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In Technology Management, the assessment of new digital technologies is a challenging process. Most assessments are focusing on cost & benefit. These approaches often fail because main points are neglected. In this paper, the holistic approach of "The Five Dimensions of Digital Technology Assessment" will be described with the example of RPA (Robotic Process Automation). RPA is one of the most promising technologies to save data processing efforts in the office. The Five Dimensions of RPA Assessment is performed by assessing the benefits, technology readiness, usability, company readiness, and the costs that burden the company in the RPA implementation.
Amazons Masterplan
(2020)
Nowadays, lithium ion batteries have found their place in a various field of portable applications. With the upcoming of electrically propelled vehicles, it is mandatory to guarantee a safe and predictable behavior during the whole lifetime and not only after manufacturing during performance tests. To gain a general overview of the abuse behavior, research on the topic of abusive tests on calendar-aged cells is being investigated, split up depending on the electrode composition and lined up against each other. It can be shown, that almost all abuse experiments have been performed with external heating tests in the past, still leaving research gaps that need to be filled.
Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues.
This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.
In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work.
It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.
The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging.
A General Approach for Simulating Rain Effects on Sensor Data in Real and Virtual Environments
(2019)
Die bayerischen Fachhochschulbibliotheken verzeichnen seit Jahren einen unzureichenden Erwerbungsetat. Nur durch strukturelle Verbesserungen mit einer systematischen und nachvollziehbaren Zuweisung von Bibliotheksmitteln kann die Situation auf Dauer verbessert werden. Eine Arbeitsgruppe erarbeitete ein Etatbedarfs- und -verteilungsmodell, das den Bedarf der bayerischen Fachhochschulbibliotheken definierte und von den Präsidenten und Rektoren der bayerischen Fachhochschulen verabschiedet wurde. Die Arbeitsgruppe verständigte sich auf ein Säulenmodell zur Finanzierung: jeweils ein Drittel der benötigten Etatmittel soll aus originären Haushaltsmitteln, den Studienbeiträgen und eingeworbenen Drittmitteln finanziert werden. Das Etatmodell beruht auf den Grundparametern Studentenzahl, Literaturpreis und Literaturbedarf und setzt sich aus fünf Modulen zusammen: fachlich zugeordnete Monographienliteratur, fächerübergreifende Literatur, Zeitschriften, elektronische Fachinformation und Einbandkosten. Das Berechnungsmodell kann außerdem zur Etatverteilung innerhalb einer Fachhochschule und zwischen den Fachhochschulbibliotheken verwendet werden.
Paradies mit Regalen
(2010)
Innovationsbündnis 2013, Konjunkturpaket II, Studienbeiträge – Geld ohne Ende?
Neubau, Sanierung, Umbau – Aufgaben ohne Ende?
Architekten, Bauingenieure, Bibliothekare – Planung ohne Ende?
Um für diese offenen Fragen eine Basis für Antworten zu schaffen, wurde die Arbeitsgruppe Bau der bayerischen (Fach-)Hochschulbibliotheken gegründet. Der Beitrag stellt die Arbeitsgruppe sowie deren Ergebnisse vor. Arbeitshilfen und Planungsgrundlagen sind Teil dieser kollegialen Beratung. Keine statischen Anleitungen oder gar Anweisungen, sondern dynamische Hilfen und Grundlagen, welche jederzeit verfügbar sind und fortgeschrieben werden. Im zweiten Teil folgt ein Bericht zum Workshop „Braucht die Bibliothek der Zukunft noch Regale?“. Nicht nur diese Frage, auch die grundsätzliche Konzeption einer Bibliothek beschäftigte die Teilnehmer.
Die bayerischen Hochschulbibliotheken betreiben gemeinsam eine virtuelle Auskunft mit QuestionPoint. Die Kooperation geht so weit, dass die Bibliotheken nicht nur die Anfragen der eigenen Benutzer beantworten, sondern auch die der anderen Bibliotheken. Ziel ist es, trotz Personalnot die E-Mail-Auskunft täglich von 8 – 20 Uhr anzubieten und durch kooperative Bearbeitung die Beantwortung zu beschleunigen. Der Beitrag beschreibt das erste Jahr dieses Projekts, in dem neben dem E-Mail-Dienst jetzt auch die Nutzungsmöglichkeit des Chat erprobt werden soll.
Weiterkommen mit Fortbildung
(2014)
Bibliotheken stehen vor immer neuen Herausforderungen: Ansprüche der Bibliothekskunden, kommerzielle Konkurrenzangebote,Digitalisierung und demographischer Wandel. Um diesen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, brauchen Bibliotheken Konzepte für ein lebenslanges Lernen ihrer Mitarbeiter. Vorgestellt werden die Ergebnisse eines Workshops der Kommission für Aus- und Fortbildung des Bibliotheksverbunds Bayern, bei dem die interne Fortbildung als Instrument der Personalentwicklung im Mittelpunkt stand.
"Kirjasto heißt Bibliothek"
(2019)
Recent developments in maintenance modelling fuelled by data-based approaches such as machine learning (ML), have enabled a broad range of applications. In the automotive industry, ensuring the functional safety over the product life cycle while limiting maintenance costs has become a major challenge. One crucial approach to achieve this, is predictive maintenance (PdM). Since modern vehicles come with an enormous amount of operating data, ML is an ideal candidate for PdM. While PdM and ML for automotive systems have both been covered in numerous review papers, there is no current survey on ML-based PdM for automotive systems. The number of publications in this field is increasing — underlining the need for such a survey. Consequently, we survey and categorize papers and analyse them from an application and ML perspective. Following that, we identify open challenges and discuss possible research directions. We conclude that (a) publicly available data would lead to a boost in research activities, (b) the majority of papers rely on supervised methods requiring labelled data, (c) combining multiple data sources can improve accuracies, (d) the use of deep learning methods will further increase but requires efficient and interpretable methods and the availability of large amounts of (labelled) data.
