4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2018 (231) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (97)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (53)
- Posterpräsentation (45)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (14)
- Buchkapitel (10)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (4)
- Forschungsbericht (4)
- Sonstiges (2)
- Monografie (1)
- Dissertation (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (152)
- Deutsch (73)
- Spanisch (3)
- Chinesisch (2)
- Französisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Biofilms (10)
- Ink (10)
- Leaching (10)
- Corrosion (9)
- E. coli (8)
- NAP-XPS (8)
- XRF (8)
- Archaeometry (7)
- Manuscript (7)
- Nano (7)
- Methanogens (6)
- Phosphor (6)
- Alginate (5)
- Biocides (5)
- Biofilm (5)
- Inks (5)
- OECD (5)
- Bacteria (4)
- Festlegungen (4)
- Geokunststoffe (4)
- Humboldt Codices (4)
- Kulturgut (4)
- LD-Schlacke (4)
- Nanomaterial (4)
- Nanopartikel (4)
- Non-destructive testing (4)
- Resistance (4)
- Richtlinien (4)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (4)
- Umweltsimulation (4)
- VOC (4)
- Virus (4)
- Volatile organic compounds (4)
- XPS (4)
- Zulassungen (4)
- Anerkennungen (3)
- Antimicrobials (3)
- Bauprodukte (3)
- Construction products (3)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (3)
- Ecotoxicity (3)
- Emerging (3)
- Environmental Simulation (3)
- Fungi (3)
- HP14 (3)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (3)
- Immunity (3)
- Klärschlamm (3)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (3)
- MIC (3)
- Manuscripts (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Pathogen (3)
- Phenotypic diversity (3)
- Phosphorus recovery (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- Recycling (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Resistance evolution (3)
- Risk assessment (3)
- Robustness studies (3)
- Rostasche (3)
- Weathering (3)
- XRF analysis (3)
- Air exchange rate (2)
- Alkalien (2)
- Aluminium (2)
- Analytik (2)
- Anoxia (2)
- Antimicrobial resistance (2)
- Archaea (2)
- Architecture (2)
- Bagasse (2)
- Bee (2)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (2)
- Bewitterung (2)
- Biocide (2)
- Bioinformatics (2)
- Bottom ash (2)
- Böden (2)
- CDW processing (2)
- CEN (2)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (2)
- CSMC (2)
- Chemical durability (2)
- Coptic (2)
- Corrosion evolution (2)
- DGT (2)
- DIN (2)
- DRIFTS (2)
- DSLT (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Deponien (2)
- Deponietechnik (2)
- Disease (2)
- Disposal repository (2)
- Düngemittel (2)
- Emission reference material (2)
- Environmental evaluation (2)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (2)
- European standard (2)
- Evolution (2)
- FEM model (2)
- FTIR (2)
- Geosynthetics (2)
- Glasmalfarben (2)
- Glass (2)
- Gypsum (2)
- HAXPES (2)
- HDPE geomembrane (2)
- Halomonas CRISPR Ectoine (2)
- Holzschutz (2)
- IPM (2)
- ISO (2)
- In-situ analysis (2)
- Korrosion (2)
- Kunststoffschweißen (2)
- Landfill liner (2)
- Leak detection (2)
- Lichtbogenofen (2)
- Loading factor (2)
- Low melting (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microcolonial fungi (2)
- Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion (2)
- Nano particle (2)
- Normung (2)
- Nuclear waste (2)
- PAK (2)
- Phosphorus (2)
- Pigment (2)
- Prüfrichtlinie (2)
- Pyrometallurgy (2)
- Raman (2)
- Regulations (2)
- Reverse glass painting (2)
- SCALE (2)
- Scandium (2)
- Schadstoffaustrag (2)
- Sewage sludge (2)
- Size distribution (2)
- Social (2)
- Soil (2)
- Spectroscopy (2)
- Tantalum (2)
- Termite (2)
- Test Guideline (2)
- Thermochemisch (2)
- Tricalciumsilikat (2)
- VIS (2)
- VOC-Emissionen (2)
- Virology (2)
- Waste management (2)
- Wood protection (2)
- Zement (2)
- Zementklinker (2)
- Zustimmungen (2)
- 3D printer (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- ASAP-MS (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Agarose (1)
- Agronomische Effizienz (1)
- Alit (1)
- Alkylating agents (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Ammoniak (1)
- Analytical standards (1)
- Ancient INKS (1)
- Anodization (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Anti-microbial effects (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antimicrobial (1)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (1)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (1)
- Antimicrobial test (1)
- Antimony (1)
- Antiseptic agents (1)
- Architektur (1)
- Archäometrie (1)
- Artificial ageing (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Auslaugtests (1)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Auswaschverlauf (1)
- Auswaschversuche (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BBodSchV (1)
- BEMMA (1)
- BEMMA Bewertung (1)
- BFR (1)
- BODIPY dye (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial growth (1)
- Bacterial infection (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Bauprodukt (1)
- Bees (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bestandserhaltung (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Bioactive glass (1)
