Bornimer Agrartechnische Berichte
Filtern
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (77)
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Deutsch (54)
- Englisch (22)
- Mehrsprachig (1)
Schlagworte
- Bildanalyse (10)
- Bildverarbeitung (10)
- Farbe (10)
- Farbmessung (10)
- Color (9)
- Colour (9)
- Computer vision system (9)
- Hyperspektrale Messung (9)
- Image analysis (9)
- Image processing (9)
Landkreise / Gemeinden
- Potsdam, Stadt (75)
- Potsdam (2)
Ziel des Leitfadens ist die Vermittlung von grundlegenden Informationen über die Trocknung von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen. Maximale Energieeffizienz ist entscheidend für die wirtschaftliche Effizienz von Trocknungsanlagen. Eine maximale Auslastung im Verlauf der Ernteperiode besitzt absolute Priorität. Die Betriebsweise von Trocknern und wechselnde Wetterbedingungen haben einen wesentlich größeren Einfluss auf den spezifischen thermischen Energiebedarf als das Trocknungsverhalten einzelner Pflanzenarten. Zuerst sollten deshalb die jeweiligen Trocknungsprozesse luftseitig und regelungstechnisch optimiert werden. Die Realisierung einer effizienten Energieversorgung ist dann der zweite Schritt.
Zu den Möglichkeiten der lufttechnischen Effizienzsteigerung zählt insbesondere die Trocknung mit Teilumluft. Wird der Umluftanteil optimal geregelt, so verlängert sich die gesamte Trocknungsdauer nur geringfügig. Andere effektive Maßnahmen bei der Chargentrocknung sind die Nutzung von Abluft in nachgeschalteten Trocknern oder die Umlagerung und Zusammenlegung von angetrockneten Arzneipflanzen auf einer kleineren Rostfläche. Alle diese Maßnahmen ermöglichen Energieeinsparungen von mehr als 25 %.
Basierend auf Simulationsergebnissen zur Flächentrocknung von Kamilleblüten wurden verschiedene Varianten der Energieversorgung vergleichend analysiert. Bei ununterbrochener Trocknung über mehrere Tage und Nächte sind die durch Solarwärme erreichbaren Energieeinsparungen relativ klein. Die Kombination einer Wärmepumpe mit einem Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW) und Teilumluft ergab hingegen Primärenergieeinsparungen von 73 %. Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalysen zeigen, dass sich der geregelte Teilumluft-Betrieb in weniger als zwei Jahren amortisiert. Unter Berücksichtigung von Fördermitteln wurden für die untersuchten Varianten Nutzung von BHKW-Abwärme, Kombination Wärmepumpe und BHKW sowie Nutzung von Solarwärme Amortisationsdauern zwischen ca. sechs und zehn Jahren ermittelt.
Im Rahmen des BiogasCropNetwork (BCN) haben zehn Forschungseinrichtungen aus Deutschland den Prozess der Biogasbildung aus Pflanzen systematisch untersucht. Dieses Netzwerk wurde vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung unterstützt. Ziel des BCN lag in der systematischen Analyse der Biogasbildung aus pflanzlicher Biomasse entlang der gesamten Weitschöpfungskette. Beispielhaft wurden unterschiedliche Biogaspflanzen ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich Struktur und stofflicher Zusammensetzung unterschieden. Schwerpunkte der Arbeiten bildeten die mechanisch- enzymatische Vorbehandlung, die verfahrenstechnische Optimierung der Biogasbildung, die Analyse und Dynamik der am biochemischen Abbau beteiligten Mikroorganismen sowie die Entwicklung von Modellen zur optimalen Einlagerung und zur Beschreibung des anaeroben Abbauprozesses.