A Dynamic Multinode Model for Component-Oriented Thermal Analysis of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors
(2015)
A mathematical model of a flat-plate solar collector was developed on the basis of the physical principles of optics and heat transfer in order to determine collector’s component temperatures as well as collector efficiency. In contrast to many available models, the targeted use of this dynamic model is the detailed, theoretical investigation of the thermal behaviour of newly developed or adjusted collector designs on component level, for example, absorber, casing, or transparent cover. The defined model is based on a multinode network (absorber, fluid, glazing, and backside insulation) containing the relevant physical equations to transfer the energy. The heat transfer network covers heat conduction, convection, and radiation. Furthermore, the collector optics is defined for the plane glazing and the absorber surface and also considers interactions between them. The model enables the variation of physical properties considering the geometric parameters and materials. Finally, the model was validated using measurement data and existing efficiency curve models. Both comparisons proved high accuracy of the developed model with deviation of up to 3% in collector efficiency and 1 K in component temperatures.
Today the concept of smart cities is discussed in scientific society and politics. A core function of smart cities is transportation. This paper gives a short overview on the concepts for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) for smart cities and proposes a framework for the design of an autonomic transportation system that provides personalized mobility services to its users in a smart city setting. The transportation poses extreme environment for ICT systems due to fast moving vehicles and users, requiring real-time acquisition and high performance processing of large scale data, and rapidly changing communication networks topologies and node densities. The aim of this paper is to propose a framework that will act as a reference for the design of future transportation systems that are able to cope with the ever rising system complexities and users’ demands. Therefore, a backbone system providing information at different levels was designed following the principles of a corporative ICT that were proposed in [1]. The framework fulfills the main requirement providing suitable information about the local decision engines in vehicles and infrastructure interacting in smart cities traffic systems.
The new equity regulations of Basel III are more restrictive. Therefore the research objective of this article is to show the impact of equity regulations and to provide a proposal for professional preparation for the rating procedure for credit seeking companies. The research method applied is to give an overview of the relevant equity regulations of Basel III. From this research, we can derive that risk is the most important issue to be considered. In consequence, the outcome is a proposal for a contemporary rating approach for companies, containing an appropriate way how to control risk and perform in an excellent way. We can conclude, that the new equity regulations will not only have an impact on banks, but also on credit taking companies. Especially small and medium-sized companies will be affected. Furthermore in future banks intend to get an exhaustive insight into companies. The risks identified in the business will serve as a measure to calculate a risk adequate interest rate, depending on the rating class. Therefore it won’t be sufficient anymore to use only backward looking statements from the balance sheet or profit and loss statement. In this article we propose an evidence based approach for executing a professional and sustainable rating. Supporting this, we provide six dimensions for a contemporary rating approach.
A classification system for the segmentation of driving maneuvers and its validation in autonomous parking using a small-scale vehicle are presented in this work. The classifiers are designed to detect points that are crucial for the path-planning task, thus enabling the implementation of efficient autonomous parking maneuvers. The training data set is generated by simulations using appropriate vehicle–dynamics models and the resulting classifiers are validated with the small-scale autonomous vehicle. To achieve both a high classification performance and a classification system that can be implemented on a microcontroller with limited computational resources, a two-stage design process is applied. In a first step an ensemble classifier, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, is constructed and based on the RF-kernel a General Radial Basis Function (GRBF) classifier is generated. The GRBF-classifier is integrated into the small-scale autonomous vehicle leading to excellent performance in parallel-, cross- and oblique- parking maneuvers. The work shows that segmentation using classifies and open-loop control are an efficient approach in autonomous driving for the implementation of driving maneuvers.
In the automotive industry, sensors and sensor systems are one of the most important components in upcoming challenges like highly automated and autonomous driving. Forward-looking sensors (radar, lidar and cameras) have the technical capability to already provide important (pre-)crash information, such as the position of contact, relative crash velocity and overlap (width of contact) before the crash occurs. Future safety systems can improve crash mitigation with sophisticated vehicle safety strategies based on this information. One such strategy is an early activation of restraint systems compared with conventional passive safety systems. These integrated safety systems consist of a combination of predictive forward-looking sensors and occupant restraint systems (airbags, belt tensioners, etc.) to provide the best occupant safety in inevitable crash situations. The activation of the restraint systems is the most critical decision process and requires a very robust validation system to avoid false activation. Hence, the information provided by the forward-looking sensor needs to be highly reliable. A validation sensor is required to check the plausibility of crucial information from forward-looking sensors used in integrated safety systems for safe automated and autonomous driving.
This work presents a CFRP-based (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic) validation sensor working on the principle of change in electrical resistance when a contact occurs. This sensor detects the first contact, gives information on impact position (where the contact occurs) and provides information on the overlap. The aim is to activate the vehicle restraint systems at near T0 (time of first contact). Prototypes of the sensor were manufactured in house and manually and were evaluated. At first, the sensor and its working principle were tested with a pendulum apparatus. In the next stage, the sensor was tested in a real crash test. The comparison of the signals from the CFRP-based sensor with presently used crash sensors in the vehicle highlights its advantages. The crash event can be identified at 0.1 ms after the initial contact. The sensor also provides information on impact position at 1.2 ms and enables a validation of the overlap development. Finally, a possible algorithm for the vehicle safety system using forward-looking sensors with a validation sensor is described.
