150 Psychologie
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- ja (88) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Psychotherapie (20)
- Gruppentherapie (13)
- Psychoanalyse (10)
- Kleinkind (7)
- Interaktion (5)
- Studie (5)
- Angststörung (4)
- Individualtherapie (4)
- Wahrnehmung (4)
- Effektivität (3)
Charlemagne’s Legacy
(2023)
We investigate between- and within-country consensus about affective meanings of social identities along the evaluation, potency, and activity dimensions from the affect control theory research tradition. Ratings for 387 (194 male and 193 female) identities were collected from two samples representative of the French (N = 700) and German (N = 700) populations for age, gender, and region. Guided by two preregistered hypotheses based on previous cross-cultural research, our analysis points to considerable cultural consensus between French and Germans who seem to share a common “Carolingian” affective culture; yet some culture-specific patterns concerning the evaluation dimension and evaluation-potency interactions were found to be statistically significant. We interpret these results in terms of known cross-cultural features such as power distance and conceptions of power.
Die intensive Nutzung digitaler Medien beeinflusst die Entwicklung von Ich-Funktionen und das Erleben und Gestalten interpersoneller Beziehungen. Mit der Auslagerung von Funktionen (z. B. im Bereich von Gedächtnis, Selbstkontrolle und Selbstwertregulation) verändern sich auch intrapsychische Repräsentanzen und Strukturen. Das Erleben von Gruppen ist hiervon betroffen; zugleich tragen Konzepte der Gruppenanalyse etwas zur Beschreibung dieser Veränderungen bei. Für Heranwachsende stellen virtuelle Welten einen Rückzugsort dar und bieten Möglichkeiten zum Spiel mit unterschiedlichen Identitäten sowie dem Aufbau und der Ausgestaltung adoleszenter Identifikationen. Folgen und Chancen des intensiven Gebrauchs digitaler Medien werden kontrovers diskutiert. Aus psychoanalytischer Sicht wird ein in digitalen Netzwerken vermittelter Druck zu Anpassung und eine Verflachung interpersoneller Beziehungen, sozialer Bezüge sowie der Intimität zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen beklagt. Gruppenanalytiker beschreiben die Resonanz in sozialen Netzwerken und die Identifizierung mit sowie die Abgrenzung von Gruppen. Medienkompetenz verlangt – neben dem technischen Aspekt – eine Internalisierung von Steuerungsfunktionen. Damit werden die Fähigkeiten, sich in Gruppen abgrenzen zu können, sich gegenüber Gruppenprozessen zu behaupten und triangulierend und mentalisierend Informationen auf ihre Bedeutung hin zu prüfen und zu reflektieren, als zeitlich überdauernde Bestandteile von Medienkompetenz zentral.
Understanding how individual or group behaviour are influenced by the presence of others is something both social psychology and agent-based social simulation are concerned with. However, there is only limited overlap between these two research communities, which becomes clear when terms such as “variable”, “prediction”, or “model” come into play, and we build on their different meanings. This situation challenges us when working together, since it complicates the uptake of relevant work from each community and thus hampers the potential impact that we could have when joining forces.
Well-Being
(2023)
Angststörungen : Prävalenz, Bedeutung und Implikationen für die Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
(2021)
Angst ist in unterschiedlichen Formen alltäglicher Begleiter unseres Lebens. Sie äußert sich körperlich, psychisch und im zwischenmenschlichen Verhalten und sie nimmt Einfluss darauf, wie wir Situationen bewerten und mit ihnen umgehen. Das Eingehen von Risiken („Exposition“) und ihre „Vermeidung“ stehen bei gesundem Verhalten in einem individuell ausgewogenen Gleichgewicht. Für die Förderung von Gesundheit und die Prävention von Erkrankungen spielt Angst und spielen Angststörungen eine große Rolle. Angststörungen sind häufig und vielgestaltig. Sie werden oft spät erkannt und vielfach unzureichend behandelt. Zur Chronifizierung von Angststörungen tragen Aspekte unseres Versorgungssystems und auch Interaktionen mit Helfern häufig bei. Frühzeitig und adäquat behandelt, sind die Ergebnisse von Psychotherapie bei Angststörungen gut.