Die gesicherte Bereitstellung und Aufbereitung von Holzhackschnitzeln ist Grundlage für den wirtschaftlichen Betrieb von Bioenergieanlagen. In den folgenden Beiträgen werden mögliche Potentiale zur Optimierung der Biomassebereitstellung für eine energetische Nutzung gezeigt. Vorgestellt werden unterschiedliche Varianten zur Lagerung, Belüftung und Trocknung. Für die fremdenergiefreie Trocknung wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, bei dem spezielle Belüftungskanäle in einen Hackschnitzelhaufen eingebaut werden. Das Verfahren weist unter allen bekannten Möglichkeiten einer gezielten Trocknung von Hackgut die geringsten Kosten auf. Ein bisher nicht wenig betrachtetes Problem stellt die Selbstentzündung von Lagerhaufen dar. Ergebnisse der Simulation von Selbstentzündungsvorgängen bei Kieferhackschnitzeln werden mit Testdaten verglichen und diskutiert, um optimale Lagerbedingungen abzuleiten, die eine Selbstentzündung ausschließen. Ein weiterer Bericht zeigt Ergebnisse der seit 1998 durchgeführten Lagerversuche im halb- und großtechnischen Maßstab zur Analyse von Schimmelpilzentwicklung und Trockenmasseverlusten in Holzhackschnitzelhaufen. Hier konnte ein dominierender Einfluss der Hacklänge auf die untersuchten Parameter Temperatur in der Schüttung, Schimmelpilzentwicklung, Trocknungsverlauf sowie Trockenmasse- und Energieverlust festgestellt werden. Mit der Entwicklung von pilzlichen und bakteriellen Lebensgemeinschaften in einer Kiefernholzhalde befasst sich ein weiterer Bericht. Dafür wurde eine Halde 15 m x 20 m x 6 m errichtet um ein Verständnis der Abläufe mikrobiologischer Prozesse erhalten zu können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Funktion und die Zusammensetzung der Lebensgemeinschaften über die Lagerzeit ändern und die Prozesse nur zum Teil mit denen in Kompostieranlagen vergleichbar sind. Die strömungsmechanische und thermodynamische Modellierung von Hackschnitzelschüttungen und der Vergleich mit experimentellen Untersuchungen ermöglichen die Optimierung der Hackschnitzeltrocknung. Hierfür wurden Pappelhackschnitzel mit den Korngrößen grob (24 mm), mittel (14 mm) und fein (8,5 mm) unter Zwangsbelüftung getrocknet und analysiert. Das beste Ergebnis konnte bei groben Holzhackschnitzeln mit homogener Korngrößenverteilung erreicht werden. Ein thermodynamisches Modell der Trocknungsvorgänge zeigt die Temperatur- und Feuchteverläufe im Lagerhaufen für unterschiedliche Korngrößen.
High pressure combined with elevated temperatures can produce low acid, commercially sterile and shelf-stable food. However, this promising sterilization technology has not yet been applied in industrial settings, which is largely due to the unknown inactivation mechanism of highly resistant bacterial spores. This study aimed to clarify the germination and inactivation behavior of Bacillus subtilis spores and isogenic mutant strains lacking part of the germination apparatus, within a wide pressure–temperature–time domain. To ensure reliable process conditions, all kinetic data were derived under isothermal and isobaric treatment conditions during pressure dwell time. To avoid any biasing errors in the experimental results caused by varying matrix conditions, a pH-measurement system for liquid and semi-solid foods up to 130 °C and 1 MPa was constructed. The use of this system showed that PBS buffer had nearly no shift of dissociation equilibrium up to 130 °C, and was therefore used for all thermal inactivation experiments. However, under high pressure ACES buffer was used, due to its relatively stable pKa value. After the treatment, the physiological state of each spore sample was analyzed using the plate count method and flow cytometry, and the amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA) released was quantified by HPLC. In order to optimize scanning electron microscopic evaluations, a focused ion beam section method was developed to investigate the internal structural changes in spores. Based on this set of methods, a mechanism was proposed in which 150 MPa at 37 °C induces a physiological-like DPA release, followed by cortex and small acid soluble protein (SASP) degradation, resulting in a subsequent inactivation. A pressure increase to 550 MPa retarded the completion of germination and disabled SASP degradation. High pressures in combination with high temperatures (≥ 60 °C) caused a rapid DPA release and spore inactivation. This suggests that the most sensitive structure under these conditions is the inner spore membrane. By using a multiresponse kinetic model, isorate pressure–temperature diagrams for the release of DPA, the formation of heat-sensitive and inactivated spores were calculated. It was confirmed that the first step of inactivation under high pressure is the release of DPA. Above a threshold pressure of 600 MPa the treatment temperature dominates germination and inactivation rate. The model used enabled the comparison of kinetic data derived in two different high pressure units with different compression rates. The kinetic data from this study and the suggested mechanisms can aid in optimizing this promising sterilization technology and will increase food safety.
