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With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction.
This paper provides a framework for examining human-vehicle interactions with respect to three dimensions that can involve models or simulations: the agents, the environments, and the scenarios. Agents are considered on a spectrum from human to artificial actors. Environments are considered on a spectrum from simulated to real. Scenarios are considered on a spectrum from constrained to unconstrained. It is argued that these three dimensions capture key differences in research approaches within the field of human-vehicle interaction, and that explicitly situating research and discussions within this framework will allow researchers to better compare and contrast research outcomes and contributions. The framework is used to locate different disciplines in the community with respect to one another, and to identify areas which are as-yet unexplored.
There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces.
Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert’s law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert’s equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates.
The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles.
As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the “near future” concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the “far future”) concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses.
Automotive airbags protect occupants from crash forces during severe vehicle collisions. They absorb energy and restrain the occupants by providing a soft cushion effect known as the restraint effect. Modern airbags offer partial restraint effect control by controlling the bag’s vent holes and providing multi-stage deployment. Full restraint effect control is still a challenge because the closed-loop restraint control system needs airbag–occupant contact and interaction feedback.
In this work, we have developed novel single and matrix capacitive tactile sensors to measure the occupant’s contact data. They can be integrated with the airbag surface and folded to follow the dynamic airbag shape during the deployment. The sensors are tested under a low-velocity pendulum impact and benchmarked with high-speed test videos. The results reveal that the single sensor can successfully measure occupant–airbag contact time and estimate the area, while the contact position is additionally identified from the matrix sensor.
The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework.
An attempt has been made to describe the Trade relation between India – Germany, prevailing and existing problem in the global scope with importing to India from Germany. To give a strong justification for the existence of the problems if any in the first place and the concern to improve the process. To make a sound argument for the prevailing situation using the available data, existing research and methodological issues from past researchers and previous studies
Die nachfolgende Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die zentralen Controllingprozesse Reporting, Planung und Forecast sowie mit den Konsequenzen für die Rolle des Controllers.
Dabei erforscht die Arbeit, in welcher Weise die Digitalisierung, die eben genannten Bereiche des Controllings verändert. Außerdem wird dargestellt, welche digitalen Technologien jeweils für diese Veränderungen verantwortlich sind. Weiterhin wird auf die Rolle des Controllers einschließlich ihrer durch die Digitalisierung ausgelösten, potenziellen Veränderungen eingegangen.
Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wird in dieser Arbeit eine eingehende Analyse der fachspezifischen Literatur vorgenommen. Mithilfe dieser werden die Themenfelder Controlling und Digitalisierung zunächst allgemein vorgestellt und anschließend eine Analyse der Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die Controllingprozesse Reporting, Planung und Forecast sowie die Rolle des Controllers durchgeführt.
Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich die Digitalisierung erheblich auf das Reporting, die Planung und den Forecast, sowie die Rolle des Controllers auswirkt. Es findet eine erhebliche Beschleunigung und teilweise Automatisierung der Prozesse statt, wodurch sich freie Kapazitäten ergeben. Der Controller muss sein Rollenverständnis und Kompetenzprofil den neuen Umständen anpassen und die die freien Kapazitäten nutzen, um neue, wertschöpfende Tätigkeiten zu etablieren.
Current languages employed for embedded software development usually provide unsafe memory handling often resulting in vulnerabilities. Languages that can provide memory safety at compile-time can be used instead. This thesis examines the suitability of the Rust programming language for embedded software development. The relatively new language provides such memory safety guarantees while offering high performance comparable to other common languages. The objectives of the thesis are to assess the suitability of Rust in comparison to an existing language and to explain the necessary steps when eventually switching development to Rust.
The C language is used for the comparison, as it is currently the most common language for embedded software development. To be able to assess Rust objectively, the comparison to C is carried out on the basis of pre-defined aspects that were deemed important. This comparison is explained and discussed in the main part of the thesis. Furthermore, this part contrasts safety and performance by explaining the different safety problems as well as countermeasures and subsequently comparing an example program according to the performance in both languages. To be able to examine the switching process, another set of criteria is employed. Rust is analyzed according to them and an exemplary switching process is provided.
Comparing the criteria leads to different findings. Some aspects show a similar suitability of Rust and C. These include the popularity, the compliance with safety standards as well as the performance, although the latter highly depends on the tested application. Positive aspects of C include the large amount of available compilation targets and the maturity. Rust on the other hand stands out through a greater variety of programming paradigms, a state-of-the-art and well-adopted toolchain as well as good documentation, community support and a sound ecosystem. Furthermore the safety guarantees pose a clear advantage over C and make embedded software provably safer. It is also shown that for switching to Rust, numerous resources for employee training are available and different tools for the integration into an existing code base are offered by the programming language and its ecosystem.