We argue that objectivity is acquired by learning to refer to particular situations, that is, by developing episodicity. This contrasts with the widespread idea that genericity is crucial in developing humans’ ability to conceive of an objective world. According to the collective intentionality account, objectivity is acquired by contrasting one’s particular perspective in the “here and now” with a generic group perspective on how things are generally. However, this line of argument rests on confusing two independent notions of genericity: social and worldly genericity. Holding these two notions apart shows that there is no coherent developmental route from episodicity to objectivity via genericity. In effect, the collective intentionality account presupposes objectivity. Alternatively, episodicity may develop by enculturation into the common practice of spatial-indexical use. This ability establishes an initial, socially shared spatiotemporal reference system comprising the basis for objectivity.
The present study investigated whether 7-month-old infants attribute directionality to an object after having observed it engage in agentive behavior and whether they maintain this attribution even when the agent is presented statically. Infants were familiarized with an object displaying either agentive behavioral cues (self-propelled, context-sensitive movement) or non-agentive motion (the same movement pattern caused by external factors). In a subsequent spatial-cueing procedure, the agent was displayed statically at the center of the screen. Gaze latencies were assessed for targets appearing at a location congruent or incongruent with the position of the agent’s formerly leading end. Only infants that had observed the object move in an agentive manner showed shorter gaze latencies for congruent compared to incongruent targets, suggesting facilitation of attention toward a location congruent with the agent’s prior action direction. Results provide evidence that infants attribute directionality to novel agents based on behavioral agency cues, that this directional representation is maintained even when the agent is stationary, and that it guides infants’ covert attention.
Bayesian affect control theory is a model of affect-driven social interaction underconditions of uncertainty. In this paper, we investigate how the operationalization of uncertainty in the model can be related to the disruption of social orders—societal pressures to adapt to ongoing environmental and technological change. First, we study the theoretical tradeoffs between three kinds of uncertainty as groups navigate external problems: validity (the predictability of the environment, including of other agents), coherence (the predictability of interpersonal affective dynamics), and dependence (the predictability of affective meanings). Second, we discuss how these uncertainty tradeoffs are related to contemporary political conflict and polarization in the context of societal transitions. To illustrate the potential of our model to analyze the socio-emotional consequences of uncertainty, we present a simulation of diverging individual affective meanings of occupational identities under uncertainty in a climate change mitigation scenario based on events in Germany. Finally, we sketch a possible research agenda to substantiate the novel, but yet mostly conjectural, ideas put forward in this paper.
Virtual Reality (VR) applications play an increasingly important role in the context of mental health. While VR-based therapeutic interventions are increasingly well-established, the application of VR in the field of mental health awareness represents a novel and promising development. We present our mental health awareness VR application “hopohopo”, in which the user takes the perspective of a person suffering from social anxiety. Through the VR journey, the user experiences what it could feel like to suffer from constant fear of being negatively judged by others in everyday social situations. The aim of the application is to allow nonaffected users to expand their knowledge and to raise mental health awareness. In this paper, we report our findings on the potential of this immersive VR application for psychoeducation and destigmatization of social anxiety. In this respect, we provide the scope of our VR application and first results of its ongoing usability and usefulness evaluation process.
Coaching can be understood as a process of creating meaning through linguistic interaction. Meanings are coherent networks of concepts, which are on the one hand socially shared and on the other hand based on the emotional experience of individuals. We present the relevant current state of research in cognitive science and social psychology and explain the significance of this research for coaching practice using the example of a coaching model established on the market (“contextual coaching”).
Numerical magnitude information is assumed to be spatially represented in the form of a mental number line defined with respect to a body-centred, egocentric frame of reference. In this context, spatial language skills such as mastery of verbal descriptions of spatial position (e.g., in front of, behind, to the right/left) have been proposed to be relevant for grasping spatial relations between numerical magnitudes on the mental number line. We examined 4- to 5-year-old’s spatial language skills in tasks that allow responses in egocentric and allocentric frames of reference, as well as their relative understanding of numerical magnitude (assessed by a number word comparison task). In addition, we evaluated influences of children’s absolute understanding of numerical magnitude assessed by their number word comprehension (montring different numbers using their fingers) and of their knowledge on numerical sequences (determining predecessors and successors as well as identifying missing dice patterns of a series). Results indicated that when considering responses that corresponded to the egocentric perspective, children’s spatial language was associated significantly with their relative numerical magnitude understanding, even after controlling for covariates, such as children’s SES, mental rotation skills, and also absolute magnitude understanding or knowledge on numerical sequences. This suggests that the use of egocentric reference frames in spatial language may facilitate spatial representation of numbers along a mental number line and thus seem important for preschoolers’ relative understanding of numerical magnitude.
