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An electric traction machine for an electric or a hybrid electric vehicle is usually designed for a specific operating point or cycle. For such an operating point or cycle, the masses and the cooling circuit of the electric machine determine the time dependent temperature distribution within the machine. For a specific load cycle, the thermal simulation of the machine can reveal possible mass and size reductions for a given insulation class of the machine. In addition, such simulations allow the comparison of various cooling concepts. In the machine design process, the first step is a conventional electromagnetic machine design. From the geometric data of this design and the material properties, the parameters of a thermal equivalent circuit can be derived. The differential and algebraic equations of the thermal equivalent circuit are solved by a simulation tool to predict the temperatures of the critical parts in the electric machine. A thermal equivalent circuit is accurate enough to predict the thermal behavior of the critical parts in the electric machine, and yet not too complex, to obtain simulation results with moderate numerical effort. This enables an iterative design process to optimize the drive.
It remains difficult to segregate pelagic habitats since structuring processes are dynamic on a wide range of scales and clear boundaries in the open ocean are non-existent. However, to improve our knowledge about existing ecological niches and the processes shaping the enormous diversity of marine plankton, we need a better understanding of the driving forces behind plankton patchiness. Here we describe a new machine-learning method to detect and quantify pelagic habitats based on hydrographic measurements. An Autoencoder learns two-dimensional, meaningful representations of higher-dimensional micro-habitats, which are characterized by a variety of biotic and abiotic measurements from a high-speed ROTV. Subsequently, we apply a density-based clustering algorithm to group similar micro-habitats into associated pelagic macro-habitats in the German Bight of the North Sea. Three distinct macro-habitats, a “surface mixed layer,” a “bottom layer,” and an exceptionally “productive layer” are consistently identified, each with its distinct plankton community. We provide evidence that the model detects relevant features like the doming of the thermocline within an Offshore Wind Farm or the presence of a tidal mixing front.
One of the tasks PAULE[1, 2] solves is finding suitable control parameter (cp-)trajectories for a given target acoustic. These cp-trajectories can be used to synthesize speech with the articulatory speech synthesizer of the VocalTractLab (VTL) [3]. If the target acoustic contains substantial microphone noise or other background noises, occasionally PAULE optimizes not for the speech in the target, but for this background noises. By adding a speech/non-speech classifier to the feedback and planning-loop in PAULE this resynthesis of background noises should be mitigated. Unfortunately, the improvements were minor, which might be due to uninformative gradients of the classifier. The importance of informative gradients and the use classifiers to adapt PAULE to different tasks are explained and discussed.
There is high confidence for the hypothesis that in speech perception the cycles of a θ-oscillation segment the auditory signal into syllables [8]. Yet the functionality of the oscillator generating the θ-oscillation is unknown. We follow the finding that, within an auditory scene, speech is perceived as a stream given by temporal coherence [12]. We work with the hypotheses that the θ-oscillator is driven by temporal features providing this coherence. We propose a new temporal feature called O-distance, which detects the onset of a syllable - the starting point to of a θ-cycle–triggered by the temporal distance from to to the instance of the maximal rise of the loudness curve of the vowel. To extract to from the auditory signal, we use the statistical properties of this distance based on the C-center hypothesis [25], which predicts a close temporal relation of the onset consonants to the onset of a vowel. The statistics are derived from reference O-distance extracted from an articulatory database, where the minima and maxima of the loudness are related to maxima and minima of the lower incisor and tongue tip. To judge the quality of the O-distance extracted from the auditory signal, we regard the temporal deviation of the O-distance to the reference O-distance. Currently we achieve a mean deviation of 34ms.
This paper addresses the challenges and advancements in speech recognition for singing, a domain distinctly different from standard speech recognition. Singing encompasses unique challenges, including extensive pitch variations, diverse vocal styles, and background music interference. We explore key areas such as phoneme recognition, language identification in songs, keyword spotting, and full lyrics transcription. I will describe some of my own experiences when performing research on these tasks just as they were starting to gain traction, but will also show how recent developments in deep learning and large-scale datasets have propelled progress in this field. My goal is to illuminate the complexities of applying speech recognition to singing, evaluate current capabilities, and outline future research directions.
Measured building survey
(2022)
The precisely measured documentation of historical buildings by means of drawings – the building survey – serves several purposes: it is not only an important part of the scientific study of architecture, but also an essential basis for building measures in existing contexts. It is the only way to undertake well-founded research respectively detailed architectural planning, from structural improvement to conservation and restoration measures. In addition to a historical overview of building surveying as a method, this volume mainly offers practical assistance regarding the different methods for documenting historic buildings – starting from manual methods of measuring up to electronic and computer-aided utilities available today. The content is complemented by many illustrations and examples as well as an introduction to methods, that go beyond the mere graphic documentation and thus represent ways of conducting thorough building examinations. The book offers easy access to the topic of building surveying, both for students as well as for anyone dealing professionally with historic buildings
Radar data may potentially provide valuable information for precipitation quantification, especially in regions with a sparse network of in situ observations or in regions with complex topography. Therefore, our aim is to conduct a feasibility study to quantify precipitation intensities based on radar measurements and additional meteorological variables. Beyond the well-established Z–R relationship for the quantification, this study employs Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in different settings and analyses their performance. For this purpose, the radar data of a station in Upper Bavaria (Germany) is used and analysed for its performance in quantifying in situ observations. More specifically, the effects of time resolution, time offsets in the input data, and meteorological factors on the performance of the ANNs are investigated. It is found that ANNs that use actual reflectivity as only input are outperforming the standard Z–R relationship in reproducing ground precipitation.
