인 ‘내러티브’의 특징과 상호관련성을 살펴보았고 내러티브가 학교교육에 주는 시사점을 고찰하였다.
The author sees H.S. Sullivan's (1892–1949) interpersonal theory as the best theoretical framework for the contemporary intersubjective perspective in psychoanalysis and presents the former in its pluridimensional articulation. After having extended Freud's therapeutic approach to psychotic patients, Sullivan developed both a developmental psychology and a psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic technique based on the >interpersonal field< as the basic unit of study. To the pluridimensional character of his theory also belongs its application to the cultural and social aspects of our personal identity. Having the contemporary psychoanalytic authors who shaped the intersubjective perspective limited themselves to the clinical dimension, Sullivan's interpersonal theory can still provide the theoretical framework that any psychoanalytic perspective needs.
The author sees H.S. Sullivan's (1892–1949) interpersonal theory as the best theoretical framework for the contemporary intersubjective perspective in psychoanalysis and presents the former in its pluridimensional articulation. After having extended Freud's therapeutic approach to psychotic patients, Sullivan developed both a developmental psychology and a psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic technique based on the >interpersonal field< as the basic unit of study. To the pluridimensional character of his theory also belongs its application to the cultural and social aspects of our personal identity. Having the contemporary psychoanalytic authors who shaped the intersubjective perspective limited themselves to the clinical dimension, Sullivan's interpersonal theory can still provide the theoretical framework that any psychoanalytic perspective needs.
What would Erich Fromm say about North Korea? A preliminary
application of humanist psychoanalysis
(2013)
This paper considers the possibility of applying the sociologically oriented humanist psychoanalysis of Erich Fromm to the evaluation of the political character of the North Korean state and society, with particular attention given to Fromm's concepts of the matricentric complex and patricentric complex, as well as to his analysis of fascism and Stalinism. The author explains that if humanist psychoanalysis is consistently applied, North Korea can be understood as a transitional postcolonial Stalinist state with a patricentric social order that exploits the matricentric complex for mass control.
Wer hat sich nicht schon einmal gefragt, wie es in der Vergangenheit zu faschistischen Regimes kommen konnte? Wer hat sich nicht schon einmal gefragt, ob man vieles durch andere Umständer hätte vermeiden können? Und wer hat sich nicht schon einmal gefragt, ob es in der Gegenwart oder Zukunft wieder einen Erfolg faschistischer Ideologien geben könne? Die kritische Theorie >erforscht besonders drei Sphären: die ökonomische Basis der Gesellschaft, die psychische Entwicklung des Individuums und den kulturellen Bereich<, um der Antwort näherzukommen. Ihre Grundfragen dabei sind: >Wie ist die Gesellschaft zu analysieren?< und >Wie wirken sich diese gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse auf die Entwicklung des Menschen aus?< >In einer seither nicht mehr vorgekommen Dramatik stellte sich die Frage, als in den 20er und 30er Jahren in einer Vielzahl europäischer Länder, besonders aber in Deutschland faschistische Regimes an die Macht kamen ...< . So hinterfragt auch Helmut Dubiel den autoritären Sozialcharakter in seinem Werk: >Kritische Theorie der Gesellschaft. Eine einführende Rekonstruktion von den Anfängen im Horkheimer-Kreis bis Habermas<. Er versucht dort, durch die Verbindung der Psychoanalyse mit marxistischen Theoriegrundlagen, den Erfolg faschistischer Ideologien und Regimes zu erklären. Da die psychoanalytische Theorie >weitgehend unbekannt< war und Freuds Theorie als >idealistische Abweichung< galt, blieb es laut Dubiel nur den Personen vorbehalten, die Mängel der gescheiterten Revolution zu beheben, die an keine der beiden Arbeiterbewegungen gebunden waren. [Weltbild.ch]
Die Kunst der Freundschaft
(2013)
In the article problems connected with possibilities of analyzing human behavior in context of propensities were discussed. Main focus was put on differences in propensities with respect to sex, also in context of E. Fromm’s personality theory. Methodological issues related to propensities were presented. Definition of propensity and methods of measuring propensities were also proposed. In empirical example differences in propensity to smoke cigarettes and propensity to drink alcohol with respect to sex in Polish voivodeships in year 2004 were estimated. Also, econometric models explaining that kind of propensities were introduced.
