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Changing environmental context during encoding can influence episodic memory. This study examined the memorial consequences of environmental context change in children. Kindergartners, first and fourth graders, and young adults studied two lists of items, either in the same room (no context change) or in two different rooms (context change), and subsequently were tested on the two lists in the room in which the second list was encoded. As expected, in adults, the context change impaired recall of the first list and improved recall of the second. Whereas fourth graders showed the same pattern of results as adults, in both kindergartners and first graders no memorial effects of the context change arose. The results indicate that the two effects of environmental context change develop contemporaneously over middle childhood and reach maturity at the end of the elementary school days. The findings are discussed in light of both retrieval-based and encoding-based accounts of context-dependent memory.
Der Beitrag stellt das laufende Forschungsprojekt „Sexuelle Gewalt gegen Mädchen und Jungen in Institutionen“ des Deutschen Jugendinstituts vor. Inhalt ist eine quantitative retrospektive Befragung zum Vorkommen, Ausmaß und zum Umgang mit sexueller Gewalt in Schulen, Internaten sowie stationären Einrichtungen der Hilfen zur Erziehung. Anhand von Fokusgruppen soll die Perspektive der Fachkräfte und Beratungsstellen einbezogen werden.
Electronic spectroscopy of molecules profits greatly from superfluid helium droplets serving as a gentle cryogenic matrix. Characteristic features of electronic spectra in helium droplets are a solvent shift, phonon wings, and in rare cases a splitting of zero phonon lines. For the majority of molecules investigated so far in helium droplets the vibrational fine structure in electronic spectra resembles what was observed in a supersonic jet. The electronic spectra of three methylated anthracene derivatives and one phenylated anthracene discussed in this paper reveal remarkable effects in the vibrational fine structure due to solvation in helium droplets.
For all four compounds the vibrational frequencies were almost not affected by the helium environment. However, if the electronic excitation is accompanied by nuclear rearrangement, the spectra showed remarkable line broadening in helium droplets. This is the case for 2-methylanthracene and 9-phenylanthracene. The corresponding line shape was of Lorentzian type and, thus, attributed to damping of the excited system by the helium environment. According to the linewidth the damping time constant was determined to be about 0.3 ps in the case of 2-methylanthracene and 0.1 ps for 9-phenylanthracene.
The number of embedded systems in our daily lives that are distributed, hidden, and ubiquitous continues to increase. Many of them are safety-critical. To provide additional or better functionalities, they are becoming more and more complex, which makes it difficult to guarantee safety. It is undisputed that safety must be considered before the start of development, continue until decommissioning, and is particularly important during the design of the system and software architecture. An architecture must be able to avoid, detect, or mitigate all dangerous failures to a sufficient degree. For this purpose, the architectural design must be guided and verified by safety analyses. However, state-of-the-art component-oriented or model-based architectural design approaches use different levels of abstraction to handle complexity. So, safety analyses must also be applied on different levels of abstraction, and it must be checked and guaranteed that they are consistent with each other, which is not supported by standard safety analyses. In this paper, we present a consistency check for CFTs that automatically detects commonalities and inconsistencies between fault trees of different levels of abstraction. This facilitates the application of safety analyses in top-down architectural designs and reduces effort.
Efficient safety analyses of complex software intensive embedded systems are still a challenging task. This article illustrates how model-driven development principles can be used in safety engineering to reduce cost and effort. To this end, the article shows how well accepted safety engineering approaches can be shifted to the level of model-driven development by integrating safety models into functional development models. Namely, we illustrate how UML profiles, model transformations, and techniques for multi language development can be used to seamlessly integrate component fault trees into the UML.
International Aspects of Social Marketing / Higher Education and Graduate Programs in Germany.
(2010)
The work reported in this thesis addresses the problem of structure-borne sound transmission in buildings. Vibrating sources, such as services plant and domestic appliances, transmit vibro-acoustic power, causing noise complaints by occupants in rooms removed from the source room. There is not yet an accepted practical method of predicting the installed power into floors or supporting walls, and thence the resultant sound pressure in rooms.
This study concentrates on the prediction of the installed power from mechanical installations in lightweight buildings composed of framed and ribbed plates. To identify the characteristics of such receiver elements, a field survey has been undertaken, which involved measurement of the point and transfer mobilities of common wall and floor structures. It is shown that the range of measured values of receiver point mobility is surprisingly small and that the constructions investigated often displayed thin plate-like characteristics, with relatively small spatial variations in point mobility. These field measurements give support to the notion of averaging over contacts.