This is reflected by an increase in correlation between modelled and observed data from 0.67 (Z–R) to 0.78 (ANN) for hourly and 0.61 to 0.86, respectively, for 10 min time resolution. However, the focus of this study was to investigate if model accuracy benefits from additional input features. It is shown that an expansion of the input feature space by using time-lagged reflectivity with lags up to two and additional meteorological variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine duration significantly increases model performance. Thus, overall, it is shown that a systematic predictor screening and the correspondent extension of the input feature space substantially improves the performance of a simple Neural Network model. For instance, air temperature and relative humidity provide valuable additional input information. It is concluded that model performance is dependent on all three ingredients: time resolution, time lagged information, and additional meteorological input features. Taking all of these into account, the model performance can be optimized to a correlation of 0.9 and minimum model bias of 0.002 between observed and modelled precipitation data even with a simple ANN architecture.
In an industrial product development process, the Bill of Materials (BOM) is a hierarchical, multi-level representation of all components, parts and quantities of a product. With increasing complexity of industrial products, also BOMs become more complex and thus prone to errors, for example when the individual parts of a product are changed during the product development process. Frequently, these Bill of Materials errors have to be identified manually or by using simple, rule-based schemes. In this paper, we provide a technical background of BOMs, showing the intricacy of temporal BOMs errors in an industrial product development process. The work of other authors, which focused on association mining and tree reconciliation to detect Bill of Materials errors, is analysed. We found that there is currently no system being able to prescribe where in a Bill of Materials and when in the product development process, errors are probable to occur. Also, Machine Learning (ML) methods have not been applied yet. Based on these findings, we formalize the notions Bill of Materials and Bill of Materials errors. Furthermore, we present a deterministic distance measure for BOMS. We provide an answer to the main question of how to represent a Bill of Materials for Machine Learning tasks by solving the orthogonal Procrustes problem for dynamic, hierarchical datasets. Then, we describe an isolation forest based approach to temporal anomaly detection, which points at potential errors in a Bill of Materials at a specific timestamp. Furthermore, we apply Machine Learning and present a multi-output Multi Layer Perceptron for the prediction of temporal Bill of Materials errors. The model predicts where and at which point of time Bill of Materials errors are probable to occur, which renders it a prescriptive system. Eventually, we optimize the performance of our model using contextualization via -means clustering. Finally, we apply our prescriptive pipeline to a real world dataset and show its superiority to existing methods using a qualitative comparison.
Thermal cyclers are used to perform polymerase chain reaction runs (PCR runs) and Peltier modules are the key components in these instruments. The demand for thermal cyclers has strongly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the fact that they are important tools used in the research, identification, and diagnosis of the virus. Even though Peltier modules are quite durable, their failure poses a serious threat to the integrity of the instrument, which can lead to plant shutdowns and sample loss. Therefore, it is highly desirable to be able to predict the state of health of Peltier modules and thus reduce downtime. In this paper methods from three sub-categories of supervised machine learning, namely classical methods, ensemble methods and convolutional neural networks, were compared with respect to their ability to detect the state of health of Peltier modules integrated in thermal cyclers. Device-specific data from on-deck thermal cyclers (ODTC®) supplied by INHECO Industrial Heating & Cooling GmbH (Fig 1), Martinsried, Germany were used as a database for training the models. The purpose of this study was to investigate methods for data-driven condition monitoring with the aim of integrating predictive analytics into future product platforms. The results show that information about the state of health can be extracted from operational data - most importantly current readings - and that convolutional neural networks were the best at producing a generalized model for fault classification.
Design research is an academic issue and increasingly a success factor for industrial,organizational and social innovation. Efficient methodical support is crucial. The fiercerejection of 1st generation design methods in the early 1970s resulted in thepostmodernist attitude of "no methods", and subsequently in the strong adoption ofscientific ways of thinking for design research. The situation regarding methodologyhas been characterized by unproductive dualisms such as scientific vs. designerlymethods, normative vs. descriptive methods, research vs. design. The potential of theearly (1st generation) methods is neglected and the practical usefulness of designresearch is impeded. The suggestion for 2nd generation methods, conceived asdiscursive instruments, as discussed by Rittel and others has hardly been taken up indesign. The development of MAPS is aimed at the support of practice-oriented design,innovation and research processes. The long-term aim is the development of anintegrated knowledge and communication platform for research through design. MAPSis based upon the idea of a productive reconciliation of the strong dualisms between"scientific" and "designerly" modes of inquiry and supports the emerging concept ofdesign thinking. The paper reports on the ongoing research and development processfrom MAPS1.0 towards MAPS2.0 and beyond.
Beyond Dualisms in Methodology. An Integrative Design Research Medium "MAPS" and some Reflections
(2008)
Design research is an academic issue and increasingly an essential success factor for industrial, organizational and social innovation. The fierce rejection of 1st generation design methods in the early 1970s resulted in the postmodernist attitude of "no methods", and subsequently, after more than a decade, in the strong adoption of scientific methods, or "the" scientific method, for design research. The current situation regarding methodology is characterized by unproductive dualisms such as scientific methods vs. designerly methods, normative methods vs. descriptive methods, research vs. design. The potential of the early (1st generation) methods is neglected and the practical usefulness of design research is impeded. The suggestion for 2nd generation methods as discussed by Rittel and others has hardly been taken up in design. The development of a methodological tool / medium for research through design – MAPS1 – (which is the central part of the paper) presents the cause and catalyst for some reflections about the usability / desirability / usefulness of methodical support for the design (research) process.