Lithium-ion traction battery systems of hybrid and electric vehicles must have a high level of durability and reliability like all other components and systems of a vehicle. Battery systems get heated while in the application. To ensure the desired life span and performance, most systems are equipped with a cooling system. The changing environmental condition in daily use may cause water condensation in the housing of the battery system. In this study, three system designs were investigated, to compare different solutions to deal with pressure differences and condensation: (1) a sealed battery system, (2) an open system and (3) a battery system equipped with a pressure compensation element (PCE). These three designs were tested under two conditions: (a) in normal operation and (b) in a maximum humidity scenario. The amount of the condensation in the housing was determined through a change in relative humidity of air inside the housing. Through PCE and available spacing of the housing, moisture entered into the housing during the cooling process. While applying the test scenarios, the gradient-based drift of the moisture into the housing contributed maximum towards the condensation. Condensation occurred on the internal surface for all the three design variants.
Wir stellen einer festen Zinsbindung von 10 Jahren bei Wohnungsbaukrediten eine monatliche an einem Kurzfristzins angepasste Zinsbelastung bei unterschiedlichen Rückzahlungsfristen gegenüber. Dafür werten wir Monatsdaten seit den 1950er Jahren für Deutschland aus. Damit greifen wir mehrere Zinszyklen, Zinserhöhungs- und Zinssenkungsphasen ab. Im Ergebnis finden wir, dass in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle kurzfristig variable Zinsen eine geringere Zinsbelastung nach sich ziehen. Und diese weisen auch noch geringere Schwankungen auf.
Cut in greenhouse gas emissions, increment of energy from renewables and improvement in energy efficiency represent the three key targets for future energy systems. Among the available bioenergy technologies, biogas production via biodegradation and anaerobic digestion is a widely applied approach, not only to produce biofuels but also to manage industrial and domestic organic waste. Within the biogas production, a sufficient mixing of the organic mass is a crucial step to ensure high biogas yields by bacteria and enzymes. Measurements of the electric power consumption of biogas plants revealed that the electrical energy demand of the stirrer system has a high share of the total electricity consumption of a biogas plant. Investigations on real biogas digesters to optimize the mixing process are cost and time intensive. Therefore, laboratory prototypes and computational simulations represent promising alternatives to analyse and improve the efficiency of mixing systems. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented, which is applied to commercial stirring systems. The case of two propeller stirrers, located in diametrically opposite positions in a tank filled with ca. 1400 m3 of substrate is described in detail. For the simulation, the rheology of the fluid is adapted to a biomass with 12 wt % dry matter content and obeying the non-Newtonian generalized Ostwald-de Waele power law. The developed simulation procedure considers the rotation angle of each propeller and its height. A total of 441 mixing configurations are calculated and evaluated in terms of the technical benefit. The investigation reveals that locations of the rotors far away from the bottom and high rotational angles cause advantageous fluid dynamics.
How to measure flexibility
(2019)
Flexible power provision from biogas can significantly contribute to energy systems with high shares of renewables. However, the characteristics and demands for this flexibility are not clearly defined or measured. In this paper eight indicators are defined to shape “flexibility” and perform a downstream investigation of eight research projects focusing on flexible energy provision of biogas plants. The indicators are structured in three dimensions (1) velocity (ramps) by which the system can be modulated, (2) power range (bandwidth) and (3) duration for specific load conditions. Based on these indicators bottlenecks for the flexibility potential were identified. One crucial result shows that short-term flexibility of biogas plants is mainly driven by properties of the combined heat and power unit (velocity and bandwidth). The long-term flexibility depends mainly on gas storage, mode of operation and ability for modulation of the target gas production.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are crucial for applications that demand very accurate positioning. Tensor-based time-delay estimation methods, such as CPD-GEVD, DoA/KRF, and SECSI, combined with the GPS3 L1C signal, are capable of, significantly, mitigating the positioning degradation caused by multipath components. However, even though these schemes require an estimated model order, they assume that the number of multipath components is constant. In GNSS applications, the number of multipath components is time-varying in dynamic scenarios. Thus, in this paper, we propose a tensor-based framework with model order selection and high accuracy factor decomposition for time-delay estimation in dynamic multipath scenarios. Our proposed approach exploits the estimates of the model order for each slice by grouping the data tensor slices into sub-tensors to provide high accuracy factor decomposition. We further enhance the proposed approach by incorporating the tensor-based Multiple Denoising (MuDe).
Contribution: Prior studies comparing the effectiveness of different laboratory learning modes do not allow one to draw a universally valid conclusion, as other influences are mixed with the learning modes. In order to contribute to the existing body of work and to add another piece to the puzzle, this article demonstrates an improved methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-simulated laboratories in comparison to hands-on exercises using a battery basics practical course as a case study.
Background: Computer-simulated experiments are becoming increasingly popular for conducting laboratory exercises in higher education and vocational training institutions. To ensure the consistent quality of laboratory learning, an accurate comparison between the results of simulated experiments and practical hands-on experiments is required.
Intended Outcomes: In this article, the achievement of the following learning objectives were compared between the two laboratory modes: 1) comprehension of the most important parameters of battery cells and 2) knowledge on how these parameters can be determined using adequate experimental procedures.
Application Design: To avoid interference of factors other than laboratory mode on the learning, laboratory instructions and experimental interfaces ensured identical execution of the experiments in the compared modes. Using a counterbalanced methodology, the two laboratory modes alternated by the session, while the experimental procedures remained constant regardless of the respective modes.
Findings: Tests taken by the participants after conducting the laboratory experiments revealed that hands-on laboratories resulted in statistically significantly better student performance than simulated laboratories. This difference was even more pronounced for the participants that finished a vocational education and training program before the university studies.
