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In der europäischen Baukultur stehen Schlösser, Burgen und Country Houses für politische und soziale Macht. Die Gestaltung sowie Funktion dieser Bauten und deren Umgestaltung lassen Schlüsse über die jeweiligen Bauherren und Architekten zu, so dass spezifische und allgemeine Ansprüche der Gesellschaft für die jeweiligen Zeitschichten verdeutlicht werden. Heute ist das Sichern des Fortbestehens dieser meist denkmalgeschützten Bauten in Zeiten von staatlichen Mittelkürzungen und des Klimawandels schwierig. Für diese Ausgangssituation ist ein autarkes Denkmal, das sein Bestehen aus sich selbst heraus sichert, ohne seiner Substanz zu schaden, der wertvollste Lösungsansatz. Ein solches Beispiel wird in der Dissertation in seiner Gesamtheit analysiert. Anhand der Auswertung verschiedener Quellen wird betrachtet, in welchen Schritten die Eigenständigkeit von Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire, entstand. Die Basis für die Analyse beschreibt der Denkmalwert des Country House, der sich aus einer baugeschichtlichen Untersuchung und architekturhistorischen Einordnung ergibt. Den historischen Wert erhält das von Historic England als Grade I eingestufte Baudenkmal aus den mannigfaltigen Zeugnissen der Familien Cocks, Somers und Somers-Cocks, die diesen Bau über mehrere Jahrhunderte prägen. Darüber hinaus stellt Eastnor Castle ein frühes Werk des Architekten Robert Smirke dar, der im Verlauf seiner Karriere viele architektonisch einflussreiche Bauten entwirft. Ferner besitzt Eastnor Castle einen künstlerischen Wert, da es als kompletter Neubau der Regency Ära durchgängig im Norman Style entworfen und aus Bauten wie Lowther Castle, Cumbria, und Warwick Castle, Warwickshire, entwickelt wird. Ähnliche Country Houses als reine Ausprägung dieser Baustilrichtung existieren nur wenige wie beispielsweise Penrhyn Castle, Gwynedd. Eastnor Castle besitzt ferner Raum- und Mobiliargestaltungen im Norman Style sowie das sehr gut erhaltene Interieur des Gothic Drawing Room, welches A.W.N. Pugin am Ende seiner Architekturkarriere entwirft. Diese Raumgestaltung ist eines seiner am besten erhaltenen Interieurs, das gestalterisch für die internationale Architekturbewegung des Puginism steht. Darüber hinaus besitzt Eastnor Castle eine technikgeschichtliche Bedeutung, da Robert Smirke einerseits neue Baumaterialen wie Eisenträger verwendet und es andererseits in einem neuen Bauablauf errichtet. Außerdem prägen Eastnor Castle und sein Vorgängerbau Castle Ditch die Region der Malvern Hills nachhaltig. In einem zweiten Schritt untersucht die Arbeit die heutige Nutzung des Denkmals und wertet sie aus. Eine wichtige Rolle hierbei spielt das bestehende Funktionsdreieck aus Wohnhaus, Denkmal und Event-Stätte. Das Ausbalancieren dieses Dreiecks hat oberste Priorität und bildet die Grundlage für das autarke Fortbestehen des Denkmals. Einzelne Erkenntnisse dieser Untersuchung können schließlich als Resultate der Arbeit verallgemeinert und übertragen werden.
Weit mehr als der waffentechnische Fortschritt oder bedeutende Ereignisse wie die Gründung des Deutschen Schützenbundes, waren es die von außen an die Schützengesellschaften herangetragenen gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche, von denen entscheidende Impulse auf die Entwicklung der Bauaufgabe „Schützenhaus“ ausgegangen sind.
Schützenhäuser stellen aufgrund ihrer seit Jahrhunderten nachweisbaren Geschichte und gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung einen maßgeblichen Bestandteil unseres baukulturellen Erbes dar. Der bisher kaum über das Einzelobjekt hinausgehend betrachteten Bauaufgabe kommt dabei eine zentrale baugeschichtliche, gesellschaftliche, kulturhistorische und soziologische Bedeutung zu. Hierfür durchliefen die Schützenhäuser seit ihrem Aufkommen im 14./15. Jh. eine Entwicklung, die in ihrer Radikalität für kaum eine andere Bauaufgabe nachweisbar ist.