The results suggest that Rust is indeed suitable for embedded software development, although the choice must not be made without careful consideration of the examined criteria.
Integrating renewable energies into a district heating network in a residential area in Dachau
(2021)
The project includes designing a low-temperature district heating network center with a flow and return temperature of 45 °C/20 °C in a modern residential area with 50 buildings with 37,000 square meters located in Dachau, Bavaria and consists two scenarios. In the first scenario, in energy generation, the focus was on the natural gas supply. And in the scenario 2 the region's renewable potential was integrated and replaced with fossil fuels. By comparing the two systems, although the investment costs of System 2 were more, it is more cost-effective in financial accounting, considering the government's financial support for renewable energy projects and more maintenance and fuel costs of the first system. According to the present factors and CO2 emissions, the renewable system was much better in environmentally-friendly terms.
Analysis of numerical crash simulation data using dimensionality reduction and machine learning
(2021)
Automakers find it challenging to analyze multiple computer-based numerical crash simulation data, with an increase in computer-based simulations. This downside causes the necessity to use data science techniques to automate the analysis of an ensemble of crash simulation data. This study aims at setting up a workflow to dimensionally reduce the simulation data, cluster it based on a behavioral pattern and analyze a particular behavioral pattern to obtain if-else rules to avoid or achieve that particular behavioral pattern. In this context, a behavioral pattern refers to an observed characteristic result that occurs because of specific input parameter values.
In this thesis, dimensionality reduction is undertaken using feature extraction algorithms, the knowledge behind the simulations is extracted and clustered based on an individual simulation’s behavioral pattern using unsupervised clustering algorithms, and the rules to avoid or achieve a particular behavioral pattern are extracted using decision tree algorithm and associative rule mining algorithm.
The workflow is applied to a simple side pole impact test, where a pole is impacted to an assembly of three parallel vertical members welded to a horizontal member. Using the workflow, every simulation data is represented using 50 lower-dimensional parameters and the simulations in the dataset are clustered into three different clusters based on three different behavioral patterns observed. One of the behavioral patterns observed is lower buckling of a vertical member, which is not a desired crash behavior to be observed in a crash energy absorption structure and this behavior should be avoided. The rules to avoid this behavioral pattern is further obtained using rule extraction.
The results from the study suggest that the workflow and the algorithms used in this thesis to analyze an ensemble of simulation data helps an engineer in efficiently representing simulation data using lower-dimensional embedding, extracting the underlying knowledge, and obtaining rules to avoid or achieve a certain behavioral pattern. Furthermore, there are many interesting directions worth perusing based on this thesis, (1) Achieving generalizability while using simulations of different mesh criteria. (2) Obtaining validation metrics to validate the results. (3) Using different datasets to evaluate and benchmark the approach given in this study. (4) Defining hyperparameter optimization strategies to efficiently optimize the hyperparameters of the machine learning algorithms used in this thesis.
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a popular methodology implementing Systems Engineering that has the potential to improve its efficacy and efficiency. MBSE promises precise communication between engineering disciplines across a project life cycle, and copes with systems complexity, focusing on consistency through different levels of systems description. Several MBSE methodologies exist, so that practitioners are often overwhelmed when they have to select the right methodology for their engineering challenge. Also, selecting the right methodology can be a time consuming and a costly process. Moreover, finding the right methodology for a particular context does not mean that it will be applicable to another context. When investigating what hinders or fosters MBSE adoption, a crucial factor is often neglected; in most research cases (if not all) the MBSE methodology used by practitioners is not taken into consideration. Even when it is, it is often treated as a black box. Tim Weilkiens et al. proposed Framework for the Evaluation of MBSE Methodologies for Practitioners (FEMMP), and used it to evaluate their own methodologies (SYSMOD+ and MDDM). This thesis presents STRATA, the methodology developed by Vitech Corporation, and evaluates it using FEMMP. It also discusses the current criteria offered by FEMMP, and suggests changes, amendments, and new criteria.
Design and evaluation of an app for a hearable to measure and control the stress level of the wearer
(2021)
Stress is the worlds most common health thread today. The number of people with hearing loss increased in recent years, whereas the age, when people start to suffer from those hearing losses decreased dramatically, due to louder surroundings, living in cities and consuming multimedia around the clock. This thesis will develop and evaluate a hearable based app solution concept, to reduce the stress level of the user throughout the day, by controlling the noise exposure. Based on the User Centered Design Process this work will use a user study to collect needs and fears regarding such a device.
Those, analyzed during an expert review, generate requirements to develop a prototype, which will be tested by users. The work gives key aspects as recommendations, to be incorporated in the concept for future development. As a result it is shown, that there is high acceptance and prospective growing value for a stress controlling hearable device.