The author makes an attempt to reconstruct profiles of a modern humanist on the basis of statements entangled into the press and social discourse. The starting point is E. Fromm’s conception related to the productive and mercenary orientation that constitute the reflection of the social context of the texts under investigation. While conducting an analysis, the author uses the tools of cultural linguistics such as perspective, point of view, profiling and a linguistic image of the world, as well as the assumptions of axiological semantics.
В статье рассматриваются особенности современных пограничных ситуаций в экзистенции, прослеживается раскрытие термина >пограничная ситуация<, введенного К. Ясперсом. Сопоставляются позиции экзистенциалистов Н.А. Бердяева, Л.И. Шестова, М. де Унамуно, Ж.-П. Сартра, В. Франкла, Э. Фромма. Делается вывод о том, что пограничная ситуация в экзистенции является вызовом личности, пробуждением его эмоционального мира через переживание страдания, условием становления человека и проверкой его ценностей, характера и воли.
On passionate dissent
(2013)
A tanulmány áttekinti a pszichoanalízis társadalomképének, a társadalmi és politikai folyamatokról alkotott felfogásának változásait az elmúlt több mint egy évszázadban. A frankfurti iskola >kritikai elméletéből<, Adorno, Erich Fromm és Wilhelm Reich munkásságából kiindulva foglalkozik a hatalmi orientáció, illetve a tekintélyelvűség problémájával. Megvizsgálja, hogy a huszadik század politikai eszméi és ideológiái (köztük a marxizmus, a szocializmus, a feminizmus, a posztmodern gondolkodás) milyen kihívásokat jelentettek a pszichoanalízis számára. Végül, felteszi azt a kérdést, hogy történelmi traumák és totalitárius diktatúrák tapasztalatai után van-e érvényes mondanivalója a pszichoanalízisnek a nem-traumatikus, demokratikus folyamatokról.
Different theoretical perspectives have been developed within the psychology framework for the analysis of the authoritarian phenomenon. They constituted some of the background lines of what would afterwards be considered as the field of Political psychology. The first approach takes place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s, along with group psychology, where authoritarianism is studied as an emergent behavior of crowds. Subsequently, developments in authoritarian personality suggest a change in the analysis axes by studying the phenomenon in an intra-individual way. A third perspective arises with the cognitive approach, represented by the concept of dogmatism, which emphasized the study of beliefs and the way in which individuals defend them. Parallel to this approach, advances in the field of Experimental Psychology on obedience, account for the situation in the authoritarian phenomenon. Later on, the study of authoritarian personality is taken up once more with the concept of right-wing authoritarianism, which is defined as the individual differences in the covariation of three attitudinal clusters (authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism). Finally, the most recent perspective for the study of the phenomenon suggests rethinking rightwing authoritarianism as an intergroup phenomenon, since its three attitudinal clusters account for a group phenomenon, plus a personality trait. The main objective of this paper is to critically review each of the six perspectives which have approached the study of authoritarianism as psycho-political phenomena, showing its peculiarities as well as its differences so as to finally consider which of those are still acceptable alternatives for the interpretation of this phenomenon.
Is psychoanalysis scientific? Which Oedipus is the >correct< Oedipus? Questions like these have divided psychoanalysis and fueled debates about it since its inception. In this paper, I explore these issues by outlining and adopting an >intertextual< perspective, not to answer such questions but to establish a metatheoretical position that might enable us to step outside of them to consider the broader relationship between theory, myth, literature, and the clinical session. I discuss how concepts such as narcissism and the Oedipal arrangement signify a deeper need for affiliation beyond the content of the myth itself but from within the psychoanalytic field; that they provide a flexible resource but also accrete a historical residue presenting as inertia against a unified psychoanalytic approach. In doing so, the term theory drift is developed to argue that psychoanalytic theory might in part develop through idiosyncratic >etymological< processes that reflect an obligation to retain concepts such as Oedipus and a reluctance to break with existing forms and practices. Finally, I discuss emergence and how it signifies the imponderability of the literary and clinical material with which psychoanalysis works, and look to actor network theory to conceptualize the fluid, intertextual networks within which we exist.