- Biocorrosion (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofouling (1)
- Bioinformatics virology viruses software (1)
- Biologically induced mineral weathering (1)
- Biologische Bekämpfung (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Biozid (1)
- Black fungi (1)
- Blauer Engel (1)
- Bodenmaterial (1)
- Brown-rot fungi (1)
- Built environment (1)
- CEC-L-103 (1)
- CFK (1)
- Cairo Genizah (1)
- Calibration transfer (1)
- Cannibalism (1)
- Carbonfaser (1)
- Chamber test (1)
- Chemische Beständigkeit (1)
- Chlorine (1)
- Coastal protection (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Cognitive performance (1)
- Conditioning layer (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Conjugate (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Consumer article (1)
- Consumer articles (1)
- Copper (1)
- Corrosion environment (1)
- Cross-feeding (1)
- Cross-resistance (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- Cultural Heritage (1)
- Cultural heritage (1)
- Culuative energy demand (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- DGT-Methode (1)
- DNA (1)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (1)
- Decomposition point (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Density separation (1)
- Deponie (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Dielectric heating (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Dispergierung von Glaspartikeln (1)
- Dispersion of glass particle (1)
- Druck (1)
- Dünger (1)
- EN 16516 (1)
- EN 717-1 (1)
- EPS (1)
- ESEM (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ectoine (1)
- Edible insects (1)
- Emission (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission chamber testing (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emissionsfunktionen (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Entomopathogen (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Environmental conditions (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Environmental simulation (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Exposure (1)
- External (1)
- Extracellular enzymes (1)
- Extraktionen (1)
- Extraktionsversuche (1)
- Extrazelluläre Polysaccharide (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- FTIR-, XRF-, VIS- espectroscopia (1)
- Feeding behaviour (1)
- Fertilzer (1)
- Fiber (1)
- Fibre (1)
- Flame-retardant (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Flow chamber system (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Flow-System (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Fluorometric sensing (1)
- Food safety (1)
- Formaldehyd (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geotextiles (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Glas (1)
- Glasanalyse (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphene–bacteria interaction (1)
- Greenhouse gas accounting (1)
- Greenhouse gas balance (1)
- Greenhouse gas mitigation (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Größenbestimmung (1)
- Gut microbiota (1)
- Gütezeichen (1)
- Hausbock (1)
- Hausbockkäfer (1)
- Historic buildings (1)
- Hospital premises (1)
- Household waste (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hypopharynx (1)
- Idiopathic environmental intolerance (1)
- Illness-induced anorexia (1)
- Implants (1)
- Indoor air quality (1)
- Indoor mycobiome (1)
- Initial attachment (1)
- Ink composition (1)
- Inkwells (1)
- Innenraumluftqualität (1)
- Inter-lab comparison (1)
- Iodine (1)
- Iron (1)
- Iron-gall ink (1)
- Isoptera (1)
- Kleidermotte (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Knufia petricola (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (1)
- Kumulierter Energieaufwand (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- Labrum (1)
- Lake Cadagno (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Laser printer emission (1)
- Laser structuring (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Luft (1)
- Luftschadstoffe (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- Lysimeter, Antimony (1)
- MIC projekt (1)
- MOF (1)
- MSWI Bottom Ash (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- MSWI fly ash (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Manuscripta Americana, Techialoyan (1)
- Material degradation (1)
- Material recycling (1)
- Materials flow (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Melting point (1)
- Melting temperature (1)
- Metadata (1)
- Metal organic frameworks (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Methanogenesis (1)
- Method development (1)
- Micro plastic (1)
- Microwaves (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Model (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modern painting (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Molecular identification (1)
- Multi-scale study (1)
- Multigassensorik (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multiple chemical sensitivity (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museumsschädling (1)
- Museumsschädlinge (1)
- Museumsvitrine (1)
- Museumsvitrinen (1)