Fresh fruit and vegetables are a major source of biologically active compounds (e. g. fibers, vitamins and minerals) essential for human wellbeing. They are, however, perishable living products that require coordinated measures by growers, storage operators, processors and retailers to maintain their quality and reduce food loss and waste. Non-destructive techniques for analysing the quality of fresh produce are valuable tools applicable along the supply chain. Fresh produce attributes such as appearance, texture, flavour and nutritional value habe been traditional quality criteria, but increasingly safety and tracebility are important for all the role players along the supply chain from the farm to consumer.
The FRUTIC symposium held in February 2017 in cooperation with fair trade FRUIT LOGISTICA focused on the quality and safety of fresh horticultural commodities. The FRUITC provided a platform for researchers and practitioners to engage in technical discussions about innovations and new technologies, as well as to explore further areas of research needed in the industry to promote quality and safety of fruit and vegetables. The FRUTIC symposium was organized jointly by an enthusiastic group of researchers from the Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (Germany) and the University of Foggia (Italy). For the first time, FRUTIC symposium was being organized in cooperation with the FRUIT LOGISTICA held at the CityCube Berlin on 7 February 2017. FRUTIC lecturers also presented their topics during the subsequent three days of the FRUIT LOGISTICA trade fair, in industry-oriented workshops on specific topics. This event is designed to provide a concerted platform that brings together academics, research scientists and all the role players from fresh produce industry.
The Symposium comprises of 3 keynote talks, 3 oral sessions with 18 lectures, >20 posters, covering all three major topics: pre-harvest; postharvest quality and postharvest safety.
Agriculture across the world is being transformed by the dynamic interaction of environ-mental and socio-economic factors such as the demand of global markets, urbanization, agricultural commercialization and intensification, climate change, concentration and ver-tical integration of food and bioenergy production. Innovation to adapt agricultural produc-tion to these challenges has to tackle the contemporary complexity of agricultural systems and its changing framework. The Zayandeh Rud river basin in Central Iran urgently needs forward-looking strategies for agricultural production in the midst of the acute problems of water scarcity and unequal water distribution between sectors and regions. The imbalance between water quantity and demand over the last two decades has motivated policy mak-ers and managers to seek measures and strategies to reduce agricultural water use while minimizing losses in agricultural revenues. Addressing this complexity requires adaptation strategies in agriculture and rural development based on multi-stakeholder interaction.
The report at hand is one outcome of the project “Integrated Water Resources Manage-ment Zayandeh Rud” (3/2016 - 12/2018). It is an outcome of a strongly interactive process with local stakeholders designed and moderated in a cooperation between the German and Iranian project partners. The information gained in through the participatory process was synthesized into ten transformation strategies that are grouped into four focus areas (Capacity Development, Agricultural Management, Water Distribution, and Land Manage-ment and Soil Fertility). The participatory process and the resulting strategies with measures for their implementation are detailed in this report.
Important for the success of the agricultural transformation is the willingness of govern-ments, farmers, donors, companies and civil society organizations to assume responsibil-ities, take risks and change behaviors at the level of individuals, organizations and society to pursue an accepted solution within the basin. The Iranian commitment to implementing IWRM in the Zayandeh Rud Basin and the two phases of the BMBF-funded project “IWRM” have been crucial steps towards the path to enhance the socio-economic and environmental situation in the Zayandeh Rud Basin. The comprehensive, deep and par-tially difficult but target-oriented discussions of the multi-stakeholders during the participa-tory workshops have been valuable contributions to improve communication and, there-fore, the understanding of the diverse perspectives on the same challenging need for transformation.
Key to all the proposed transformation strategies in the report are activities to continue the development of a common knowledge base and set of tools, so that integrated re-source management plans can be put forward and continually evaluated. Also empha-sized is the need to involve all stakeholders to prevent fear of bias from hindering general acceptance of the tools. This is essential since none of the strategies can be expected to reduce basin-wide agricultural water use by themselves if the overall area of irrigated cul-tivated land area is not reduced.