We currently observe an interesting paradox: on the one hand, a narrow and determined preoccupation with the world we actually live in, away from the multiple pasts and futures in which we are embedded. On the other hand, we note a recurrent appeal to transcend the present towards the future – without reference, however, to the questions, perspectives, value propositions and investments that might define the necessary steps for ‘moving forward’ in important areas of social, cultural and economic life.
In the pursuit of a relevant yet flexible foundation for research in the design disciplines, practice-led research has generated a tremendous amount of interest in the recent years. A designer’s knowledge synthesizes intellectual, creative, experimental and interpretative skills, arguably exceeding the forms of knowledge privileged by, and in, conventional research. The “Communicating (by) Design” conference seeks to investigate developments in the sphere of research by (or through) design. While our main concern originates in architecture, other design disciplines are also of interest.The conference will investigate one of the central challenges for the designbased researcher, namely that of communicating. Communicating here may be understood as a set of processes, activities and events, which take place on different levels in designing - from individual, inner dialogues, through the issue of naming and defining terms to a more general problem of the representation of design knowledge - in order to articulate a set of intentions and values to an audience (which may be oneself ). Exploring aspects of defining, framing and sharing within design, the role of listening will also be raised, as the attitude that constitutes connectivity and allows conversation. The relationship between theory and practice, or “creative” and “critical” modes of inquiry, will also form an important theme of discussion, with a view to drawing the contours of new “hybrid” research practices. We accordingly welcome different representational forms relating to designled research - formal, explorative and/or interpretative - reflecting both doing and thinking about designing. The “Communicating (by) Design” conference is organized jointly between: Sint-Lucas School of Architecture in Brussels and Ghent, Belgium and Department of Architecture at the Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg, Sweden.
Abduction Revisited
(2009)
Designwissenschaft, Designtheorie, Designforschung ¿ diese Begriffe werden immer noch recht bunt gemischt verwendet. Wir halten Designwissenschaft für das übergeordnete Konzept, das die Aktivitäten und die Ergebnisse der Wissensproduktion im Design bezeichnet. Designwissenschaft entwirft auch Theorien und forscht, um neues Wissen im Design zu schaffen. Das Buch soll einige Aspekte des Für und Wider der Designwissenschaft erörtern. Es richtet sich an alle, die bezüglich der behandelten Themen nach Orientierung suchen. Das Buch wird auch signalisieren, in welch komplexe Kontexte Design eingebettet ist. Die vorliegende Sammlung bietet eine Momentaufnahme des Zustands der Designwissenschaft in Deutschland. Die Beiträge sind ernsthaft, engagiert, wenig ironisch und lassen Konvergenz in Richtung auf einen Konsens allenfalls erahnen. Es handelt sich, wie nicht anders zu erwarten, um eine erste Bestandsaufnahme, die, so hoffen wir, weitere Überlegungen, Diskussionen und Forschungen anregen wird.
This paper is based on the talk of the same title delivered at the “Dock of Learning” Symposium. I reflect on design research with an eye on the critical issues of our time. Design research has the potential to take on these issues; however, there are challenges. A threatening one, I see, is the divergence of design research and art research. I attempt to tackle this by examining Jonas’ Research through Design and Borgdorff’s Artistic Research with help from John Dewey’s philosophy.
We take abduction to be the central 'logical' and social "mechanism" of knowledge generation in general, applicable to everyday life, design, and the sciences. In our designerly methodological terms, we speak of ANALYSIS (the inductive phase), PROJECTION (the abductive phase) and SYNTHESIS (the deductive phase). We suppose that projection is enabled by abduction, and that understanding the abductive mechanisms in design PROJECTION is essential for the development of genuine designerly concepts of research. We hypothesize that transfer and transferability are relevant concepts and that establishing their relation to abduction is necessary. We set up quasi-experiments to examine design transfer. Based on the results of the experiments and following , we relate Peircean semiotics to his logical theory: his classes of signs are also classes of abduction. Firstly, we subscribe to Peirce's semiotic -a sign is in a triadic relation among object, interpretant and sign itself. Then we...
Customer project selection is a challenge for many industrial companies. An inappropriate project selection approach can lead to constraint violations, high fixed costs, and suboptimal portfolios. To overcome these problems a cash-flow-based linear optimization model was developed in partnership with a tier-1 automotive supplier. Implementation barriers had been verified through a case study conducted at two organizational hierarchies. Results suggest that an application at the operating levels is possible. At higher levels, though, product and firm complexity require major implementation efforts. This article serves theorists as well as practitioners in multiple regards. First, an overview of existing project selection methods and their application in practice is provided. Additionally, the supplier's current appraisal process is depicted. Second, operations research implementation barriers are identified and validated for the adoption of the proposed mathematical project selection approach. Third, a guideline including procedures to overcome experienced difficulties is presented.