- Mycotoxin (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- NIR reflectography (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Near ambient pressure XPS (1)
- Neozoon (1)
- Niedrig schmelzend (1)
- Niobium (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nitrous oxide (1)
- Non destructive (1)
- Non invasive analysis (1)
- Non-destructiv testing (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-invasive analysis (1)
- Nonvolatile (1)
- Nostoc punctiforme (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nutrient acquisition (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- On-Line Analyse (1)
- On-line analysis (1)
- One-step ionic liquids synthesis (1)
- Open data (1)
- P-Recyclate (1)
- P-Recyclingdünger (1)
- P-Senken (1)
- PE-HD (1)
- PFC (1)
- PP (1)
- PS (1)
- PV modules (1)
- Painting (1)
- Paratext (1)
- Parerga (1)
- Particle (1)
- Performance comparison (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pest control (1)
- Phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- Phopshorus recovery (1)
- Phosphat (1)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Phototrophs (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilz (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollutants (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polypropylen (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polystyrol (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Printing (1)
- ProMoAM (1)
- Process control (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prozessmonitoring (1)
- Prüfkammer (1)
- Pyrometallurgie (1)
- RAMAN (1)
- Radio waves (1)
- Radon (1)
- Real-time qPCR (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Reference organisms (1)
- Reflectography (1)
- Ressourceneffizienz (1)
- Reverse painting on glass (1)
- Rhizopus (1)
- Rhizosphere effect (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Rotschlamm (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SERS (1)
- Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) (1)
- Schimmel (1)
- Schutzverglasung (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Secondary resources (1)
- Selective quantification (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Separate collection (1)
- Sequence annotation (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil P species (1)
- Solar panels (1)
- Soldier (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (1)
- Stainless steel (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Standardized test and quantification procedure (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Stoffstromanalyse (1)
- Stoichiometric homeostasis (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Subaerial biofilms (1)
- Subjective complaints (1)
- Superhydrophilic surface (1)
- Superhydrophobic surface (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synchrotron-XPS (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Tantal (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Tauchtest (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temperature and humidity (1)
- Termiten (1)
- Termites (1)
- Termitoidae (1)
- Test guideline (1)
- Testguideline (1)
- Testverfahren (1)
- Textilschädling (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermodynamic (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Trait-based ecology (1)
- Transformation (1)
- UV radiation (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrafine particles (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- Vererbung (1)
- Verwertung (1)
- Virulence (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Vues des Cordillères (1)
- Waste treatment (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- XRF Analysis (1)
- XRF-, FTIR-, VIS-espectroscopía (1)
- XRF-, VIS- spectroscopy (1)
- ZIF (1)
- Zearalenone (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zertifikate (1)
- ZfP (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (231) (entfernen)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (97)
Gegenstand der vorzustellenden Arbeiten ist die Prüfung der Umwelt-beständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polystyrol (PS) und Polypropylen (PP) zum Einsatz. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden.
Anoxische Objektbehandlungen gegen Schädlingsbefall stellen eine besonders materialverträgliche und umweltschonende Alternative zu chemischen Bekämpfungsverfahren dar. Die Wirksamkeit hängt jedoch von der Dauer, dem Restsauerstoffgehalt sowie der Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit ab. Unterschiedliche Arten von Schadinsekten sind verschieden tolerant gegenüber sauerstoffarmen Bedingungen. Insbesondere bei Behandlungsbedingungen von unter 24° C und mehr als 0,5 % Restsauerstoffgehalt stößt das Verfahren an die Grenze der Zuverlässigkeit. In Versuchsreihen unter standardisierten Bedingungen erwiesen sich insgesamt 12 von 34 im Projekt untersuchte Insektenarten hierbei als widerstandsfähig. Davon als besonders tolerante Arten sind Hylotrupes bajulus, Lasioderma serricorne, Trogoderma parabile und Mezium affine zu nennen.