Drowsy driving imposes a high safety risk. Current systems often use driving behavior parameters for driver drowsiness detection. The continuous driving automation reduces the availability of these parameters, therefore reducing the scope of such methods. Especially, techniques that include physiological measurements seem to be a promising alternative. However, in a dynamic environment such as driving, only non- or minimal intrusive methods are accepted, and vibrations from the roadbed could lead to degraded sensor technology. This work contributes to driver drowsiness detection with a machine learning approach applied solely to physiological data collected from a non-intrusive retrofittable system in the form of a wrist-worn wearable sensor. To check accuracy and feasibility, results are compared with reference data from a medical-grade ECG device. A user study with 30 participants in a high-fidelity driving simulator was conducted. Several machine learning algorithms for binary classification were applied in user-dependent and independent tests. Results provide evidence that the non-intrusive setting achieves a similar accuracy as compared to the medical-grade device, and high accuracies (>92%) could be achieved, especially in a user-dependent scenario. The proposed approach offers new possibilities for human–machine interaction in a car and especially for driver state monitoring in the field of automated driving.
An important part of the industry 4.0 concept is the horizontal and vertical integration of manufacturing systems.
Information exchange in traditional production environments happens through interfaces that are connections between strictly defined senders and receivers. This limits the possibility for changing and extending the manufacturing system. A possible approach to enable the information exchange between all system entities uniformly are information models. Such models are semantic descriptions of the available data. The creation of these models needs to follow the manufacturing process, but also requires certain standardization to improve efficiency. Another challenge is the actual technical integration of the information into a common address space.
This paper connects an approach for information modeling with a concept for dynamic aggregation. The approach is described with the help of a continuous example that uses OPC UA as a middleware technology.
Chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIPN), one of the most severe and incapacitating side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, is a serious concern in breast cancer therapy leading to dose diminution, delay, or cessation. The reversibility of CIPN is of increasing importance since active chemotherapies prolong survival. Clinical assessment tools show that patients experiencing sensorimotor CIPN symptoms not only do they have to cope with loss in autonomy and life quality, but CIPN has become a key restricting factor in treatment. CIPN incidence poses a clinical challenge and has lacked established and efficient therapeutic options up to now. Complementary, non-opioid therapies are sought for both prevention and management of CIPN. In this perspective, we explore the potential that digital interventions have for sensorimotor CIPN rehabilitation in breast cancer patients. Our primary goal is to emphasize the benefits and impact that Virtual Reality (VR) avatars and Machine Learning have in combination in a digital intervention aiming at (1) assessing the complete kinematics of deficits through learning underlying patient sensorimotor parameters, and (2) parameterize a multimodal VR simulation to drive personalized deficit compensation. We support our perspective by evaluating sensorimotor effects of chemotherapy, the metrics to assess sensorimotor deficits, and relevant clinical studies. We subsequently analyse the neurological substrate of VR sensorimotor rehabilitation, with multisensory integration acting as a key element. Finally, we propose a closed-loop patient-centered design recommendation for CIPN sensorimotor rehabilitation. Our aim is to provoke the scientific community toward the development and use of such digital interventions for more efficient and targeted rehabilitation.
Background: The status of the data-driven management of cancer care as well as the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations aimed at accelerating the rate of progress in this field are topics of great interest. Two international workshops, one conducted in June 2019 in Cordoba, Spain, and one in October 2019 in Athens, Greece, were organized by four Horizon 2020 (H2020) European Union (EU)–funded projects: BOUNCE, CATCH ITN, DESIREE, and MyPal. The issues covered included patient engagement, knowledge and data-driven decision support systems, patient journey, rehabilitation, personalized diagnosis, trust, assessment of guidelines, and interoperability of information and communication technology (ICT) platforms. A series of recommendations was provided as the complex landscape of data-driven technical innovation in cancer care was portrayed.
Objective: This study aims to provide information on the current state of the art of technology and data-driven innovations for the management of cancer care through the work of four EU H2020–funded projects.
Methods: Two international workshops on ICT in the management of cancer care were held, and several topics were identified through discussion among the participants. A focus group was formulated after the second workshop, in which the status of technological and data-driven cancer management as well as the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations in this area were collected and analyzed.
Results: Technical and data-driven innovations provide promising tools for the management of cancer care. However, several challenges must be successfully addressed, such as patient engagement, interoperability of ICT-based systems, knowledge management, and trust. This paper analyzes these challenges, which can be opportunities for further research and practical implementation and can provide practical recommendations for future work.
Conclusions: Technology and data-driven innovations are becoming an integral part of cancer care management. In this process, specific challenges need to be addressed, such as increasing trust and engaging the whole stakeholder ecosystem, to fully benefit from these innovations.
Database management and monitoring is an inseparable part of any industry. A uniform scheme of monitoring relational databases without explicit user access to database servers is not much explored outside the database environment. In this paper, we present an information distribution scheme related to databases using Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) servers to clients when multiple databases are involved in a factory. The aim is for external, but relevant clients, to be able to monitor this information mesh independent of explicit access to user schemas. A methodology to dispense data from, as well as check changes in databases using SQL queries and events is outlined and implemented using OPC UA servers. The structure can be used as a remote viewing application for multiple databases in one address space of an OPC UA server.
Der Beirat des Wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses (GI-WiN) der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) fordert und empfiehlt Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Lage von Promovierenden sowie Postdoktoranden und Postdoktorandinnen in der Informatik und anderen Technikwissenschaften.