Blieb zunächst eine tiefgreifende Weiterentwicklung der Schützenhäuser über Jahrhunderte sowohl konzeptionell als auch architektonisch aus, waren es vor allem die Veränderungen innerhalb des Bürgertums ab dem 18. Jh., die über die Schützengesellschaften maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Bauaufgabe ausübten.
Dabei brachte die Bauaufgabe seit ihrer Entstehung bis in das 20. Jh. vier voneinander abzugrenzende Generationen hervor. Jede reflektiert dabei unmittelbar auf die allgemein gesellschaftlichen sowie die schützengesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen der jeweiligen Zeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund definieren die charakteristischen Schützenhäuser der dritten Generation im 19. Jh. den architektonischen und sinnbildprägenden Höhepunkt der Bauaufgabe. Sie waren gebauter Ausdruck einer neuen Geselligkeitsform und bürgerlichen Entfaltung. Das zunehmend verbreitete Phänomen der „passiven Schützen“, also Mitgliedern einer Schützengesellschaft, die ausschließlich am gesellschaftlichen Leben derselben teilnahmen, den Festsaal nutzen durften und den Schießübungen fernblieben, war wesentlicher Ausdruck dessen.
Das Promotionsvorhaben verfolgt das Ziel, die historische Entwicklung der Bauaufgabe „Schützenhaus“ auf der Grundlage von Einzelfallbetrachtungen herzuleiten und interpretierend darzustellen. Dies soll als Voraussetzung dienen, die Bauaufgabe zu charakterisieren und in einem sowohl gesellschaftlichen als auch architektonischen Kontext zu verorten.
Cultural heritage faces many types of threats such as neglect, conflicts, disasters caused by natural and human induced hazards, unplanned infrastructure projects, climate change, etc. Over time, a number of institutions, organisations, programmes and initiatives to address the issues related to heritage at risk through varied modes of interventions such as advocacy work, conservation efforts, funding, awareness-raising regarding particular sites, etc. have emerged. Despite the stimulus and support of the various institutions, organisations and initiatives, diverse threats continue to impact cultural heritage in present times with some factors amplifying more than before, leading to the subsequent damages to or losses of heritage assets. Though reasons for these issues are varied and complex, one of the important factors to look into is the agency of the diverse ‘Heritage at Risk’ programmes or initiatives. ICOMOS being one of the pioneers in this global discourse of threatened heritage, its role is strategically vital. 20 years after ICOMOS’s first attempts to initiate one of the first ‘Heritage at Risk’ programmes, this research is an opportunity to re-examine and analyse the effectiveness of ICOMOS’ ‘Heritage at Risk’ programme within the current organisational/ institutional landscape of initiatives in the field of heritage at risk, that ICOMOS is embedded in. It is also an opportunity to situate the programme within the diverse views of the heritage at risk framework and the continuing shifts in the foundational paradigms of the international discourse on heritage conservation. The purpose of this analysis is to guide programme improvement for optimising efforts in favour of cultural heritage at risk within and/ or beyond ICOMOS and improve their ability to contribute towards - safeguarding heritage at risk, increasing the resilience of cultural heritage and sustainable development.
Architectural conservation is conventionally associated with preservation of buildings or ensembles that were seats of religious or secular power marking great architectural, political, or scientific accomplishments.
Dark and difficult heritage concerns events of disasters, extermination, and war. But what happens to stories and their places that do not fit into any of these categories? They are neither grand or beautiful, nor explicitly traumatic but nonetheless they embed cultural values and norms, or perhaps even the opposite of them: the bordellos and the marginalised groups of society that are usually disregarded in heritage discourses.
The question of sex work in contemporary culture holds an important place, as it is connected to social and economic rights of women. Historic sex work, and the places associated with it, imbed in this sense a contention value, because still today it provokes debate among different interest groups.
This research work presents the first in-depth study into the location of Florentine bordellos and sex workers between 1860 and 1888. It was a central moment in the history of these women and their trade because a new regulation on sex work was introduced by the recently unified Italian state which spatially controlled the sex trade. Each bordello and the sex workers came under intense scrutiny of the law. What was a dramatic development in the life of these women at the time, has allowed for extensive historical analysis.
The research draws primarily from over 5,000 archived police files and examines the location of sex trade in relation to the legal framework provided by the regulation known as the Regolamento Cavour. It was to ensure that sex workers would not pass on any venereal disease, while, at the same time, strived to maintain moral order in a continuously growing city, faced with urban development. In addition, the historic spatial development of bordellos within the perimeter of the ancient city walls was studied as well as the economic and political factors which influenced the position of a bordello within the urban fabric. For that purpose, the study incorporated information from historic city and street directories as well as cadastre maps. These different layers of information are conveyed in numerous maps to visualise the spatial context of and relation between sex work and spaces.