Unternehmen sind häufig mit Situationen konfrontiert, in denen schnell Entscheidungen bezüglich der Auswahl mehrerer Handlungsalternativen gefunden werden müssen. Mathematische Verfahren können hierbei unterstützen, z. B. für die Ermittlung einer ersten Diskussionsbasis. Verfügbare Softwarelösungen errechnen zwar häufig optimale Ergebnisse, zeigen jedoch Schwächen bei der praktischen Anwendbarkeit. So ist eine Einarbeitung in komplexe Optimierungssoftware für die teilweise sporadisch auftretenden Probleme in der Regel für Unternehmen nicht möglich, unter anderem auch unter Anbetracht der teilweise hohen Kosten der Standardsoftware und dem benötigten hohen Einarbeitungsaufwand. Gerade Problemstellungen in Fachbereichen, die nicht auf mathematische Problemlösung spezialisiert sind, münden daher regelmäßig in Ineffizienzen. Basierend auf den in der Literatur diskutierten Lösungsansätzen wurde ein praxisorientierter Ansatz zur Entscheidungsunterstützung für Rucksackprobleme bzw. 0–1 Probleme mithilfe von Genetischen Algorithmen (GA) entwickelt und technisch in Microsoft Excel® umgesetzt. Ein Praxistest bei einem chinesischen Textilunternehmen belegt erhöhte Effektivität und Effizienz. Die Software kann kostenfrei nach MIT Lizenz unter http://www.solvega.de/ heruntergeladen werden.
Purpose
Tooling is a common component of an industrial product’s manufacture. Specific tooling is devised to serve the fabrication of a particular product, while generic tooling can be used in the manufacture of multiple products. In the latter case, companies are confronted with the problem of fairly allocating the indirect costs of the tooling. This article studies how to allocate costs of generic tooling to single production orders.
Methodology
Ten allocation methods (AMs) are described that are in principle suited to the distribution of generic tooling costs to production orders. Since the presented methods have for the most part been discussed in differing contexts, we apply them to a specified generic tooling problem for comparison. Evaluation of the various methods is based on 16 criteria. Reasoning is supported by a computational Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we suggest using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to elaborate one final proposition concerning the most preferable allocation scheme.
Findings
The article reports the single allocation rules’ performances for different allocation scenarios. The described characteristics refer to fairness, efficiency, and simplicity as well as to empty-core performance. Using AHP analysis allows for the aggregation of the rules’ criteria ratings. Thus, especially suitable allocation schemes for the problem at hand are identified.
Practical implications
An allocation is required for budgeting reasons and also for the definition of projects’ bottom-up sales prices. Selecting the “right” AM is important, as a suboptimal AM can result in unfair allocation vectors, which will act as incentives to stop using the common resource, potentially leading to higher total costs.
Originality/value of the article
Research on the comparison of AMs is typically performed for certain purposes, such as enterprise networks, horizontal cooperative purchasing scenarios, or municipal service units. This article will augment the research evaluating AMs by introducing a novel set of evaluation criteria and by providing an in-depth comparison of AMs suited for the allocation of generic tooling costs.
CO-Emissionen sind ein wichtiger Indikator für die Beurteilung der ökologischen Nachhaltigkeit von Unternehmen. In der Praxis sind sie jedoch schwierig zu bestimmen. Insbesondere für Logistik-und Transportaktivitäten, auf die ein Großteil der Emissionen entfällt, sind zuverlässige Methoden zur Ermittlung und Reduktion des Schadstoffausstoßes erforderlich.
The 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem (MKP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem with several real-life applications, for example, in project selection. Genetic algorithms (GA) are effective heuristics for solving the 0-1 MKP. Multiple individual GAs with specific characteristics have been proposed in literature. However, so far, these approaches have only been partially compared in multiple studies with unequal conditions. Therefore, to identify the “best” genetic algorithm, this article reviews and compares 11 existing GAs. The authors' tests provide detailed information on the GAs themselves as well as their performance. The authors validated fitness values and required computation times in varying problem types and environments. Results demonstrate the superiority of one GA.
Prior research studies on supplier selection factors assess vendor reputation as a low ranked criterion. Reputation in these articles, however, only refers to the position in the industry, without considering the role of the final customer. Our results from a survey with 565 individuals suggest that the end user as a stakeholder should be also considered when analyzing a vendor’s prestige. We demonstrate that a supplier’s standing has negative as well as positive reputational effects on the buyer. Depending on the relevance of the purchased good as well as the reputation of the supplier and the buyer, low/high-ranked ingredients significantly decrease/increase the final customer’s perception of the buyer.
Die Projektauswahl stellt eine Herausforderung insbesondere für mittelständische Industrieunternehmen dar. Abhängigkeiten verschiedener Alternativen und vorgegebene Investitionsbudgets führen bei Anwendung von in der Praxis standardmäßig eingesetzten Verfahren regelmäßig zu suboptimalen Projektkombinationen. In enger Abstimmung mit einem Automobilzulieferer wurde ein Ansatz zur Projektauswahl unter Berücksichtigung von Ressourcen und laufenden Projekten entwickelt sowie technisch umgesetzt. Implementierte Praxistests belegen Verbesserungen bei der Projektauswahl, aber auch bei der Budgeteinhaltung, der Fixkostenreduzierung sowie der Angebotspreisbestimmung.
Seit den Anfängen der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft gibt es »künstlich produzierte Armut« (Marx) – künstlich, weil sie, wie Hegel analysiert hat, nicht auf natürlichem Mangel beruht, sondern ihre Notwendigkeit im Recht auf Eigentum liegt. Auch wusste der Philosoph: Ohne materielle Mittel gibt es keine Selbstverwirklichung. Die von Hegel theoretisch vorweggenommenen Konsequenzen wie der Zusammenhang mit geringerer Bildung, kürzerer Lebenserwartung und politischer Apathie sind heutzutage empirisch belegt.
Ina Schildbach liest Hegel neu und stellt fest: Erkenntnisbringend sind nicht nur seine Einsichten zu Ursachen und Konsequenzen der Armut – auch die staatsfunktionale Perspektive auf Armut als Problem der Obrigkeit offenbart frappierende Ähnlichkeit zum heutigen Diskurs.