Promovierende sowie Postdoktoranden und Postdoktorandinnen im Bereich der Informatik sind in zunehmendem Maß von den komplexen strukturellen und finanziellen Problematiken des Wissenschafts- und Lehrbetriebs betroffen. Der Flaschenhals auf dem Weg zur Professur führt in der akademischen Karriere zu prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen. Die schwierige Vereinbarkeit von Familie und akademischer Karriere erzeugt eine zusätzliche Benachteiligung, insbesondere von Wissenschaftlerinnen. Mangelnde Qualitätssicherung sowie fehlende zuverlässige und vertrauenswürdige Prozesse erschweren die Aufdeckung und Aufarbeitung von Konflikten während der Promotionsphase und der Zeit des Postdoktorats. Fehlanreize im akademischen System beeinträchtigen eine direkte, intensive und regelmäßige Betreuung der jungen Akademiker durch Professorinnen und Professoren. Eine zeitnahe Bewältigung der in diesem Beitrag skizzierten Herausforderungen ist für den zukünftigen Fortbestand von Forschungseinrichtungen an Hochschulen sowie für eine erfolgreiche Fortführung des Prinzips der Bestenauslese von zentraler Bedeutung. Vor dem Hintergrund von bereits geplanten und durchgeführten Maßnahmen zur Stärkung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses skizziert dieser Beitrag konkrete Maßnahmen; einerseits zur Verbesserung der Betreuung während der Promotionsphase und andererseits zur Strukturierung und Schaffung weiterer Karrierewege.
Local thermomechanical stress can cause failures in semiconductor packages during long-time operation under harsh environmental conditions. This study helps to explain the packaging-induced stress in blue GaN-LEDs soldered onto copper substrates using AuSn alloy as lead-free interconnect material. Based on the finite element method, a virtual prototype is developed to simulate the thermomechanical behavior and stress in the LED and in the complete LED/AuSn/Cu assembly considering plastic and viscoplastic strain. The investigations were performed by varying the temperature between −50°C and 180°C. To validate the model, the simulation results are compared to experimental data collected with Raman spectroscopy. Studies of the urn:x-wiley:03770486:media:jrs5947:jrs5947-math-0003 phonon mode of GaN semiconductor are elaborated to understand the induced thermomechanical stress. The model enables evaluation of the stress in the interfaces of the assembly, which otherwise cannot be accessed by measurements. It serves to predict how assemblies would perform, before committing resources to build a physical prototype.
Previously it was shown that application of probiotics stopped the acquisition of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) by patients in an early rehabilitation ward. Once the application of probiotics ended, we examined whether acquisition of VRE reoccurred. Furthermore, we examined whether probiotics altered prevalence of vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSE) and Gram-negative bacteria, which produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Although probiotic application ceased in April 2018, VRE-colonized patients rarely presented on that ward until 2019. Probiotic treatment also resulted in a decreased number of patients with VSE and ESBL. While decreased incidence of VRE occurred immediately, decreased VSE and ESBL numbers occurred months later. A probiotic-mediated decrease of VSE and ESBL incidence cannot be explained when assuming bacterial transmission exclusively as a linear cause and effect event. The decrease is better understood by considering bacterial transmissions to be stochastic events, which depend on various driving forces similar to an electric current. We hypothesize that VRE, VSE and ESBL uptake by patients and by staff members mutually reinforced each other, leading staff members to form a bacterial reservoir, similar to a condenser that stores electrical energy. Probiotic treatment then inhibited regeneration of that store, resulting in a breakdown of the driving force.
If there is something we have learned from the antibiotic era, it is that indiscriminate use of a therapeutic agent without a clear understanding of its long-term evolutionary impact can have enormous health repercussions. This knowledge is particularly relevant when the therapeutic agents are remarkably adaptable and diverse biological entities capable of a plethora of interactions, most of which remain largely unexplored. Although phage therapy (PT) undoubtedly holds the potential to save lives, its current efficacy in case studies recalls the golden era of antibiotics, when these compounds were highly effective and the possibility of them becoming ineffective seemed remote. Safe PT schemes depend on our understanding of how phages interact with, and evolve in, highly complex environments. Here, we summarize and review emerging evidence in a commonly overlooked theme in PT: bacteria-phage interactions. In particular, we discuss the influence of quorum sensing (QS) on phage susceptibility, the consequent role of phages in modulating bacterial cooperation, and the potential implications of this relationship in PT, including how we can use this knowledge to inform PT strategies. We highlight that the influence of QS on phage susceptibility seems to be widespread but can have contrasting outcomes depending on the bacterial host, underscoring the need to thoroughly characterize this link in various bacterial models. Furthermore, we encourage researchers to exploit competition experiments, experimental evolution, and mathematical modeling to explore this relationship further in relevant infection models. Finally, we emphasize that long-term PT success requires research on phage ecology and evolution to inform the design of optimal therapeutic schemes.
Renewable Energy Integration for Steam Supply of Industrial Processes: A Food Processing Case Study
(2020)
This study highlights the CO2,e -emission reduction potentials and related economic consequences for changing steam generation from fossil to renewable. Seven different utility concepts are developed, including a steam accumulator for load management. Peculiarities for the integration of biogas boilers, biomass-fuelled boilers, electrode steam boilers, biomethane-fuelled solid oxide fuel cells, micro gas turbine, solar energy systems, heat pumps and steam accumulators into a steam system with fluctuating steam demand are explained and the energy balance based models for the simulation study are described. The characteristics of batch processes, start up times and part load efficiency are considered via an annual dynamic simulation. Based on a detailed process analysis and dimensioning of the utilities and the accumulator a comprehensive simulation study is conducted for a pet food processing company having an average steam demand of 18,000 MWh at around 9 bar and 3 t/h. The results show that the highest CO2,e -emissions reduction of up to 63% is achieved by the transition to a solid biomass-fuelled boiler system. This leads to an increase of the operating costs by 27.8%
The potential of combining biogas and photovoltaic (PV) power plants in hybrid systems in the German distribution grid is analyzed. The focus of the present research is on balancing the intermittent power supply from PV power plants with the controllable power production of combined heat and power (CHP) units of biogas plants within a period of seconds. To achieve an increase of the total energy feed-in of biogas and PV power plants to the electricity grid, a biogas plant energy management system is described. System parameters, such as the variable feed-in of PV power plants or power ramps of the start-up process of controllable biogas plant CHP unit, are described and adapted to the global installed capacity of PV power plant and biogas plants in the German distribution grid.
