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Drug delivery systems play a pivotal role in targeted pharmaceutical transport and controlled release at specific sites. Liposomes, commonly used as drug carriers, constitute a fundamental part of these systems. Moreover, the drug–liposome model serves as a robust platform for investigating interaction processes at both cellular and molecular levels. To advance our understanding of drug carrier uptake mechanisms, we employed fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), leveraging the unique benefits of two-photon (2P) excitation. Our approach utilized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a simplified model system for cell membranes, labelled with the amphiphilic fluorescent dye 3,3′-dioctadecyloxa-carbocyanine (DiOC18(3)). Additionally, large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) functioned as a drug carrier system, incorporating the spectrally distinct fluorescent sulforhodamine 101 (SRh101) as a surrogate drug. The investigation emphasized the diverse interactions between GUVs and LUVs based on the charged lipids employed. We examined the exchange kinetics and structural alterations of liposome carriers during the uptake process. Our study underscores the significance of employing 2P excitation in conjunction with FLIM and FCS. This powerful combination offers a valuable methodological approach for studying liposome interactions, positioning them as an exceptionally versatile model system with a distinct technical advantage.
Autocrats utilize (nominally) democratic elections, to claim procedural legitimation. To secure their political survival in these elections, they have an extensive menu of manipulation at their disposal. These manipulations are not only addressed at contestation but also inclusiveness of the elections. Although autocrats formally claim universal suffrage, informal restrictions and practices are implemented. Analyzing elections held between 1970 and 2020 in electoral autocracies, I find empiric evidence for strategic adjustments of suffrage rights as a response to electoral contexts.
Erinnerung an die Zukunft
(2020)
The following article investigates assessments of the Pacific Ocean as the ›sea of the future‹, following a Mediterranean past and an Atlantic present, and standing in a stark contrast to the ›exotic‹, marginalised view of its islands and shores. It analyses three German-language texts from the era of the Second World War: Egon Erwin Kisch’s travelogue Secret China (China geheim, 1933), Vicki Baum’s Hotel Shanghai (1939), and Alfred Döblin’s short expository text The Golden Gate (Das Goldene Tor, 1946). Despite the many variations in their portrayals of wars and crises, migrations and acculturations, breakdowns and new beginnings around the Pacific Ocean, all three authors evaluate the challenge posed by the transpacific triangle evolving around China, Japan, and the US to Europe’s self-postulated role as a leading continent. In that vein, they are (re-)activating a specific lieu de mémoire of a Pacific future in world affairs, in hopes of heightening transcultural self-understanding and self-positioning in times of crisis.