Mit dem entwickelten UWB-Sensoriksystem können durch elektromagnetische Wellen Bewegungen von Schädlingen innerhalb geschlossener Holzobjekte berührungslos erfasst werden. Voraussetzung für die eindeutige Detektion der Schädlingsaktivität ist neben der digitalen Signalverarbeitung zur Filterung und Extraktion des Nutzsignals, die genügend hohe Eindringtiefe, die ausreichend ist, wenn Schädlingsvorkommen häufig dicht unter der Holzoberfläche gelegen sind. Die Versuchsergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass bereits eine einzelne Trockenholztermite der Art Incisitermes marginipennis hinter einer 5 cm dicken Holzplatte aufgespürt werden kann. Somit erscheint das Messsystem potentiell für die Erfolgskontrolle einer Anoxia-Behandlung an Museumsgütern geeignet.
This work presents the non-destructive spectroscopic characterisation of original Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)parchment fragments from Ronald Reed collection. The fragments are of paramount importance becausethey have never been subjected to any treatment of preservation and restoration, this allows to investi-gate the manufacturing method of real original Jewish parchments. The manufacture of “sacred” Jewishparchments, in fact, is traditionally supposed to use a superficial tannin treatment. To study the DSS frag-ments, it was necessary both to analyse mock-up samples, especially manufactured in order to reproduceancient Oriental Jewish ritual parchments, and to compare the results with those obtained in the analysisof modern and ancient Western Jewish ritual parchments, in order to test the effectiveness of the selectedspectroscopic techniques. Traditionally, the main difference between Oriental and Western traditionalparchment preparation consisted in the dehairing method: enzymatic for Oriental and lime-based forWestern. Moreover, a finishing treatment with tannin was supposed to be applied on ritual Jewish parch-ments. The need of reference samples derives from the knowledge that each parchment preparation,treatment and degradation can induce structural modifications that affect the spectral features. FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR-FTIR), FT-Raman and m-Ramanwere used in this study. The experimental results allowed us to recognise, with different sensitivity, thepresence of tannin by using m-Raman and IR spectroscopies and to prove that not all the archaeologicalsamples were manufactured in the same way with vegetal extracts. Many salts (tschermigite, dolomite,calcite, gypsum and iron carbonate) were found on the surface of DSS fragments. They can derive fromthe degradation processes and storage environment before the discovery or from the manufacture. More-over, the different sensitivities and instrumental characteristics of the used techniques permitted us toestablish an analytical protocol, useful for further studies of similar materials.
X-ray fluorescence analysis, due to its non-destructive nature and ist suitability to work with historic objects in situ, quickly became one of the most important methods for the evaluation of iron-gall ink. The main advantage of this qualitative and semi-quantitative method is that it makes it easy to differentiate between inks, based on the assumption that the differences result from the manufacture of the ink.
This work explores the question whether the ink ‘fingerprint’ results strictly from the elemental composition of the basic ink ingredients even if it is stored in vessels made of metals or metal alloys. In addition, we tested and compared the performance of three different XRF spectrometers.
We prepared various lab-grade inks according to historical ink recipes and measured the metal content of the ink deposited on sized cotton Linters paper with three types of XRF spectrometers: a simple hand-held device with an interaction spot of 4 mm and two devices equipped with poly-capillary Xray optics for line scanning and imaging. Since the exact elemental mass composition of the non-aged ink samples was known, we were able to evaluate the accuracy of the research procedure. Lab-grade inks were then aged in the metal jars imitating inkwells. The aging of the inks in the metal containers resulted in the significant change of the primary inks fingerprint as opposed to that of the control inks stored in glass containers. This effect was independently confirmed by the measurements conducted with every instrument we used. We will present a brief comparison of the results 43 achieved when using different spectrometers and a possible hypothesis explaining the processes that occurred.
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
Advantages of recycling gypsum plaster boards
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
Quality Improvement of VOC chamber emission tests observed for 10 years with round robin tests
(2018)
In Europe, the Construction Products Regulation (CPR, 2011/305/EU) sets basic requirements (BR) on how construction works must be designed and built. BR 3 “hygiene, health and the environment” states low emissions of toxic gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCVOCs), particles, etc. from building materials. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional Commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established.
Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. The participation in Round Robin Tests (RRTRRTs) is a means to prove a laboratory’s proficiency. Since 2006 BAM offers such proficiency test for emission chamber test every two years.
Any commercially available product on the market can be used as reference material, provided it is thoroughly characterised. However, these materials often emit only a few and material specific VOCs and appropriate homogeneity is not given. Therefore, alternative materials should be found. BAM used different materials over the years. Currently, the best suited reference material is a cured lacquer surface which contained several VOCs added to the liquid lacquer system. The round robin tests 2014, 2016 and 2018 were conducted with such a system.