This single equivalent receiver mobility has been assembled both from measured data and from the approximate method and then used in combination with single equivalent source data, to yield an approximate prediction of the installed power. The agreement obtained between the exact and approximate values allowed consideration of a practical implementation of the approximate prediction method, based on a reception plate method which yields the activity and mobility of the tested machine as single equivalent values.
Physical determinants of phytoplankton production, algal stoichiometry, and vertical nutrient fluxes
(2010)
Most phytoplankters face opposing vertical gradients in light versus nutrient supplies but have limited capacities for vertical habitat choice. We therefore explored a dynamical model of negatively buoyant algae inhabiting a one-dimensional water column to ask how water column depth and turbulence constrain total (areal) phytoplankton biomass. We show that the population persistence boundaries in water column depth-turbulence space are set by sinking losses and light limitation but that nutrients are most limiting to total biomass in water columns that are neither too shallow or too weakly mixed (where sinking losses prevail) nor too deep and turbulent (where light limitation prevails). In shallow waters, the most strongly limiting process is nutrient influx to the bottom of the water column (e.g., from sediments). In deep waters, the most strongly limiting process is turbulent upward transport of nutrients to the photic zone. Consequently, the highest total biomasses are attained in turbulent waters at intermediate water column depths and in deep waters at intermediate turbulences. These patterns are insensitive to the assumption of fixed versus flexible algal carbon-to-nutrient stoichiometry, and they arise irrespective of whether the water column is a surface layer above a deep water compartment or has direct contact with sediments.
Die Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Bauakustik erfolgt bislang schwerpunktmäßig durch aufwändige messtechnische Parameterstudien. Eine wesentliche Reduzierung dieses Aufwands kann dadurch erreicht werden, dass die Bauteil-Parameterstudien nicht mehr ausschließlich durch Messungen erfolgen, sondern auch anhand von geeigneten Berechnungsmodellen durchgeführt werden. Dazu wurde ein umfassendes Berechnungsmodell erarbeitet und anhand von Messergebnissen validiert. Wesentliche Grundlage für die volumenorientierte akustische Simulation ist dabei die p-Version der Methode der Finiten Elemente. Auf Basis der numerischen Berechnungen wurden die Wechselwirkungen der Deckenkomponenten untersucht und optimierte Konstruktionen erarbeitet. Nach deren messtechnischen Überprüfung konnten die Ergebnisse in Form von Konstruktionshilfen für optimierte Aufbauten zusammengestellt werden.
In der Baupraxis wird von Bauexper-
ten immer wieder ein Einfluss auf die
Schalldämmung durch unterschiedli-
che Dachdeckungen wahrgenommen.
Vergleichende Messungen an ver-
schiedenen Dachaufbauten mit un-
terschiedlichen Dachdeckungen erga-
ben bereits in der Vergangenheit bei
unabhängigen Untersuchungen gerin-
gere Schalldämm-Maße bei Dach-
deckungen aus Dachziegeln gegen -
über Dachdeckungen aus Dachsteinen
[1], [2]. Dies führte zu re duzierten
Schall dämmwerten bei Eindeckungen
aus Dachziegeln [3], [4]. Die Ursa-
chen für die Unterschiede in der
Schalldämmung waren bislang nicht
ausreichend geklärt, da der Einfluss
der höheren Masse bei den Dachstei-
nen allein nicht plausibel erschien.
Zur Klärung der Zusammenhänge
wurden im ift Schallschutzzentrum,
Rosenheim in Zusammenarbeit mit
den Firmen Monier Braas und Gutex
weiterführende Messungen durchge-
führt, deren Ergebnisse nachfolgend
vorgestellt werden. Zunächst werden
vergleichende Messungen von Dach-
aufbauten mit unterschiedlichen
Dachdeckungen dargestellt und dann
Ergebnisse von Kleinversuchen nur
mit Dachdeckungen ohne Dachauf-
bau und Dämmung vorgestellt, bei de-
nen auch der Zusammenhang zwi-
schen Fugendurchlässigkeit und
Schalldämmung der Dachpfannen
untersucht wurde [5].