Igor A. Caruso (1914–1981), one of the founders of the IFPS and the early Vienna Circle of Depth Psychology, began to discuss questions of the interplay between biological, social, and evolutional realities and intrapsychic development in the early 1950s. Caruso understood that Man's specific human ability to transcend his overdetermined biological constitution into a development of conciousness, care, and self-awareness is basic for his need for and lifelong activity related to intersubjective relationships. Sexual and survival drive as a biological basis contain their own transformation as cultural potency within the subject–object relationship. Each act of relationship – to things and living objects – creates a new reality that is a meaningful symbol for both parts of the relationship in their single reality. This new – third – reality gains full effectiveness for both actors as “symbolic realism” and initiates the ongoing development. On this understanding, psychic development is a process of changing interactive creation and effectiveness, following the biological drive dynamic as well as its inherent future transformations by attachment. Symbolisation is therefore the main intrapsychic and intersubjective activity of the development of object- and self-awareness. Caruso emphasises the meaning of symbol and symbolisation as an act of relationship to and within the world, and understood psychoanalytic theories as a changing symbolisation of relationship.
В статье предпринята попытка раскрыть сущность, причины и формы процессов деиндивидуализации человека в ситуации глобального социально-антропологического кризиса. В современную эпоху человек попадает в зависимость от различных форм деиндивидуализации (политических, экономических, медийных, религиозных, бытовых). Многообразие экономического предложения или политический плюрализм не обеспечивают индивидуальную свободу выбора, а, скорее, маскируют несвободу. Мыслители, писавшие о деиндивидуализации человека, выделяли в качестве главной причины неспособность и нежелание ориентироваться на возвышающие ценности. В гонке за успехом человек не может найти себя. Ни гиперторофированное Я, ни растворённое Я не приносит человеку счастья. Подобная трагическая альтернатива лежит в основе многообразных девиантных проявлений, столь частых в современном обществе. Суть процессов деиндивидуализации состоит в том, что общество в массовом масштабе подталкивает человека превращать свою личность в средство достижения успеха. Саморазвитие личности становится в этом случае фактором побочным.
Die Kunst des Liebens
(2013)
Angst vor dem Sterben
(2013)
Ist Lieben eine Kunst?
(2013)
Particularmente devido às inovações técnicas, estamos testemunhando uma realidade sem limites crescente que se reflete cada vez mais em um esforço interno para nos livrarmos das limitações e fronteiras de nossa própria personalidade, reconstruindo-a novamente. Essa busca des-limitação, dissolução e indefinição dos imites é vista como um traço de caráter central do caráter social Ego-orientado. Tal fabricação de uma personalidade ilimitada sem dúvida resulta em um enfraquecimento de tais habilidades psíquicas como experimentar a si mesmo como uma entidade consistente e ambígua, estar emocionalmente ligado a si mesmo e aos outros, sentir seus próprios esforços, afetos e emoções, e ser guiado por alguém normas e valores internalizados. Por fim, discute-se o impacto dessa formação de caráter no que diz respeito às questões clínicas e terapêuticas.
Einführung in die Tagung
(2013)
Erich Fromm was not only one of the founders of IFPS in the 1960s, but also one of the forerunners of the intersubjective tradition in psychoanalysis. Trained at the Berlin Institute, he started in the 1930s, after emigrating to the USA, to reformulate psychoanalytic theory by focusing on man’s need to be related to reality, to others, and to him- or herself. Similarly to Sullivan, Fromm looked at man primarily as a social being. But in contrast to Sullivan, Fromm stressed much more man’s being molded by societal requirements and by an intersubjectivity that is determined by strivings originating in the structure of his social character. Because of Fromm’s ‘‘societal’’ orientation, his approach to psychoanalysis is still of relevance to understanding how the intersubjective and intrapsychic are interwoven in each individual. Beyond that, his approach enables insights into what is going on psychically in society and how these changes can influence the individual’s welfare or suffering.
Particularly due to technical innovations, we are witnessing an unbounding of reality that increasingly is reflected in an inner striving to get rid of the limitations and boundaries of our own personality by reconstructing it anew. This pursuit of de-limitation, dissolution and blurring of boundaries is seen as a central character trait of the Ego-oriented social character. Such a fabrication of a limitless per-sonality doubtless results in a weakening of such psychic abilities as experiencing one’s self as a consistent and ambiguous entity, being emotionally attached to oneself and to others, feeling one’s own strivings, affects and emotions, and being guided by one’s internalized norms and values. Lastly, the impact of this character formation is discussed in regard to clinical and therapeutic issues.