Politische Bildung und Zeit
(2016)
Michael Görtler richtet in dieser Untersuchung den Fokus auf die Bedeutung von Zeit für die politische Bildung, da die Zeitlichkeit politischer Bildungsprozesse und demokratischer Politik in der Didaktik der politischen Bildung bisher kaum beachtet wurde. Der Autor verkleinert diese Lücke, erweitert den Fachdiskurs und gibt praktische Impulse für die politische Bildungsarbeit. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage nach dem expliziten wie impliziten Sichtbarwerden der Zeit in Ansätzen der Didaktik der politischen Bildung und der Bildungs- und Sozialwissenschaften. Dabei wird auch geprüft, welche didaktischen Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die Ziele, Inhalte und die Gestaltung von Lehr- und Lernprozessen auf der Subjekt- und Objektseite sowie in der Vermittlung zwischen beiden Seiten beachtet werden müssen.
In der politischen Bildung wird die Debatte um eine kritische politische Bildung erneut geführt. Im Fokus der Debattenbeiträge stehen unterschiedliche Vorstellungen hinsichtlich Notwendigkeit, Begründung, Ziele, Inhalte und Methoden einer kritischen politischen Bildung im schulischen wie außerschulischen Bereich. Dieser Band zeigt unterschiedliche Standpunkte und Forschungsperspektiven auf, wie sie diesbezüglich auf der GPJE-Nachwuchstagung im Frühjahr 2016 an der Universität Bremen diskutiert worden sind. Der Band gliedert sich in drei Teile. Der erste umfasst theoretische wie konzeptionelle Beiträge. Im zweiten Teil steht die empirische Forschung im Mittelpunkt. Im dritten Teil werden schließlich die politisch-bildnerische Praxis und deren Reflexion thematisiert. Insgesamt werfen die Beiträge einen differenzierten Blick auf die Debatte um den Gehalt einer kritischen politischen Bildung. Dabei setzen sich die Autorinnen und Autoren mit Argumenten aus der aktuellen Diskussion auseinander und beleuchten blinde Flecken.
Forschungsfragen: Wie rekrutieren Unternehmen Auszubildende? Wie offen sind sie für Innovationen? Was sind wesentliche Faktoren für einen erfolgreichen Bewerbungsprozess?
Forschungsansatz: Im Rahmen einer Studie hat die OTH Regensburg die Merkmale des Bewerbungsprozesses entlang der Candidate Journey erfasst – von der ersten Berufswahl und Stellensuche bis zur Einstellung. Die insgesamt 160 befragten Ausbildungsbetriebe repräsentieren einen breiten Mix unterschiedlicher Unternehmensgrößen und -branchen.
Zentrale Ergebnisse: Unternehmen nutzen Rekrutierungskanäle nicht in voller Breite und schöpfen auch das Potenzial technischer Innovationen noch nicht umfassend aus. Klarheit bezüglich der erwarteten Anforderungen sowie Schnelligkeit, Transparenz und Einfachheit im Bewerbungsprozess sind empirisch nachweisbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Wertschätzung ist ein Aspekt, der (noch stärker) an jedem Touchpoint im Bewerbungsprozess beachtet werden sollte.
Was ist politische Bildung?
(2014)
Nach dem Erscheinen des "5. Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht" der Bundesregierung im April 2017 stellt sich erneut die häufig debattierte Frage nach der "angemessenen" Definition von Armut. Darüber lässt sich trefflich streiten. Sie geht jedoch am Kern des Themas vorbei: Mit der Fokussierung auf das vermeintlich richtige Messen geht eine Verwandlung des Armutsbegriffes einher, die die eigentlichen Fragen ausblendet.
Der Beitrag fokussiert die Bedeutung von Zeit für die politische Erwachsenenbildung. Angesichts aktueller soziokultureller und sozioökonomischer Herausforderungen - besonders: der Ökonomisierung und Beschleunigung im Kontext von Bildung und Lernen - ergeben sich eine ganze Reihe von drängenden Zeitfragen. Der Bedeutung von Zeit wird in der Erwachsenenbildung und der Politischen Bildung jedoch bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Aus diesem Grund wird diese Fragestellung im Beitrag vertieft. Erstens werden die Situation der politischen Erwachsenenbildung und zweitens der Forschungsstand untersucht. Ausgehend von den Befunden werden drittens drei Zugänge herausgearbeitet, welche die Bedeutung von Zeit für die politische Erwachsenenbildung sichtbar machen: Politische Bildung als Prozess und Verzögerung sowie Zeit als Gegenstand, um die Zeitlichkeit von Gesellschaft und Politik zu verstehen und zu beurteilen, um sich an der Gestaltung der Zeitstrukturen zu beteiligen. Der Beitrag endet mit einem Ausblick und offenen Fragen, die sich an die zeittheoretischen Überlegungen anschließen.
The article focusses on the importance of time for the political adult education. Current socio-cultural and socio-economic challenges – in particular: the commodification and acceleration in the context of education and learning – results in a wide range of pressing time issues. However the adult education und the political education pay little attention to the importance of time. For this reason, this issue will be deepened in the article. First, the situation of the political adult education and secondly, the state of research are examined. On the base of the findings, three approaches are pointed out, which emphasize the importance of time for the political adult education: political education as a process and as a deceleration and also as a subject to understand and judge the temporality of politics and society as a necessary condition to participate in shaping the time structures. The paper ends with an outlook and open-ended questions, which adjoin the time theoretical considerations.
Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt schulpädagogische Überlegungen zur Bedeutung von Zeit für gute Schulen an. Anhand von theoretischen und praktischen Ansätzen wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle Zeit beim Lehren und Lernen spielt und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus aus der Perspektive der Schulpädagogik ziehen lassen.
In a three-guide coupler with multimode central waveguide, more than two modes of the entire structure participate in the coupling between the outer waveguides. Using a three-mode approximation we found simple conditions for complete power transfer between the outer waveguides: the device length has to match certain multiples of the con- ventionally defined coupling length. The specific form of the relevant modes allows us to design a magneto-optic isolator or circulator with significantly reduced device length (as compared to the conventional nonreciprocal coupler). The performance of the proposed devices is simulated by propagating-mode calculations. Estimates for admissible fabrication tolerances for the layer thicknesses are presented.
In diesem Beitrag werden empirische Perspektiven auf die politische Bildungspraxis mit Erwachsenen in Zeiten von Angst und Unsicherheit diskutiert. Dabei liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass politische Bildungsarbeit mit Erwachsenen unter widrigen Bedingungen geleistet werden muss. Dieser Standpunkt stützt sich einerseits auf den Fachdiskurs, Positionspapiere von Fachverbänden und Erfahrungsberichte, andererseits auf die Ergebnisse aus qualitativen Untersuchungen der Verfasserin und des Verfassers dieses Beitrags.
Projection before Analysis
(2009)
The low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue behavior of the Mg-base wrought alloy AZ31 is investigated in the temperature range 20– 300 °C using total-strain-controlled push – pull tests. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the material are substantially influenced by the direction dependent formation of deformation twins and resulting deformation asymmetry. As a consequence tensile mean stresses develop during total-strain-controlled fatigue tests without mean strain.
Effects of Deep Rolling on the Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures
(2003)
Several specimens of AZ31 magnesium alloy were taken in different directions from a rolled plate and subjected to tensile, compressive and four-point bending tests. Tensile and compressive tests allowed to characterize the mechanical properties of the material in the rolling and cross rolling directions. The bending tests were carried out in four different specimen types to take the effect of the anisotropy induced by the rolling procedure itself into account. Six strain gages per specimen allowed to observe the evolution of the strain with the bending moment during the tests. All bending specimens were bent until a total compressive deformation of 2.5 %. It was observed that the corresponding tensile strain was significant lower and slightly different for each specimen type. In addition, a characteristic non-uniform distribution of deformation twinning was observed. The induced residual stresses after bending were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and incremental hole-drilling (IHD). Due to the different mechanical behavior in tension and compression, an asymmetric residual stress distribution after bending could be observed. The neutral axis was, in all cases, shifted towards the tensile side. This observation agrees with the strain measurements during bending tests.
Attention! Please!
(2018)
Unternehmen stehen unter dem stetigen Druck, innovativ zu sein. Das gelingt nur, wenn Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter die neuen Ideen auch umsetzen. Gerade in Zeiten, in denen eine Innovation auf die nächste folgt, wird das aber immer schwieriger. Denn die Frequenz und die Erfolgsrate von Innovationen werden von der Belegschaft bewertet und bestimmen über das Engagement in nachfolgenden Innovationsprozessen.
In diesem Beitrag werden empirische Perspektiven auf die politische Bildungspraxis mit Erwachsenen in Zeiten von Angst und Unsicherheit diskutiert. Dabei liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass politische Bildungsarbeit mit Erwachsenen unter widrigen Bedingungen geleistet werden muss. Dieser Standpunkt stützt sich einerseits auf den Fachdiskurs, Positionspapiere von Fachverbänden und Erfahrungsberichte, andererseits auf die Ergebnisse aus qualitativen Untersuchungen der Verfasserin und des Verfassers dieses Beitrags.
We investigate a system of two waveguides with leaky modes sharing a common substrate (radiatively coupled waveguides). The main advantage of such a system is the possibility of remote coupling. A perturbation theory is developed for both TE and TM polarization. Numerical calculations of dispersion curves and of the coupling length allow us to determine the limitations of the perturbation theory. We study the influence of multimode interference on the process of beating by considering the propagation of a given initial field. Finally, we propose a new design for an effective, integrated optical TE-TM polarization splitter.
Three-guide couplers with multimode central waveguides allow for remote coupling between optical channels. A simple three mode approximation turns out to be sufficient for the description of the main features of the power transfer behavior. The specific form of the relevant modes suggests the design of integrated optical isolators and circulators based on magnetic garnet materials. These novel devices are superior to conventional nonreciprocal couplers with respect to the total length and admissible fabrication tolerances. We characterize the isolation performance and the transmission loss for the proposed devices by propagating mode simulations and estimate the influence of geometry parameter deviations.
Design Research in Germany?
(2015)
Each particular implementation of the beam propagation method (BPM) requires a special procedure allowing for radiation to leave the computational window. We propose a new approach to constructing the finite difference schemes of the BPM at the boundary of the computational window. These schemes are independent of the computed fields and allow for a similar treatment of both interior and boundary points. The new approach can be further improved by correcting the field values at the boundary points according to Hadley's method. The algorithm is easy to implement for both two- and three-dimensional structures. The new method considerably reduces computation times because the propagation matrices remain constant in longitudinally invariant sections, thus avoiding repeated LU-decompositions. The basic idea-establishing the finite difference scheme such that locally exact, approximate, or plausible solutions are recovered-may be of interest for other efforts to solve partial differential equations by the finite difference method.