Numeric Simulation-Based Analysis of the Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants
(2020)
Stirring systems with two rotational three-bladed propellers were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. The propellers are located at three heights and seven angles in a tank with 9 m radius. The fluid was characterized by non-Newtonian rheology and simulated by applying the k-ε turbulence model and the standard k-ω model. Reynolds numbers were estimated. High fluid speeds were obtained with the propellers located at a height of 2 m and oriented at 90° with respect to the tank radius. In the top regions of the tank, the fluid velocity was generally less intense and less affected by the angle setting. The configurations identified as good mixing systems showed power consumptions broadly distributed around 30 kW.
During the last decade, research has brought forth a large amount of studies that investigated driving automation from a human factor perspective. Due to the multitude of possibilities for the study design with regard to the investigated constructs, data collection methods, and evaluated parameters, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and nontransparent. This literature review applied a structured approach, where five reviewers investigated n = 161 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences focusing on driving automation between 2010 and 2018. The aim was to present an overview of the status quo of existing methodological approaches and investigated constructs to help scientists in conducting research with established methods and advanced study setups. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, followed by trust and acceptance, which were mainly collected through self-report measures. Driving/Take-Over performance also marked a significant portion of the published papers; however, a wide range of different parameters were investigated by researchers. Based on our insights, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies. Amongst others, this includes validation of existing results on real roads, studying long-term effects on trust and acceptance (and of course other constructs), or triangulation of self-reported and behavioral data. We furthermore emphasize the need to establish a standardized set of parameters for recurring use cases to increase comparability. To assure a holistic contemplation of automated driving, we moreover encourage researchers to investigate other constructs that go beyond safety.
Investigation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Induced Bending for Elastic Flaps in a Cross Flow
(2020)
With the recent increase in the design of light and flexible structures, numerical investigations of fluid and structure together play a significant role in most engineering applications. Therefore, the current study presents an examination of fluid-structure interaction involving flexible structures. The problem is numerically solved by a commercial software ANSYS-Workbench. Two-way coupled three-dimensional transient simulations are carried out for the flexible flaps of different thicknesses in glycerin for a laminar flow and Reynolds number ranging from 3 < Re < 12. The bending line of the flaps is compared with experimental data for different alignments of the flaps relative to the fluid flow. The study reports the computation of the maximum tip-deflection and deformation of flaps fixed at the bottom and mounted normal to the flow. Additionally, drag coefficients for flexible flaps are computed and flow regimes in the wake of the flaps are presented. As well, the study gives an understanding on how the fluid response changes as the structure deforms and the model is appropriate to predict the behavior of thick and comparatively thinner flaps. The results are sufficiently encouraging to consider the present model for analyzing turbulent flow processes against flexible objects.
Evaluation Criteria and Benefit Analysis of Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants
(2020)
A valid method to evaluate decisions of a project proposal is the so-called cost-benefit analysis. Criteria are selected and properly weighted to determine if the project is effective and feasible. The present research study is focused on methodical selection of design parameters to install two propeller mixers inside anaerobic digesters of biogas plants. A cylindrical tank of 1400 m3 was considered. For the model-based optimisation, the substrate was considered as a non-Newtonian fluid with a density of 1090 kg/m3. The Oswald-de Waele power-law model was selected to account for the rheological behaviour of the fluid. Installation parameters of the mixers were rotational angles and heights of the shafts of the two propellers. A computational model was developed to simulate the fluid dynamics depending on the mixing process inside the tank. Several configurations were analysed according to evaluating criteria such as the value of the fluid velocity, its distribution along the three spatial dimensions, and the power consumption to rotate the mixers. The maximum fluid velocity and minimum power consumption were observed when the propellers are located at intermediate height inside the tank and with the shafts perpendicular to the tank radius. With this configuration, the fluid reaches a maximum velocity of 0.28 m/s. According to the investigation, it is evident that mixing systems with propeller shafts deep-seated and parallel to the tank radius should be avoided, both in term of efficiency of the fluid mixing distribution and in term of power consumption.
With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction.
This paper provides a framework for examining human-vehicle interactions with respect to three dimensions that can involve models or simulations: the agents, the environments, and the scenarios. Agents are considered on a spectrum from human to artificial actors. Environments are considered on a spectrum from simulated to real. Scenarios are considered on a spectrum from constrained to unconstrained. It is argued that these three dimensions capture key differences in research approaches within the field of human-vehicle interaction, and that explicitly situating research and discussions within this framework will allow researchers to better compare and contrast research outcomes and contributions. The framework is used to locate different disciplines in the community with respect to one another, and to identify areas which are as-yet unexplored.
There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces.
Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert’s law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert’s equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates.
The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles.
As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the “near future” concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the “far future”) concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses.
Automotive airbags protect occupants from crash forces during severe vehicle collisions. They absorb energy and restrain the occupants by providing a soft cushion effect known as the restraint effect. Modern airbags offer partial restraint effect control by controlling the bag’s vent holes and providing multi-stage deployment. Full restraint effect control is still a challenge because the closed-loop restraint control system needs airbag–occupant contact and interaction feedback.