Der anaerobe Abbau von Biomasse zu Biogas erfolgt durch eine komplexe mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaft aus fermentativen Bakterien und methanogenen Archaeen. Der Großteil der daran beteiligten Arten ist bislang jedoch noch unbekannt, ebenso ihr jeweiliger Einfluss auf die Reaktorleistung. In den letzten Jahren konnten in der mikrobiologischen Analytik jedoch gewaltige technologische Durchbrüche erzielt werden, welche die Analyse von komplexen Lebensgemeinschaften auch für höheren Probenzahlen ermöglichen. Im Rahmen des im Folgenden dargestellten Forschungsvorhabens sollten diese neuartigen Techniken gezielt eingesetzt werden, um die Auswirkungen verschiedener Betriebsweisen von Biogasanlagen auf die Prozessmikrobiologie in der Praxis zu untersuchen. Weiterhin sollten Zusammenhänge zwischen der Prozessmikrobiologie sowie der Reaktorleistung ermittelt werden. Übergreifendes Ziel war die Ermittlung besonders prozessrelevanter Arten oder Organismengruppen.
Das Verbundprojekt umfasste die Teilvorhaben (1) Mikrobiologisches Monitoring (Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik Potsdam-Bornim e.V. Abt. Bioverfahrenstechnik), (2) Taxonomisches Profiling (Universität Bielefeld, Centrum für Biotechnologie), (3) Metaproteom-Analytik (Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Bioprocess Engineering) und (4) Biostatistische Prozessdatenauswertung (Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Biotechnologie).
Die Schlussberichte aller vier Teilvorhaben sind in diesem Band der Bornimer Agrartechnischen Berichte in ungekürzter Form enthalten.
In dieser Studie wurde die Entwicklung methanogener Biofilme in meso- und thermophilen ein- und zweistufigen Biogasreaktoren bei der Vergärung von Maissilage untersucht. Ziel war neben der kultivierungsunabhängigen Charakterisierung von Struktur und Dynamik der mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaften und ihrer Stoffwechseleigenschaften insbesondere auch die Entwicklung von Strategien zur Ansiedlung solcher Biofilme.
Die Produktion von Biogas aus landwirtschaftlichen Primärprodukten oder Reststoffen stellt einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion des Co2-Ausstoßes sowie zur Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Landbewirtschaftung dar. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes soll daher die Artenzusammensetzung der methanogenen Mikroflora in ausgewählten Praxis-Biogasanlagen anhand ihrer 16S rDNA analysisert werden.
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is a highly perishable crop. The aim of the work presented here is to find ways to predict storability of broccoli shortly after harvest. Several methods are examined regarding their suitability for predicting broccoli storability.
The non-destructive, optical measuring devices used in this work represent some of the common methods used for scientific quality assessment (color determination, chlorophyll fluorescence analysis). In addition, spectral data from diffuse reflection measurements, from both spot measurements and hyperspectral images, was evaluated. The generative development of broccoli curds was studied using diameters both of single buds and of whole curds, and was related to subsequent storability.
The concentrations of the chlorophylls a and b, green chlorophyll catabolites chlorophyllide a (Chlide), pheophytin a (Pheoin), pheophorbide a (Pheoide) and carotenoids ß-carotene (ß-Car), lutein (Lut), neoxanthin (Nx) and violaxanthin (Vx) were determined in floral buds of broccoli through the use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The goal was to determine if chlorophyll catabolites may function as indicators of broccoli storability and, furthermore, to relate the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments to the color change of broccoli during storage.
In order to investigate effects from the field on the subsequent storability of broccoli, cultivation methods were altered. Plants were partly covered with covers of different materials, which affected the quantity and quality of incident global radiation. The application of fertilizers was specifically varied in one broccoli batch. Additionally, the influence of climatic events on the shelf life of broccoli was analyzed by querying an established database.
The non-destructive indexes that proved to be most sensitive to changes during storage were the levels of photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII), the CIELAB color space coordinate on a blue to yellow scale (b*) and the inflection point of reflection spectra in the transition region from dark red to infrared electromagnetic wavelength range (REIP). However, based on parameter sensitivity, the prediction of value levels after four days of storage at 16 °C and high relative humidity (RH) (~ 95 %) was unfeasible. Quality indexes that changed on the same storage day did not necessarily end up at the same value level. Additionally, values of both Fv/Fm and ΦPSII did not adequately reflect the quality status of broccoli when different harvest batches were compared.