Compounds like Styrene or n-Alkanes like Decane or Tridecane were tested in many of the proficiency test operated by BAM. Up to now the relative standard deviation of these compounds decrease continuously. Starting with values about 30 % in 2008 we reached values for the mentioned compounds 15 to 20 % now. But even for more polar compounds improved results were received.
Over the years the results of a large group of laboratories detected many compounds with much higher accuracy than at the beginning. So, the comparability between results of different laboratories becomes much better.
Geosynthetics are widely used in hydraulic engineering and within coastal protection constructions at the Baltic Sea shore, such as walls, promenades, and gabions walls. Storms influence leads to deformation of some of the protection structures and cause the release of geotextiles onto the beach. Fragments of geotextile migrate along the shore, experiencing additional degradation and destruction down to macro-, meso-, and micro-particles. During October 2017 - March 2018, the Baltic Sea shore along the Sambia Peninsula (Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation) was monitored to establish the contamination of sandy beaches by geotextiles that had degraded. Several local sources of pollution of beaches by geosynthetic materials were established.
Techialoyan/ Central Mexico
MsAmer7 shows limited colors:
ochre (yellow, brown red, rose)
indigo (blue, green, greyblue+?)
cerussite + chalk (white)
organic ink for writing (brown)
Los códices de Mizquiahualla
MsAmer1 frag VII, XIII (XIV, XV) muestran:
- colores indigenes: cochinilla (rojo), indigo (verde, azul), carbón (negro), zacatlaxcalli (amarillo)
- papel indigen (amate)
- pintura con líneas perfil en negro, pintado antes y después de la coloración
- influencía colonial: escritura en tinta hierro- gálica (1571, 1569)
Los Códices Humboldt, que proceden de la época colonial de Mexico, muestran:
1. colores indígenas típicos y sus mezclas:
cochinilla (rojo), índigo/ Azul Maya (azul y verde), carbón (negro),
zacatlaxcalli, mangle, colores orgánicos (amarillo)
2. influencia colonial:
tinta hierro- gálico para escribir
3. fragmentos distribuidos y cortados:
partes singulares forman parte de otros fragmentos dentro de la colección
(y en otras colecciones?)
The mayor part of the Berlin collection `Manuscripta Americana´ consists of documents compiled by Alexander von Humboldt. The diversity of the written fragments and their shape presume few accordance concerning purpose, place or time of production. Even before the papers came to Berlin, manuscripts were copied, divided and collected by famous scholars also in Mexico. Back in Europe, Humboldt visited further collections and published the detected hieroglyphic writings altogether with cultural objects and landscapes in the book `Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l`Amerique, voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland´, labelled corresponding to the cultural background.
By scientific and culture historical analyses, the Humboldt codices are revised and related to each other and others. In especial, the compilation of fragments shown on plate 36 in the book is looked at more closely. Whereas most of the plates represent only one sheet of painted amate paper, here segments with details of seven fragments are put together. It is tried to comprehend why these pieces are on one plate.
To find out a common feature of the documents, their content and represented form are compared. A correlation between some pieces is obvious and thus is also expected in the manufacture of the codices, in the kind of material used. For this the inks and colors are determined by scientific analysis including XRF-, Raman-, FTIR- and VIS- spectroscopy. Special material is detected and related to results of former analysis of codices written during the colonial period of America. Herewith a clear cultural assignment of the manuscripts is performed.
A relation of the fragments represented on plate 36 among each other and to other codices of the collection Manuscripta Americana in Berlin is discussed. Also, if the manuscripts are unique `originals´ or represent fragments of documents, whose corresponding pieces maybe found- in the best case- incorporated in other collections. We detected, that at least two of them can be put into relation to similar manuscripts deposited in Mexico. Further material analysis should clarify, if the corresponding pieces are identical- from one document, or if one of them is a copy. Herewith an approximation to authenticity features and history is issued.
Jährlich entstehen in Brasilien ca. 2 bis 10 Millionen Tonnen Aschen aus der Verbrennung von Zuckerrohrbagasse. Die Aschen enthalten schwankende Zusammensetzungen an mineralischen Nährelementen und könnten daher zu Düngezwecken verwendet werden.