Politikdidaktik und Zeit
(2012)
Effective coupling between two remote optical waveguides without branching sections can be achieved in a three-guide system with multimode central waveguide. We investigate the nonlinear power switching of c.w. laser radiation by such radiatively coupled waveguides. It is shown that effective all-optical switches with spatially well separated input/output channels can be realized although the influence of multimode interference on the switching characteristics becomes more pronounced for increasing thickness of the central guide. Different coupling regimes are specified, and the changes in switching characteristics during the transformation from one regime to another is studied. Numerical calculations for the critical power are compared with an approximate analytical expression. It is also shown that, at a moderate input power, a small number of modes determines the switching behavior.
Dieser Beitrag ist als Theorie-Praxis-Reflexion ausgelegt, die auf einem Vortrag mit anschließender Gruppendiskussion mit Bildungspraktikern der katholischen Erwachsenenbildung basiert. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, welche Aufgaben sich für die politische Bildungsarbeit mit Erwachsenen in der momentanen Situation ergeben.
Right-wing populism challenges the societies in Europe. The rise of such movements and parties are a threat to peace and democracy in Germany. This article focuses the possibilities as well as the boundaries of political education under the current circumstances. To this end, it discusses theoretical explanations based on approaches in peace education, political didactics and social sciences to deal with right-wing populism in practice. (DIPF/Orig.).
The performance of nanoelectronic and molecular electronic devices relies strongly on the employed functional units and their addressability, which is often a matter of appropriate interfaces and device design. Here, we compare two promising designs to build solid-state electronic devices utilizing the same functional unit. Optically addressable Ru-terpyridine complexes were incorporated in supramolecular wires or employed as ligands of gold nanoparticles and contacted by nanoelectrodes. The resulting small-area nanodevices were thoroughly electrically characterized as a function of temperature and light exposure. Differences in the resulting device conductance could be attributed to the device design and the respective transport mechanism, that is, thermally activated hopping conduction in the case of Ru-terpyridine wire devices or sequential tunneling in nanoparticle-based devices. Furthermore, the conductance switching of nanoparticle-based devices upon 530 nm irradiation was attributed to plasmon-induced metal-to-ligand charge transfer in the Ru-terpyridine complexes used as switching ligands. Finally, our results reveal a superior device performance of nanoparticle-based devices compared to molecular wire devices based on Ru-terpyridine complexes as functional units.
Der Zeitdruck steigt, auch in Schulen und Parlamenten. Das beklagen Viele. Ist diese Klage berechtigt? Dient das Bemühen um Zeit-ersparnis im Kontext von Bildung und Politik tatsächlich den Zielen, die dabei erreicht werden sollen? Wie groß sind die Risiken der Beschleunigung hinsichtlich der Qualität der Ergebnisse, nämlich der Formung der individuellen Persönlichkeit des Menschen wie des politischen Willens der Gesellschaft? Verstärkt der Zeitdruck die Tendenz zu Oberflächlichkeit und Kurzsichtigkeit? Welche Maßstäbe für einen wünschenswerten Umgang mit Zeit gibt es eigentlich? Unter welchen Voraussetzungen können Mündigkeit und Menschenwürde, Verantwortungsbereitschaft und Gemeinwohl, Zukunftskompetenz und Nachhaltigkeit wirklich heranreifen? Die Autoren mit unterschiedlichem professionellen Hintergrund aus Wissenschaft und Praxis zeichnen ein vielschichtiges und mehrdimensionales Bild des Faktors Zeit und diskutieren, was dieser für Bildung, Politik und politische Bildung bedeutet. (DIPF/Verlag).
„Politiker sind doch eh nicht unabhängig“ oder: Alltagshelden im Umgang mit Stammtischparolen
(2019)
In Deutschland stellte Armut vor allem dann ein größeres öffentliches Thema dar, wenn die Bundesregierung den neuen Bericht über „Lebenslagen in Deutschland“, also den landläufig sogenannten „Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht“, herausbrachte. Das hat sich in den letzten Jahren geändert: Mit dem Auftreten von „Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes“ (Pegida) und der „Alternative für Deutschland“ (AfD) sind prekäre Lebenslagen in Politik und den Medien ein zentrales Thema, das vor allem unter dem Schlagwort „die Sorgen und Ängste der Menschen ernst nehmen“ diskutiert wird. Im Frühjahr schließlich erreichte diese Debatte ihren (vorläufigen) Höhepunkt als Reaktion auf den Beschluss der Essener Tafel, vorerst keine Migranten/innen mehr aufzunehmen. Grund genug also, sich aus wissenschaftlicher Perspektive mit dem Phänomen auseinanderzusetzen.
Die Dissertationsschrift „Armut als Gegenstand der Ethik. Eine Rechte- und Pflichtenanalyse“ behandelt das Thema aus philosophischer Sicht. Ziel ist die Entwicklung von „Kriterien und Anforderungen […], denen jedwede Ausgestaltung eines menschenwürdigen sozialen Minimums gerecht werden muss“ (S. 12). Anhand dieser soll schließlich beurteilt werden können, „inwieweit ein in der Sozialpolitik und -gesetzgebung oder in der empirischen Sozialforschung verwendetes Armutsverständnis einer kritischen moralischen Überprüfung standhält oder sich als korrektur- und ergänzungsbedürftig erweist“ (ebd.).
Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes soll eine Plattform für die Vermittlung von Telekonsilen und die Bereitstellung einer Konsilakte an die Telematik-Infrastruktur (TI) angeschlossen werden. Um sowohl eine bestmögliche Skalierbarkeit als auch eine optimale Integrierbarkeit in bestehende Systeme und Anwendungen zu erreichen, wurde HL7 FHIR als syntaktischer Standard für das Reha-Konsil festgelegt. Dieses Dokument liefert einen systematischen Überblick über die notwendigen Schritte und Voraussetzungen, um diesen Anschluss zu bewerkstelligen.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of information technology (IT) on supply chain performance in the automotive industry. Prior studies that analyzed the impact of IT on supply chain performance report results representing the situation of the “average industry.” This research focuses on the automotive industry because of its major importance in many national economies and due to the fact that automotive supply chains do not represent the supply chain of the average industry.
Design/methodology/approach
A research model is proposed to examine the relationships between IT capabilities, supply chain capabilities, and supplier performance. The model divides IT capabilities into functional and data capabilities, and supply chain capabilities into internal process excellence and information sharing. Data have been collected from 343 automotive first-tier suppliers. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares is used to analyze the data.
Findings
The results suggest that functional capabilities have the greatest impact on internal process excellence, which in turn enhances supplier performance. However, frequent and adequate information sharing also contributes significantly to supplier performance. Data capabilities enable supply chain capabilities through their positive impact on functional capabilities.
Practical implications
The findings will help managers to understand the effect of IT implementation on company performance and to decide whether to invest in the expansion of IT capacities.
Originality/value
This research reports the impact of IT on supply chain performance in one of the most important industries in many industrialized countries, and it provides a new perspective on evaluating the contribution of IT on firm performance.
Design Research in Germany?
(2015)
Kombinationen aus kraft- und formschlüssigen Verbindungen erhöhen die Leistung bei im Hybridguss verbundenen Gussteilen mit Anbau- oder Einlegeteilen und machen separate Fügeprozesse überflüssig. Simulations-Methoden unterstützen das Design kraft- und formschlüssiger Verbindungen. Ergebnisse eines Ausdrückversuchs zeigen eine relativ gute Übereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und mittels Simulation ermittelten Kraft-Weg-Kurven.
Mechanical surface treatments such as deep rolling or laser-shock peening can markedly affect the cyclic performance of light-weight alloys, especially if significant thick work hardened surface regions are induced. At room temperature, the cyclic deformation behaviour is strongly influenced by the nature of the induced near-surface microstructures provided that they remain stable during fatigue loading. At elevated temperatures, the stability of near-surface work hardening and local microstructures plays an even more important role since the process-induced residual compressive stresses are likely to anneal out partially or completely. This overview illustrates to what extent deep rolling can effect the cyclic performance of various wrought light alloys being fatigue loaded in stress control at ambient and elevated temperatures.
Bauteilfertigung
(2009)
Patterns of morbidity and health care needs are changing as the proportion of the population reaching old age increases. A particular challenge to the health care system results from coexisting health problems (multimorbidity) among the elderly. Regarding prevention and treatment goals, the focus needs to shift from disease-specific outcomes to function in daily life and subjective outcome dimensions, such as self-determination (autonomy), social participation, and quality of life. Health research faces the task of developing prevention and health care models adapted to the needs of specific subgroups of older people. Strengthening personal, social, and organizational resources is crucial. This requires precise knowledge about the development, course, and main determinants of disease processes based on observational epidemiological studies. Strategies need to be tested in intervention and evaluation studies with respect to efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. A targeted research funding program “Health in older age” was initiated by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and is currently funding six multimorbidity research consortia, which are briefly presented here.
We describe ongoing and proposed work concerning incremental prosody extraction and classification for a spoken dialogue system. The system described will be tightly integrated with the SDS's speech recogntion which also works incrementally. The proposed architecture should allow for more control over the user interaction experience, for example allowing more precise and timely end-of-utterance vs. hesitation distinction, and auditive or visual back-channel generation.
Ideally, a spoken dialogue system should react without much delay to a user’s utterance. Such a system would already select an object, for instance, before the user has finished her utterance about moving this particular object to a particular place. A prerequisite for such a prompt reaction is that semantic representations are built up on the fly and passed on to other modules. Few approaches to incremental semantics construction exist, and, to our knowledge, none of those has been systematically tested on a spontaneous speech corpus. In this paper, we develop measures to test empirically on transcribed spontaneous speech to what extent we can create semantic interpretation on the fly with an incremental semantic chunker that builds a frame semantics.
We define the task of incremental or 0-lag utterance segmentation, that is, the task of segmenting an ongoing speech recognition stream into utterance units, and present first results. We use a combination of hidden event language model, features from an incremental parser, and acoustic / prosodic features to train classifiers on real-world conversational data (from the Switchboard corpus). The best classifiers reach an F-score of around 56%, improving over baseline and related work.
The anisotropy ΔS of the thermopower in thin films of the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 is investigated using off–c-axis epitaxial film growth and the off-diagonal Seebeck effect. The measurements represent a new method for the investigation of anisotropic transport properties in solids, taking advantage of the availability of oriented grown crystalline thin films instead of using bulk crystals. First results for the temperature dependence ΔS(T) in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 thin films are presented and described within a two-band model. Subjecting the films to heat treatments in different gases at relatively low temperatures, ΔS could reversibly be changed in a wide range.
Laterally coupled distributed feedback lasers with self-aligned ohmic contacts show the advantage of a considerably simplified fabrication process. These lasers exhibit superior spectral properties with full benefit from the gain coupling mechanism. Side-mode suppression ratios up to 55- and 3-dB bandwidths beyond 15 GHz were obtained for these devices.