In hyperspectral images, early quality changes were effectively rated based on Euclidean distances within broccoli curds and were displayed using reflection intensities at three wavelengths within the visible electromagnetic spectrum as RGB channels. The observed variation within broccoli curds was related to differences in the degree of senescence of single floral buds. However, the diameters of floral buds did not correspond to a rating of storability. In contrast, curd diameters within individual harvest batches were related to subsequent yellowing.
The yellowing of broccoli was based on the decomposition of chlorophyll, which unmasked the carotenoids present. No accumulation of chlorophyll catabolites was found during storage. A trend towards rapidly increasing chlorophyll a/b ratios was observed in a broccoli batch with particularly high storability.
Different N-fertilization of broccoli curds closely corresponded both with values of initial lightness L* of the CIELAB color space (R² = 0.70) and normalized difference vegetation index NDVI (R² = 0.73). Yet, N-fertilization had no impact on further storability. A negative impact on storability was observed when the spectrum of incident radiation on the field was temporarily reduced by using plastic covers with limited transmittance (λ = 400-500 nm). In a similar way, an increased number of hours with high solar radiation intensity (> 600 W m-2) during cultivation had a negative impact on broccoli storability (R² = 0.47). The impact of high irradiation partly corresponded with temperatures higher than 25 °C (R² = 0.29). A strong predetermination of curd storability was observed based on the water availability for broccoli plants in the last two weeks before harvest (R² = 0.71).
A successful prediction of broccoli storability is therefore most likely to be conducted by looking at effects during cultivation. For early non-destructive evaluation of the current quality status of broccoli, both the parameter b* and the spectral index REIP were highly suitable. Therefore, through the help of monitoring systems throughout cultivation (database of climate and cultivation incidents) in combination with reflection-based, hand-held devices during storage, the prediction and rating of broccoli storability can certainly be improved.
Der Erfolg einer präzisen Düngung der Grundnährstoffe (P, K, Mg, Kalk) hängt wesentlich von dem Aufwand ab, der für die Erzeugung genauer Ausbringekarten erforderlich ist. In diesem Projekt wurden Daten, die in einem großen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb (3000 ha) verfügbar waren bzw. durch zusätzliche Untersuchungen gewonnen wurden, genutzt, um den Einfluss der Probenahmedichte und verschiedener Interpolationsmethoden auf die Genauigkeit der Ausbringekarten zu untersuchen. Eine Simulation der on-the-go Erfassung des pH-Wertes sowie der Grundnährstoffe zeigte, dass diese Technik in der Lage ist, die Mängel, die mit der traditionellen Probenahme verbunden sind, zu überwinden. Außerdem wurden die Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die potentielle Über- und Unterdüngung verschiedener Varianten der teilflächenspezifischen Düngung kalkuliert. Das beste Ergebnis wurde für die kleinste untersuchte Teilfläche von 1 ha ermittelt.
Microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables can lead to high economic losses as well as to foodborne diseases. Washing procedures, which are commonly applied, only reduce the microbial load by 0.5 to 2 log units. Conventional thermal inactivation processes cannot be applied to fresh fruit and vegetables because these products are physiologically active food systems and temperatures above 45 °C can result in unwanted deterioration. Since heat sensitivity of fruits and vegetables limits the application of thermal inactivation processes, new emerging inactivation technologies have to be established to fulfil the requirements of food safety without affecting the produce quality. On one hand an early detection of produce contamination is essential to enable a contamination-related process design and on the other hand the efficiency of inactivation treatments has to be ensured and monitored. Monitoring of inactivation effects is commonly performed using traditional cultivation methods which have the disadvantage of the length of time needed to obtain results. In this study, the potential of flow cytometry in short-time monitoring of inactivation effects (thermal treatment, treatment with peracetic acid, ozone, and atmospheric pressure plasma) was investigated. For this purpose morphological and physiological properties of bacteria (size, granularity, membrane integrity (thiazole orange & propidium iodide), esterase activity (carboxyfluorescein diacetate), pump activity (carboxyfluorescein efflux), and membrane potential (3,3'-diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide)) were determined by flow cytometry. In the initial step appropriate staining procedures had to be developed. Especially, Gram-negative bacteria restrict the dye uptake due to their cell membrane constitution. This limits the determination of esterase activity of Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, an adequate dye concentration (0.83 mmol l-1 carboxyfluorescein diacetate) and incubation time (45 min) at 37 °C were defined which enables a reliable determination of esterase activity of Gram-negative bacteria. This developed staining procedure was successfully applied to monitor inactivation treatments. It was shown that the test bacteria (E. coli, L. innocua, P. carotovorum) lose their culturability due to the applied inactivation treatments but physiological activities were still detectable using flow cytometry. The remaining physiological activities may still result in product spoilage and also may cause human diseases. For example, E. coli cells still showed esterase activity after 10 min of thermal treatment at 70 °C and also after 2 min treatment with 0.25 % PAA at 10 °C. Esterase activity of E. coli cells was also detected after 2 min plasma treatment with an operating power of 40 W. The degree of bacterial damage due to the inactivation processes is highly dependent on treatment parameters as well as on treated bacteria. This study clearly indicates the potential of flow cytometry to monitor the efficacy of inactivation processes within a short time. Additionally, important information regarding the inactivation mechanisms can be obtained by flow cytometric measurements and this enables the definition of critical process.
The application of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) was suggested as an innovative nonthermal technology for inactivating undesirable microorganisms on the surface of heat-sensitive food products. Moreover, CAPP may offer a promising approach for the tailored modification of product properties along value-added chains of plant and animal related products. Therefore, this thesis puts emphasis on providing evidence for the possible utilization of plasma-induced surface and ingredient interactions as a tool for the selective modification of secondary metabolite profiles in plants and techno-functionality of flours and proteins from peas. Further, the knowledge gained on plasma assisted modification of plant-based materials was transferred to animal-based materials from edible insects taking additionally into account microbial decontamination as another key issue in insect processing. The thesis imparts the detailed characterization of selected raw materials, the identification of proper CAPP setups and corresponding product-specific process parameters by performing process accompanying monitoring of plasma characteristics required to achieve desired modifications. Detailed investigations of the plasma-induced effects were conducted following a top-down approach by using suitable analytical methods providing insights into possible underlying mechanisms from macroscopic to molecular level. The macroscopic level of analysis included quality (color/texture), compositional (protein/fat/dry matter contents) and microbial (surface/overall total viable counts) methods, followed by determining techno-functional (water/fat binding/emulsification) and protein (solubility/water/fat binding/emulsification) properties, as well as protein structure (surface hydrophobicity/fluorescence properties/CD spectroscopy) on the microscopic and structural level, down to analysis of the protein composition (SDS-PAGE/tryptophan content/amino acid composition) on the molecular level. The results provide a scientific basis regarding the targeted use of the CAPP technology for functionalization and modification of high-protein food components and could therefore contribute to the bio-economic and resource efficient production of dry high-value protein products, as protein functionality plays a key role in improving existing products, developing new products, and utilizing alternative protein sources as new ingredients. Consequently, feedback on the applicability of CAPP for tested raw materials was derived by evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment regarding the desired process goal, and by identifying product-specific characteristics allowing transferability of the CAPP process with the long-term goal of combining plasma treatments with existing unit operations in established product-specific process lines. Initial approaches regarding the CAPP treatment of complex food matrices by using a plasma device, which is promising for the application in industrial scale, aimed at the development of innovative process combinations with focus on “plasma-drying” as a prospective future unit operation, which may contribute to reducing the expected costs of CAPP treatments. The potential of CAPP processing to become a routine tool for the food industry in the coming years is also reflected throughout all parts of this work, and thus, it provides a substantial contribution to promoting the successful admission of the CAPP technology in the food sector.
The objective of the workshop titled “The future of the quarter individual milking” is to discuss the results of such collaboration with the pioneering scientists and to light the future path in milking technology area. This objective is planned to be achieved by gathering international state of knowledge in quarter individual milking and discussing the fundamental papers. Individual quarter milking is now a feature of automatic and conventional milking systems. Hence, a special attention to use systems with quarter-individual milking should be given to reduce SCC and udder diseases in all dairy farms.