Keywords: hearable, noise-inducted stress, healthy living, quantified self, hearing care
Stress gefährdet die Gesundheit heutzutage weltweit am stärksten. Die Zahl der hörgeschädigten Menschen nahm in den letzten Jahren zu, wohingegen das Eintrittsalter für Hörschädigungen drastisch abnahm, weil die Umgebung, durch das Leben in Städten und durch Mediennutzung rund um die Uhr, immer lauter wird. Diese These entwickelt und evaluiert ein Konzept für ein App basiertes Hearable, das das Stress Level des Benutzers über den Tag hinweg reduziert, indem es die Lärmbelastung reguliert. Basierend auf dem User Centered Design Prozess kommt in dieser Arbeit eine Benutzerbefragung zum Einsatz, um Bedürfnisse und Ängste der Benutzer im Zusammenhang mit einem solchen Gerät.
Diese, in einer Experten Runde bearbeitet, ergeben Anforderungen für die Entwicklung eines Prototyps, welcher dann mit Benutzern getestet wird. Die Arbeit gibt Empfehlungen über Schlüsselkomponenten, welche bei der zukünftigen Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts berücksichtigt werden sollten. Resultierend konnte eine hohe Akzeptanz und zukünftig steigende Wertschöpfung für ein Stress regulierendes Hearable verzeichnet werden.
Schlagwörter: Hearable, Stress durch Lärm, Gesund leben, Quantifiziertes Ich, Hörakustik
The main goal of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the importance of musical and olfactory stimuli and analyse their effect on the consumer behaviour. The analysed area of applying musical stimuli and scent marketing is hereby limited to stationary retail trade only. It investigates to what extent the use of background music affects the customer and how ambient music can be used in the right way to influence consumers. Furthermore, the impact of ambient scents on consumers at the point of sale in stationary retail is examined.
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a popular methodology implementing Systems Engineering that has the potential to improve its efficacy and efficiency. MBSE promises precise communication between engineering disciplines across a project life cycle, and copes with systems complexity, focusing on consistency through different levels of systems description. Several MBSE methodologies exist, so that practitioners are often overwhelmed when they have to select the right methodology for their engineering challenge. Also, selecting the right methodology can be a time consuming and a costly process. Moreover, finding the right methodology for a particular context does not mean that it will be applicable to another context. When investigating what hinders or fosters MBSE adoption, a crucial factor is often neglected; in most research cases (if not all) the MBSE methodology used by practitioners is not taken into consideration. Even when it is, it is often treated as a black box. Tim Weilkiens et al. proposed Framework for the Evaluation of MBSE Methodologies for Practitioners (FEMMP), and used it to evaluate their own methodologies (SYSMOD+ and MDDM). This thesis presents RePoSyD, the methodology developed by Martin Hoppe, and evaluates it using FEMMP. It also discusses the current criteria offered by FEMMP, and suggests changes, amendments, and new criteria.
Die Implementierung eines zentralen Bettenmanagements in einem Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung
(2021)
Gerade bei der Implementierung eines derartig komplexen Veränderungsprozesses wie einem Zentralen Bettenmanagement in einem Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung ist es von essentieller Bedeutung, sich des Umstandes bewusst zu sein, dass es sich hierbei um ein multifaktorielles Geschehen handelt. Ebenso ist es notwendig, die betroffenen Mitarbeiter von der Notwendigkeit der Veränderung zu überzeugen und nicht nur Einzelmaßnahmen von Seiten der Geschäftsführung vorzugeben und abzuarbeiten. Veränderung bedeutet in diesem Kontext eine Aneinanderreihung von Entwicklungsschritten, bei der natürlich auch mit Widerständen und auch Rückschritten gerechnet werden muss. Hierbei handelt es sich jedoch um natürliche Phänomene und nicht um das Scheitern einzelner Verantwortlicher oder des gesamten Projekts. Auch muss dem Umstand Rechnung getragen werden, dass die Mitarbeiter eines Krankenhauses spezifische Anforderungen an einen Veränderungsprozess haben.
Berücksichtigt man alle diese Einzelpunkte, wird es mithilfe eines begleitenden und krankenhausspezifischen Change-Managements gelingen, den gewünschten und erforderlichen Veränderungsprozess in seiner Implementierung zu begleiten und im Nachgang in der Unternehmenskultur zu verankern. Dies ist die Grundvoraussetzung dafür, Krankenhäuser auf die sich verändernden Rahmenbedingungen des Gesundheitsmarktes vorzubereiten, um weiterhin eine exzellente und ökonomisch tragfähige Patientenversorgung gewährleisten zu können.