In this work, we have developed novel single and matrix capacitive tactile sensors to measure the occupant’s contact data. They can be integrated with the airbag surface and folded to follow the dynamic airbag shape during the deployment. The sensors are tested under a low-velocity pendulum impact and benchmarked with high-speed test videos. The results reveal that the single sensor can successfully measure occupant–airbag contact time and estimate the area, while the contact position is additionally identified from the matrix sensor.
The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework.
An attempt has been made to describe the Trade relation between India – Germany, prevailing and existing problem in the global scope with importing to India from Germany. To give a strong justification for the existence of the problems if any in the first place and the concern to improve the process. To make a sound argument for the prevailing situation using the available data, existing research and methodological issues from past researchers and previous studies
Die nachfolgende Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die zentralen Controllingprozesse Reporting, Planung und Forecast sowie mit den Konsequenzen für die Rolle des Controllers.
Dabei erforscht die Arbeit, in welcher Weise die Digitalisierung, die eben genannten Bereiche des Controllings verändert. Außerdem wird dargestellt, welche digitalen Technologien jeweils für diese Veränderungen verantwortlich sind. Weiterhin wird auf die Rolle des Controllers einschließlich ihrer durch die Digitalisierung ausgelösten, potenziellen Veränderungen eingegangen.
Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wird in dieser Arbeit eine eingehende Analyse der fachspezifischen Literatur vorgenommen. Mithilfe dieser werden die Themenfelder Controlling und Digitalisierung zunächst allgemein vorgestellt und anschließend eine Analyse der Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die Controllingprozesse Reporting, Planung und Forecast sowie die Rolle des Controllers durchgeführt.
Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich die Digitalisierung erheblich auf das Reporting, die Planung und den Forecast, sowie die Rolle des Controllers auswirkt. Es findet eine erhebliche Beschleunigung und teilweise Automatisierung der Prozesse statt, wodurch sich freie Kapazitäten ergeben. Der Controller muss sein Rollenverständnis und Kompetenzprofil den neuen Umständen anpassen und die die freien Kapazitäten nutzen, um neue, wertschöpfende Tätigkeiten zu etablieren.
Current languages employed for embedded software development usually provide unsafe memory handling often resulting in vulnerabilities. Languages that can provide memory safety at compile-time can be used instead. This thesis examines the suitability of the Rust programming language for embedded software development. The relatively new language provides such memory safety guarantees while offering high performance comparable to other common languages. The objectives of the thesis are to assess the suitability of Rust in comparison to an existing language and to explain the necessary steps when eventually switching development to Rust.
The C language is used for the comparison, as it is currently the most common language for embedded software development. To be able to assess Rust objectively, the comparison to C is carried out on the basis of pre-defined aspects that were deemed important. This comparison is explained and discussed in the main part of the thesis. Furthermore, this part contrasts safety and performance by explaining the different safety problems as well as countermeasures and subsequently comparing an example program according to the performance in both languages. To be able to examine the switching process, another set of criteria is employed. Rust is analyzed according to them and an exemplary switching process is provided.
Comparing the criteria leads to different findings. Some aspects show a similar suitability of Rust and C. These include the popularity, the compliance with safety standards as well as the performance, although the latter highly depends on the tested application. Positive aspects of C include the large amount of available compilation targets and the maturity. Rust on the other hand stands out through a greater variety of programming paradigms, a state-of-the-art and well-adopted toolchain as well as good documentation, community support and a sound ecosystem. Furthermore the safety guarantees pose a clear advantage over C and make embedded software provably safer. It is also shown that for switching to Rust, numerous resources for employee training are available and different tools for the integration into an existing code base are offered by the programming language and its ecosystem.
The results suggest that Rust is indeed suitable for embedded software development, although the choice must not be made without careful consideration of the examined criteria.
Integrating renewable energies into a district heating network in a residential area in Dachau
(2021)
The project includes designing a low-temperature district heating network center with a flow and return temperature of 45 °C/20 °C in a modern residential area with 50 buildings with 37,000 square meters located in Dachau, Bavaria and consists two scenarios. In the first scenario, in energy generation, the focus was on the natural gas supply. And in the scenario 2 the region's renewable potential was integrated and replaced with fossil fuels. By comparing the two systems, although the investment costs of System 2 were more, it is more cost-effective in financial accounting, considering the government's financial support for renewable energy projects and more maintenance and fuel costs of the first system. According to the present factors and CO2 emissions, the renewable system was much better in environmentally-friendly terms.
Analysis of numerical crash simulation data using dimensionality reduction and machine learning
(2021)
Automakers find it challenging to analyze multiple computer-based numerical crash simulation data, with an increase in computer-based simulations. This downside causes the necessity to use data science techniques to automate the analysis of an ensemble of crash simulation data. This study aims at setting up a workflow to dimensionally reduce the simulation data, cluster it based on a behavioral pattern and analyze a particular behavioral pattern to obtain if-else rules to avoid or achieve that particular behavioral pattern. In this context, a behavioral pattern refers to an observed characteristic result that occurs because of specific input parameter values.
In this thesis, dimensionality reduction is undertaken using feature extraction algorithms, the knowledge behind the simulations is extracted and clustered based on an individual simulation’s behavioral pattern using unsupervised clustering algorithms, and the rules to avoid or achieve a particular behavioral pattern are extracted using decision tree algorithm and associative rule mining algorithm.
