Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Buchkapitel (9) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Corrosion (2)
- Ignition (2)
- Accidental scenarios (1)
- Biologically induced mineral weathering (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Chemical corrosion (1)
- Compatible solute (1)
- Corrosion testing (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Dyes (1)
- Ectoine (1)
- Electrochemical corrosion (1)
- Energy carrier (1)
- Explosion protection (1)
- Fire behaviour (1)
- Fire load (1)
- Fire resistance (1)
- Flame spread (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geological formation (1)
- Halophilic (1)
- Handbook (1)
- Hazard and risk assessment (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Korrosionsschutz (1)
- Loch- u. Spaltkorrosion (1)
- Microbial community modelling (1)
- Microcolonial fungi (1)
- Microorganism (1)
- Molecular imprinted polymers (1)
- Oil and gas reservoir (1)
- Oilfield (1)
- Osmophobic effect (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Preferential exclusion (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Quantum dots (1)
- Regulations codes and standards (RCS) (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Shale (1)
- Smoldering (1)
- Spannungsrisskorrosion (1)
- Steady burning (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Wasserstoff (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (3)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (2)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (2)
- 9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (2)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (1)
- 2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern (1)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (1)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (1)
Smart technical textiles are by definition textiles that can interact with their environment.
They can sense and react to environmental conditions and external stimuli from mechanical, thermal, chemical or other sources. Such textiles are multifunctional or even “intelligent” which is fulfilled by a number of sensors incorporated in the textiles. The embedded sensors are sensitive to various parameters such as temperature, strain, chemical, biological and other substances.
An ideal sensor system is a combination of a selective receptor, an effective transducer, and a sensitive detector. To utilize molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as responsive recognition phases in sensors, the employment of fluorescent molecules or nanoparticles (NPs) that show prominent changes in their spectroscopic properties after binding of the target molecule in the MIP’s cavity is particularly attractive. Such fluorescent MIPs (fMIPs) act through target-induced quenching, enhancement, or spectral shifts of the fluorescence. This contribution introduces different strategies of incorporation of fluorescent dyes, probes, and NPs into fMIPs. In addition, various sensing mechanisms are reviewed, and depending on the application of the sensor, the different deployable formats, their advantages, drawbacks, and impact will be presented and discussed.
Territories of rock-inhabiting fungi: Survival on and alteration of solid air-exposed surfaces
(2018)
Subaerial biofilms that are omnipresent at the interface between all solid substrates and the atmosphere are composed of a unique and widespread group of ascomycetes called rock-inhabiting fungi or microcolonial fungi (MCF), typically in communities with other microorganisms. While subaerial biofilms in toto have important roles in mineral weathering and biodeterioration of materials, methodological approaches to subaerial biofilm communities are diverse and frequently focussed on MCF. Here, we review the historical development of the research methods applied in the field and consider perspectives to increase our understanding of the biofilm-induced changes of solid substrate surfaces.
The compatible solute ectoine: protection mechanisms, strain development, and industrial production
(2020)
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya can adapt to saline environments by accumulating compatible solutes in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. Compatible solutes are of diverse chemical structure (sugars, polyols, amino acid derivatives) and are beneficial for bacterial cells not only as osmoregulatory solutes but also as
protectants of proteins by mitigating detrimental effects of freezing, drying, and high temperatures. The aspartate derivative ectoine is a widespread compatible solute in Bacteria and possesses additional protective properties compared with other compatible solutes and stabilizes even whole cells against stresses such as ultraviolet radiation or cytotoxins. Here, it is our intention to go beyond a simple description of effects, but to depict the molecular interaction of ectoine with biomolecules, such as proteins, membranes, and DNA and explain the underlying principles. The stabilizing properties of ectoine attracted industry, which saw the potential to market ectoine
as a novel active component in health care products and cosmetics. In joint efforts of industry and research, a large-scale fermentation procedure has been developed with the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata used as a producer strain. The development and application of ectoine-excreting mutants from H. elongata (“leaky” mutants) allow for the annual production of ectoine on a scale of tons. The details of
the strain development and fermentation processes will be introduced.
Das Kapitel beginnt mit einer kurzen Einführung über die Korrosion (Wechselwirkung zwischen einem Metall, einer korrosiven Umgebung und der der jeweiligen Konstruktion). Im zweiten Abschnitt werden die wichtigsten Formen der wässrigen elektrochemischen Korrosion (Flächenkorrosion, galvanische, selektive und interkristalline Korrosion sowie Loch- und Spaltkorrosion) betrachtet. Darüber hinaus wird die elektrochemische Korrosion unter mechanischer Belastung betrachtet (Spannungsrisskorrosion, wasserstoffunterstützte Rissbildung, Korrosionsermüdung), sowie Sonderformen der Korrosion (Erosion, Fretting und mikrobiologisch induzierte Korrosion). Der dritte Abschnitt befasst sich mit der chemischen und Hochtemperaturkorrosion (Oxidation, Aufkohlung, Hochtemperatur-Wasserstoffangriff, Aufschwefelung, Nitrierung, Halogenierung). Zusätzlich enthält das Kapitel Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung der Korrosion.
The chapter starts with a brief introduction about corrosion, which is defined as the interdependency between a metal, a corrosive environment, and the respective component design. The second section introduces the most important forms of aqueous electrochemical corrosion (uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, selective and intergranular corrosion, and finally pitting and crevice corrosion in the case of passive layer forming metals). In addition, electrochemical corrosion under applied mechanical load is introduced (stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen-assisted cracking, corrosion fatigue), as well as special forms of corrosion (erosion, fretting, and microbiologically induced corrosion). The third section of this chapter introduces (mostly dry) chemical corrosion and high-temperature corrosion (oxidation, carburization, high-temperature hydrogen attack, sulfurization, nitriding, halogenation). As in the case of electrochemical corrosion, chemical corrosion can also be superimposed by mechanical loads. Finally, general facts on the testing of corrosion are introduced.
The Burning of Plastics
(2021)
The burning of a polymer is a physico–chemical process strongly influenced by the coupling of a chemical reaction – oxidation of fuel – in the gas phase with a chemical decomposition reaction – pyrolysis – in the condensed phase via heat and mass transfer. The heat and mass flux control the intensity of fire and the ablation of fuel. Indeed, the temperature profile as a function of time may be one of the most important responses of a specimen to understand its burning behavior. Further, several physical phenomena, such as the heat absorption of the materials, thermal conductivity, and also melt flow and dripping, play a major role in determining ignition, flammability, and fire behavior. The burning of a polymer is very complex. The various phenomena interact with each other, e. g., pyrolysis also influences the viscosity of the melt, and, thus, whether dripping or charring results in a protective layer, increasing the shielding effect of the residual protective layer. Only a detailed and comprehensive description opens the door to a well-founded understanding of the burning behavior of polymeric materials.
The introduction of hydrogen as a safe energy carrier needs a robust knowledge base, tools for the design and safety assessment of hydrogen technologies built on it, and an internationally harmonized set of standards and regulations. Many of the innovative technologies imply hydrogen at high pressures and/or cryogenic temperatures, with which private users come into contact for the first time in distributed applications. In order to avoid over-conservative, expensive safety solutions, while at the same time demonstrating the usability and safety of hydrogen applications and maintaining acceptance for the technology, safety research must also keep pace with, or better yet anticipate, trends in technological development. Thus, this overview article describes not only the current state of knowledge and technology regarding hydrogen safety, but also its further development.