Den Abschluss des Sammelbandes bildet eine transkribierte und leicht editierte Podiumsdiskussion zwischen Morus Markard, Günter Mey, Julia Scholz und Stefan Thomas. Gegenstand der Diskussion ist zum einen der gegenwärtige Stand qualitativer Methoden in der psychologischen Lehre und Forschung an deutschen Hochschulen und zum anderen das Verhältnis von qualitativer Forschung und kritischen Psychologien.
Stefan Thomas führt in seinem Beitrag in die Grundlagen ethnografischer Forschung ein, die auf eine Aneignung sozialer Lebenswelten zielt. Obwohl teilnehmende Beobachtung im Mittelpunkt ethnografischer Feldforschung steht, bedient sich diese dem gesamten Arsenal empirischer Methodik – von Gesprächen und Interviews über die Analyse von Dokumenten bis hin zu standardisierten Fragebögen. Neben praktischen Hinweisen und möglichen Problemen beim Feldzugang, der Datenerhebung und -auswertung, diskutiert Thomas insbesondere das Verhältnis von Theorie und Empirie im Rahmen einer kritischen Ethnografie. Während kritischer Psychologie häufig eine Theorielastigkeit zu eigen ist und ethnografische Forschung sich bisweilen in Trivialitäten verliert, muss es kritischer Ethnografie gerade um eine angemessene Vermittlung (kritischer) Sozial- und Gesellschaftstheorie und Empirie gehen. Ethnografie benötigt dazu den Rückgriff auf Theorie, um nicht bei der ‚Kritik des Alltags‘ stehen zu bleiben. Demgegenüber liefert die empirische Sozialwelt zugleich das normative Fundament jeder – auch sozialwissenschaftlichen – Kritik. Würde sich die Psychologie stärker zur ethnografischen Feldforschung öffnen, könnte sie nicht nur an Lebens- und Alltagsweltnähe gewinnen, sondern sich auch endlich wieder den sozialwissenschaftlichen Nachbardisziplinen annähern.
Seit im Zuge der kognitiven Wende in der Psychologie vormals behavioristisch erklärte Phänomene kognitivistisch untermauert wurden (z. B. Bandura 1965; Chomsky 1959), hat sich auch in der Linguistik eine Bewegung weg von der Universalgrammatik Noam Chomskys (1965) hin zu einer sozial-kognitiv erklärten (vgl. Langacker 1987; Goldberg 2006) und gebrauchsbasierten (vgl. Tomasello 2003) Konstruktionsgrammatik als sprachsystematisches Modell etabliert. Infolgedessen widmeten sich viele Autoren der Frage, wie Kinder Sprache und vor allem den pragmatisch angemessenen Gebrauch von Sprache erwerben (vgl. Tomasello 2008) – wenn sie sich nicht aufgrund einer angeborenen language faculty (vgl. Hauser et al. 2002) entwickelt.
Human thought can be characterised as being situated in the ‘space of reasons’. That is to say that human thought is guided by the norms of theoretical and practical rationality which, in turn, enable autonomous thinking. But how do children learn to navigate the space of reasons? Building on the work of Tugendhat and Bakhurst, among others, we argue, first, that this process involves the acquisition of propositional thought and that it is an essentially social one in which both children and adults take an active role. Second, and more specifically, by drawing on Brandom's theory of meaning, we provide a philosophical analysis of empirical findings with respect to the efficacy of ‘Sustained Shared Thinking’ (SST) in early educational settings. We argue that the efficacy of SST is based on its emphasising, modelling and practising those elements of communication that are essential for gaining proficiency in ‘playing the game of giving and asking for reasons’, namely drawing inferences between propositions and concepts and providing justifications for one's assertions. This is achieved by making explicit the inferential relationships between concepts and propositions and by the use of modal and doxastic markers that function as an invitation to a joint search for reasons.