Allerdings ist (i) die Nährstoffverfügbarkeit gering, (ii), die entsprechende Nährstoffzusammensetzung nicht optimal für die Nutzung der Aschen als Düngemittel für die Hauptanbaukulturen in Brasilien und (iii) weisen die Aschen aufgrund häufig schlechter Verbrennungsqualitäten hohe organische Kohlenstoffgehalte auf. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts ASHES („Rückführung von Nährstoffen aus Aschen von thermochemischen Prozessen mit Bagasse bzw. Zuckerrohrstroh“), arbeiten 7 deutsche und 4 brasilianische Partner an der Optimierung der thermochemischen Verwertung von Rückständen aus der Zuckerproduktion in Brasilien, inklusive der Formulierung von optimierten Düngemischungen auf Basis der generierten Aschen. In dieser Veröffentlichung wird die Verarbeitung dieser optimierten Mischungen zu Pellets und Granulaten unter Verwendung verfügbarer regionaler Reststoffe wie Filterkuchen (Vinasse-Presskuchen) sowie Hühnertrockenkot beschrieben. Zur Untersuchung der Handlingeigenschaften wurden die produzierten Pellets und Granulate hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Stabilität und des Wasseraufnahmevermögens untersucht. Dafür wurden geeignete Prüfverfahren angepasst und entsprechende Versuche durchgeführt.
The termites are a derived eusocial lineage of otherwise non-social cockroaches. Understanding the proximal and ultimate drivers of this major evolutionary transition represents an important goal in biology. One outstanding question concerns the evolution of termite immunity, which is thought to have undergone broad-sweeping adaptations in order to enhance group-level immune protection. To understand the evolutionary origins of termite immunity, we conducted qualitative and quantitative transcriptome analyses along a gradient of sociality. Firstly, we aimed to identify large-scale genetic shifts in immune traits linked to eusociality by comparing immune gene repertoires in solitary and subsocial cockroaches and across a range of eusocial termite lineages. Secondly, we compared the responses of a solitary cockroach, a subsocial wood-roach and different castes of a lower termite species to a non-specific immune challenge, in order to understand how sociality may have influenced the evolution of immune gene regulation. Firstly, we found that termites have a broadly representative repertoire of canonical immune genes as compared to gregarious cockroaches and subsocial wood-roaches. Secondly, with respect to immune challenge, the solitary cockroach and the subsocial wood-roach displayed a similarly comprehensive induced response, while the termite response was considerably dampened by comparison and strongly influenced by caste; with reproductives displaying a generally higher constitutive level of immune-gene expression compared to sterile castes. In summary we did not find termite eusociality to be associated with significant changes in immune gene diversity, but rather to be linked with significant modifications to the regulation of immunity following the origin of division of labour.
Test methods for efficacy assessment of antimicrobial coatings are not modelled on a hospital environment, and instead use high humidity (>90%) high temperature (37 ◦C), and no airflow. Therefore, an inoculum will not dry, resulting in an antimicrobial surface exhibiting prolonged antimicrobial activity, as moisture is critical to activity. Liquids will dry quicker in a hospital ward, resulting in a reduced antimicrobial efficacy compared to the existing test, rendering the test results artificially favourable to the antimicrobial claim of the product. This study aimed to assess how hospital room environmental conditions can affect the drying time of an inoculum, and to use this data to inform test parameters for antimicrobial efficacy testing based on the hospital ward. The drying time of different droplet sizes, in a range of environmental conditions likely found in a hospital ward, were recorded (n = 630), and used to create a model to inform users of the experimental conditions required to provide a drying time similar to what can be expected in the hospital
ward. Drying time data demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variance when humidity, temperature, and airflow were assessed. A mathematical model was created to select environmental conditions for in vitro antimicrobial efficacy testing. Drying time in different environmental conditions demonstrates that experimental set-ups affect the amount of time an inoculum stays wet, which in turn may affect the efficacy of an antimicrobial surface. This should be an important consideration for hospitals and other potential users, whilst future tests predict efficacy in the intended end-use environment.
Territories of rock-inhabiting fungi: Survival on and alteration of solid air-exposed surfaces
(2018)
Subaerial biofilms that are omnipresent at the interface between all solid substrates and the atmosphere are composed of a unique and widespread group of ascomycetes called rock-inhabiting fungi or microcolonial fungi (MCF), typically in communities with other microorganisms. While subaerial biofilms in toto have important roles in mineral weathering and biodeterioration of materials, methodological approaches to subaerial biofilm communities are diverse and frequently focussed on MCF. Here, we review the historical development of the research methods applied in the field and consider perspectives to increase our understanding of the biofilm-induced changes of solid substrate surfaces.