For more than a decade, the interconnected structures of the Buddhist earthen heritage in Wanla village/Ladakh, illustrated most prominently by the historic Avalokiteshvara Temple, have been researched, conserved, and restored by the NGOs Achi Association and Achi Association India. In the fifteen articles of this publication, the interdisciplinary team of architects, art conservators, conservation scientists, art historians, and archaeologists present the results of their work with the village community for the preservation of this exceptional cultural heritage. They provide insights into a training programme for young people interested in their heritage, and explain the art historical details, construction techniques, building materials, building archaeology, and state of conservation of these structures, as well as the iconography of art works. This is all enriched by the conservation reports and documentation of several buildings.
All these efforts combined three major approaches: a fabric-based and a value-based analysis and assessment, along with a people-centred conservation.
Tattoo taboo : a reader
(2020)
In different parts of the world, tattoos historically have been expression of the socio-cultural identity of individuals or communities: Tattoos are firmly integrated into social practices as elements of initiation or marriage, in other parts of the world, however, tattoos carry negative associations being linked to immorality, and crime.
To research the practice of and places associated with tattooing a research-based study project was designed to address the practice of tattooing from the point of view of its cultural heritage values, both intangible and tangible. In the winter semester 2018/2019 this study project was offered jointly by the Chair of Architectural Conservation and the Department of Heritage Management at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg. Twelve international students from the study programmes World Heritage Studies and Architecture participated in this study project, which included a field trip to London and Oxford and several interviews and interactions with researchers and academics from the fields of tattoo history, anthropology, medical sciences and museography.
A collection of students’ essays on this topic is presented in this reader with a particular focus on the tangible and intangible aspects of tattooing, and the spatial history of tattooing based on two distinct areas in London as a case study.
The papers are divided into three distinctive themes that are linked to the practice of tattooing. Section one is dedicated to tattoos as a form of heritage, the one to tattooing as a form of art, and the last one to mapping as a methodological tool to visualise, assess and present relationships between heritage, tattooing practice and its connection to the social fabric in London at the turn of the penultimate century.
The rebuilding of war-damaged historic cities has a significant impact on the way the affected societies can heal and recover in the post-conflict situation. If carried out without taking into consideration the inseparable relationship between the built structures and the formation of people’s identity, the reconstruction processes could cause more damage than the one endured due to the conflict. In this context, the rebuilding of cities and their historic centres in particular play a significant role in restoring the collective memory of the shared setting.
This dissertation researches the disturbing effects and trauma resulting from the deliberate destruction of heritage assets during armed conflicts, concerning both inhabitants and ancient urban structures. It discusses the discourse on the issue of post-conflict reconstruction that includes the arguments and recommendations made by several international experts and organizations which stipulates with both theoretical and practical outcome. The work of many theorists, authors, architects, philosophers, and professionals working in the field of heritage management, is examined thoroughly to provide a deep understanding of the issues discussed throughout this research.
The most recent illustration within this context is the war in Syria, which has caused excessive damage to the country’s cultural heritage. Noting that the military clashes have come to an end in several areas within the country and the physical damage has stopped, reconstruction projects have begun to materialize, and the urgent need for an overall consistent framework for rebuilding Syria is more crucial than ever.
Syria’s cultural heritage is facing a high threat of a second destruction, which will most likely follow if the involved governmental representatives, stakeholders, society or ‘societies’ did not realize the fundamental necessity for a value-based reconstruction approach which guarantees that the assessment of values is carried out and achieved in a balanced manner. Otherwise, mistakes will occur, and consequently, the collective memory and identity of the Syrians might never be recovered.
The rebuilding of post-war Syria is complex and challenging; it embraces more than a physical transformation of urban structures, and poses new threats to achieve psychological healing and recovering. The urban integrity of the Syrian cities is threatened, especially in the old city of Aleppo where the damage goes beyond the physical fabric and extends to endanger the city’s historical identity. Therefore, the main focus of the work is to develop a strategic framework which goes hand in hand with the traditional rebuilding approaches, and merges several practical and theoretical contexts deduced from previous case studies. The essence of the research revolves around understanding the significance of the city’s heritage and historic fabric, which must be considered a priority when deciding for the reconstruction procedures.