The workflow is applied to a simple side pole impact test, where a pole is impacted to an assembly of three parallel vertical members welded to a horizontal member. Using the workflow, every simulation data is represented using 50 lower-dimensional parameters and the simulations in the dataset are clustered into three different clusters based on three different behavioral patterns observed. One of the behavioral patterns observed is lower buckling of a vertical member, which is not a desired crash behavior to be observed in a crash energy absorption structure and this behavior should be avoided. The rules to avoid this behavioral pattern is further obtained using rule extraction.
The results from the study suggest that the workflow and the algorithms used in this thesis to analyze an ensemble of simulation data helps an engineer in efficiently representing simulation data using lower-dimensional embedding, extracting the underlying knowledge, and obtaining rules to avoid or achieve a certain behavioral pattern. Furthermore, there are many interesting directions worth perusing based on this thesis, (1) Achieving generalizability while using simulations of different mesh criteria. (2) Obtaining validation metrics to validate the results. (3) Using different datasets to evaluate and benchmark the approach given in this study. (4) Defining hyperparameter optimization strategies to efficiently optimize the hyperparameters of the machine learning algorithms used in this thesis.
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a popular methodology implementing Systems Engineering that has the potential to improve its efficacy and efficiency. MBSE promises precise communication between engineering disciplines across a project life cycle, and copes with systems complexity, focusing on consistency through different levels of systems description. Several MBSE methodologies exist, so that practitioners are often overwhelmed when they have to select the right methodology for their engineering challenge. Also, selecting the right methodology can be a time consuming and a costly process. Moreover, finding the right methodology for a particular context does not mean that it will be applicable to another context. When investigating what hinders or fosters MBSE adoption, a crucial factor is often neglected; in most research cases (if not all) the MBSE methodology used by practitioners is not taken into consideration. Even when it is, it is often treated as a black box. Tim Weilkiens et al. proposed Framework for the Evaluation of MBSE Methodologies for Practitioners (FEMMP), and used it to evaluate their own methodologies (SYSMOD+ and MDDM). This thesis presents STRATA, the methodology developed by Vitech Corporation, and evaluates it using FEMMP. It also discusses the current criteria offered by FEMMP, and suggests changes, amendments, and new criteria.
Design and evaluation of an app for a hearable to measure and control the stress level of the wearer
(2021)
Stress is the worlds most common health thread today. The number of people with hearing loss increased in recent years, whereas the age, when people start to suffer from those hearing losses decreased dramatically, due to louder surroundings, living in cities and consuming multimedia around the clock. This thesis will develop and evaluate a hearable based app solution concept, to reduce the stress level of the user throughout the day, by controlling the noise exposure. Based on the User Centered Design Process this work will use a user study to collect needs and fears regarding such a device.
Those, analyzed during an expert review, generate requirements to develop a prototype, which will be tested by users. The work gives key aspects as recommendations, to be incorporated in the concept for future development. As a result it is shown, that there is high acceptance and prospective growing value for a stress controlling hearable device.
Keywords: hearable, noise-inducted stress, healthy living, quantified self, hearing care
Stress gefährdet die Gesundheit heutzutage weltweit am stärksten. Die Zahl der hörgeschädigten Menschen nahm in den letzten Jahren zu, wohingegen das Eintrittsalter für Hörschädigungen drastisch abnahm, weil die Umgebung, durch das Leben in Städten und durch Mediennutzung rund um die Uhr, immer lauter wird. Diese These entwickelt und evaluiert ein Konzept für ein App basiertes Hearable, das das Stress Level des Benutzers über den Tag hinweg reduziert, indem es die Lärmbelastung reguliert. Basierend auf dem User Centered Design Prozess kommt in dieser Arbeit eine Benutzerbefragung zum Einsatz, um Bedürfnisse und Ängste der Benutzer im Zusammenhang mit einem solchen Gerät.
Diese, in einer Experten Runde bearbeitet, ergeben Anforderungen für die Entwicklung eines Prototyps, welcher dann mit Benutzern getestet wird. Die Arbeit gibt Empfehlungen über Schlüsselkomponenten, welche bei der zukünftigen Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts berücksichtigt werden sollten. Resultierend konnte eine hohe Akzeptanz und zukünftig steigende Wertschöpfung für ein Stress regulierendes Hearable verzeichnet werden.
Schlagwörter: Hearable, Stress durch Lärm, Gesund leben, Quantifiziertes Ich, Hörakustik
The main goal of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the importance of musical and olfactory stimuli and analyse their effect on the consumer behaviour. The analysed area of applying musical stimuli and scent marketing is hereby limited to stationary retail trade only. It investigates to what extent the use of background music affects the customer and how ambient music can be used in the right way to influence consumers. Furthermore, the impact of ambient scents on consumers at the point of sale in stationary retail is examined.
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a popular methodology implementing Systems Engineering that has the potential to improve its efficacy and efficiency. MBSE promises precise communication between engineering disciplines across a project life cycle, and copes with systems complexity, focusing on consistency through different levels of systems description. Several MBSE methodologies exist, so that practitioners are often overwhelmed when they have to select the right methodology for their engineering challenge. Also, selecting the right methodology can be a time consuming and a costly process. Moreover, finding the right methodology for a particular context does not mean that it will be applicable to another context. When investigating what hinders or fosters MBSE adoption, a crucial factor is often neglected; in most research cases (if not all) the MBSE methodology used by practitioners is not taken into consideration. Even when it is, it is often treated as a black box. Tim Weilkiens et al. proposed Framework for the Evaluation of MBSE Methodologies for Practitioners (FEMMP), and used it to evaluate their own methodologies (SYSMOD+ and MDDM). This thesis presents RePoSyD, the methodology developed by Martin Hoppe, and evaluates it using FEMMP. It also discusses the current criteria offered by FEMMP, and suggests changes, amendments, and new criteria.