Biochemische und physiologische Charakterisierung der extrazellulären Matrix eines Modellbiofilms
(2018)
An der Grenzschicht zwischen einer festen Oberfläche und der umgebenden Luft wachsende subaerische Biofilme (SAB) zeichnen sich durch eine erhöhte Toleranz gegenüber extremen Umweltbedingungen und dem Eintrag von Bioziden aus. Dieser Schutz vor äußeren Umwelteinflüssen wird vornehmlich durch den Beitrag von extrazellulären polymeren Substanzen (EPS) und Pigmenten, wie Melanin und Carotinoiden, vieler unterschiedlicher Organismen gewährleistet. Deren Synthese wird wiederum durch intrazelluläre Botenstoffe reguliert. Das Cyanobakterium Nostoc punctiforme und der mikrokoloniale Pilz Knufia petricola, als Partner eines etablierten SAB-Modells und Vertreter zweier typischer Organismengruppen in SAB, wurden genutzt, um Botenstoffe und Pigmente genetisch zu manipulieren und die Biofilmmatrix dieser Mutanten strukturell zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit konnten erstmals die EPS beider Organismen extrahiert und die Struktur der extrazellulären Polysaccharide beschrieben werden. Daneben wurden die extrazellulären Polysaccharide von K. petricola Wildtyp mit denen verschiedener Pigmentmutanten verglichen. Das Fehlen des Schutzpigmentes Melanin führte zu einer ausgeprägteren extrazellulären Matrix in den Biofilmen. Gleichzeitig änderte sich die Struktur der extrazellulären Polysaccharide. Während der Wildtyp zu ~80% ein α-Glucan und zu ~20% ein α/β-Galaktomannan sekretierte, war der Anteil des Galaktomannans bei den Melaninmutanten erhöht. Das Ausschalten der Carotinoid-Synthese hatte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die Beschaffenheit der extrazellulären Polysaccharide. Ein deutlich komplexeres extrazelluläres Polysaccharid aus acht verschiedenen Monosaccharid-Einheiten bildete N. punctiforme. Durch die Überproduktion des bakteriellen sekundären Botenstoffes c-di-GMP konnte zudem ein grundlegender Einfluss auf die Reaktion des Cyanobakteriums gegenüber externen Signalen und die damit verbundene Zelldifferenzierung gezeigt werden. Ein artifiziell erhöhtes c-di-GMP-Level in den Zellen führte zur Ausbildung eines sessilen Lebensstils durch Hemmung der Differenzierung motiler Hormogonien und vermehrte Produktion von EPS. Die Struktur der extrazellulären Polysaccharide wurde dadurch nicht verändert. Neben der strukturellen Analyse konnten die Veränderungen der extrazellulären Matrix beider Organismen zusätzlich durch mikroskopische Methoden visualisiert werden. Beide Organismen steuern komplexe Polymere, deren Produktion maßgeblich mit intrazellulären Faktoren verknüpft ist, zu der extrazellulären Matrix des Modellbiofilms bei.
Gegenstand der vorzustellenden Arbeiten ist die Prüfung der Umweltbeständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polystyrol (PS) und Polypropylen (PP) zum Einsatz, die jeweils mit polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln (PBFSM) versehen sind. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Auch soll mit Hilfe der RFA und der LA-ICP-MS die Abreicherung der PBFSM in den Modellmaterialien beschrieben werden. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden.
Our understanding of RNA viruses from edible insects is minimal at best, with studies largely focusing on model insect species and those associated with obvious signs of disease. This represents a considerable gap in understanding, given the growing role of insects as a source of food and feed, as well as the more general relevance of insects in agriculture and health. Illness due to entomophagy is rare but well documented, including fatal cases following the consumption of termites. Termites are eaten commonly in tropical Asia, Africa and South America, and are among the insects with the highest recorded fat content. There are many species of termites, with a wide range of diets and habitats centering around the consumption of wood and soil substrates. In this study, we report the results from a survey of more than 30 cockroach and termite transcriptomes, with the aim of understanding the diversity and evolution of RNA viruses as well as other potentially pathogenic organisms that are associated with this relevant but somewhat overlooked group of insects. We discuss our results in the context of the possible zoonotic risk posed by insects, as well as in the context of emerging viral and other disease threats that may face insects being reared at industrial scales.