Conservation work on cultural heritage occurs mostly ‘behind the scenes’, hidden away from the general public. Research has shown, however, that there is considerable interest from tourists and locals alike to gain insights into conservation practice. While this can be done through visits to conservation laboratories or heritage sites, an additional tool to complement these visits is to provide documentary films of ongoing conservation work.
In the summer of 2016, a group of international master’s students from different study programmes at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg visited Florence to study issues related to the preservation of cultural heritage. In particular, they examined conservation-related work being done at the Courtyard of Michelozzo in the Palazzo Vecchio, where Giorgio Vasari originally decorated the upper wall sections and ceiling with frescoes in 1565. Due to daily wear and tear, which has been exacerbated by a high number of visitors as well as climatic conditions, conservation work became necessary to address soiled painted surfaces, disintegrating plaster and missing sections of the plaster and paint layers.
This collection of papers addresses a variety of topics relating to the wall paintings by Vasari, as well as threats and tools to protect and conserve them and other cultural heritage sites that are faced with growing tourism. This student project was carried out in collaboration with the UNESCO Office of the Municipality of Florence (Carlo Francini and Chiara Bocchio), the Fine Arts Department of the Municipality of Florence (Giorgio Caselli), the director of the conservation work (Fabio Sforzi), wall painting conservators of the Vasari frescoes (Cristina Conti and Alessandra Popple), the Department of Architectural Conservation at Università di Firenze (Giuseppe Centauri and Daniela Chiesi) and the BTU Media Centre (Ralf Schuster).
Studio Bagan is conceptualized as an interdisciplinary preservation studio to foster applied knowledge transfer in the fields of cultural heritage management, urban and regional planning and designing in historic contexts. In 2017, during the first edition of “Studio Bagan: Building in Heritage Contexts” the students undertook a careful assessment of the issue of “temple climbing” and developed concepts for alternative and heritage-sensitive viewing platforms. In 2018, the second Studio Bagan under the theme “Heritage Tourism – Conflicts and Chances” addressed a broader range of challenges related to tourism and heritage. Both studios followed the agenda of (1) exploring, (2) understanding the cultural significance of the place and analyzing identified problems, and then (3) developing conceptual approaches and strategies. The results of the students’ work are compiled in this publication as a collection of ideas for Myanmar’s flagship destination, Bagan. The results of the students’ work in 2018 are compiled in this publication as a collection of ideas for Myanmar’s flagship destination, Bagan.
Conservation of heritage sites is an integral part of history and culture through which new generations can learn about their forefathers education, professionalism, cultural characteristics as well as their civilization. Almost all countries of the world tend to conserve their historical sites for their own generations and travellers from abroad. Despite Bangladeshs economy is becoming stronger, it is not paying enough attention to the development of archaeology to conserve its heritage sites. Unlike many other developing countries, Bangladesh tends to considers it a luxury to preserve it’s heritage sites. It is mainly because of the scarcity of land. The tiny country has a huge population (about 180 million), the density of which is perhaps the highest in the world.
Apart from some very significant heritage sites, most others are awfully neglected. Lack of education and awareness among the respective local people and other stakeholders are also responsible for most of the heritage sites facing threats of demolition, vandalism, losing authenticity and integrity.
Panamnagar, the case study for this thesis paper, is not apart from the above scenario. It is the last surviving intake city of lost Bengal. The place witnessed Mughal emperor, British rule, the partition of Bengal, Liberation war of Bangladesh, Hindu-Muslim riot, illegal habitation of people, forced eviction and abundance. The historic city went through lots of historical events and is still standing as a testimony to the golden era of Bengal. Currently, this heritage site is facing multiple threats to its existence and authenticity. The city is vacated by the authority - the Department of Archaeology. But as the local people are not aware of the historic value of the site, they are not at all cooperating with the authority. Meanwhile, the authority is trying to incorporate adaptive reuse of the site to give life to it again and collect revenue for the maintenance. But they are doing it without assessing the cultural significance of the site properly, which could be a potential threat for the authenticity of the heritage site. Thus, this paper has focused on assessing the cultural significance of the heritage site, with a hope that it will help the authority to make policy decisions for the conservation of the site more cautiously. To assess the cultural significance properly, history and architectural significance are described briefly. A site analysis has been conducted to understand the current site condition properly. The paper concludes with statements in support of the cultural significance of Panamnagar site and recommends appropriate conservation tools to sustain its significance.