We compared event-related potentials during sentence reading, using impression formation equations of a model of affective coherence, to investigate the role of affective content processing during meaning making. The model of Affect Control Theory (ACT; Heise, 1979, 2007) predicts and quantifies the degree to which social interactions deflect from prevailing social norms and values - based on the affective meanings of involved concepts. We tested whether this model can predict the amplitude of brain waves traditionally associated with semantic processing. To this end, we visually presented sentences describing basic subject-verb-object social interactions and measured event-related potentials for final words of sentences from three different conditions of affective deflection (low, medium, high) as computed by a variant of the ACT model (Schröder, 2011). Sentence stimuli were closely controlled across conditions for alternate semantic dimensions such as contextual constraints, cloze probabilities, co-occurrences of subject-object and verb-object relations. Personality characteristics (schizotypy, Big Five) were assessed to account for individual differences, assumed to influence emotion-language interactions in information processing. Affective deflection provoked increased negativity of ERP waves during the P2/N2 and N400 components. Our data suggest that affective incoherence is perceived as conflicting information interfering with early semantic processing and that increased respective processing demands – in particular in the case of medium violations of social norms - linger on until the N400 time window classically associated with the integration of concepts into embedding context. We conclude from these results that affective meanings influence basic stages of meaning making.
The idea that a simple execution of an innovation invented by actors other than those who are expected to apply it is not likely to take place is a truism. We assume, however, in this paper the idea of a discursive production of knowledge on the application of an innovation across different levels of the education system. We aim to shed light on an innovation’s ‘journey’ from educational policy over training providers to teams of professionals in early childhood education and care (ECEC). By investigating knowledge and emotions associated with the introduction of an intended innovation using the example of “stimulation interactions” in day care-centers, the paper contributes to research on the transfer of innovations in education. To better understand challenges occurring during the transfer of innovations, we triangulate methods from discourse theory (coding techniques based on GTM) and cognitive science, namely cognitive-affective mapping (according to the scholarly conventions). The data corpus includes educational plans (N = 2), in-service training programs (N = 123) and group discussions of pedagogical teams (N = 6) who participated in an in-service training on the subject, stimulating interaction. Findings underline that similar messages from the inventors on the educational policy level are received and processed heterogeneously by the teams of pedagogues as a result of their preexisting views, routine practices and experiences with intended innovations through in-service trainings. Besides, a diffuse mixture of competing and contradictory information is communicated to the professionals and, hence, collides with the in-service training providers’ and educational policy actors’ expectations on the processing of the intended innovation. Specific knowledge elements and their valences are diametrically opposed to each other. Dissonances like these are considered as obstacles to social innovation. The obstacles are caused by the lack of a ‘common language’ beyond all levels. Hence, policy-makers and in-service-training providers should anticipate the supportive as well as competing knowledge-emotional complexes of professionals and take these into account when communicating an intended innovation.
This paper studies the dynamics of identity and status management within groups in collaborative settings. We present an agent-based simulation model for group interaction rooted in social psychological theory. The model integrates affect control theory with networked interaction structures and sequential behavior protocols as they are often encountered in task groups. By expressing status hierarchy through network structure, we build a bridge between expectation states theory and affect control theory, and are able to reproduce central results from the expectation states research program in sociological social psychology. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the model can be applied to analyze specialized task groups or sub-cultural domains by combining it with empirical data sources. As an example, we simulate groups of open-source software developers and analyze how cultural expectations influence the occupancy of high status positions in these groups.
Die längst Überfällige Akademisierung des Erzieherinnenberufes birgt die Chance in sich, die Psychoanalyse in der Hochschule und in den pädagogischen Arbeitsfeldern zu etablieren. Ein Rückblick auf die Tradition der Psychoanalystischen Pädagogik der 1920er und 1930er Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts soll verdeutlichen, wie aktuelle bildungspolitische Themen (z.B. der Aufbau von Mütterberatungszentren) in psychoanalytischen Vorläuferprojekten wurzeln. In der Diskussion um die fachliche Ausgestaltung der neuen frühpädagogischen Studiengänge beteiligen sich auch die Psychoanalytiker. Sie können dazu beitragen, dass die zukünftigen Frühpädagogen ein fundiertes psychoanalytisches Wissen über die kindliche Entwicklung, über Selbstentwicklung und Intersubjektivität, über Risiken und Fehlentwicklungen erwerben und Handlungskompetenz gewinnen. Anhand des neu eingerichteten Studienganges <<Bachelor of Arts: Bildung und Erziehung in der frühen Kindheit>> an der Fachhochschule Potsdam soll gezeigt werden, dass die Psychoanalyse einen solchen Studiengang mit einem ganz eigenen, attraktiven Profil ausstatten und auf diese Weise wieder einen Platz in Hochschulen einnehmen kann.