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(1997)
The audio design for virtual environments includes simulation of acoustical room properties besides specifing sound sources and sinks and their behavior. Virtual environments supporting room reverberation not only gain realism but also provide additional information to the user about surrounding space. Catching the different sound properties by the different spaces requires partitioning the space by the properties of aural spaces. We define soundscape and aural attributes as an application and multimedia content interface. Calculated data on an abstract level is sent to spatialization backends. Part of this research was the implementation of a device driver for the Roland Sound Space Processor. This device not only directionalizes sound sources, but also controls room effects like reverberation.
An international, collaborative investigation is undertaken to evaluate the relative merits and limitations of various numerical methods and experimental measurement techniques, specifically for the analysis of flapping-wing propulsion. A finite aspect-ratio configuration is extensively investigated, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in a low-speed wind tunnel. Direct force measurements are made, as well as time-accurate and time-averaged laser Doppler velocimetry and unsteady flow visualization. The reduced frequency, mean angle of attack, aspect ratio and Reynolds number are varied in the experiments. The experiment is numerically simulated using flatplate theory, two and three-dimensional panel codes, and two and three-dimensional Euler and Navier- Stokes solvers. The ability of each of the methods to capture important aspects of the flow physics are evaluated through comparisons with each other and the experimental data. Additionally, the comparisons indicate areas where further research is needed. The collaborative effort provides a survey of available capabilities and provides a fixed set of flappingwing data for others to compare against.