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In the time of increased awareness about the environment problems by the public opinion and also intensive international efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, as well increase of the generation of electrical energy to facilitate industrial growth, the conference offers broad contribution towards achieving the goals of diversification and sustainable development.
Focus of the student conference is to promote the discussion of views from scientists and students from Wroclaw University of Technology, Technical University of Ostrava and Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg.
The conference offers prominent academics and industrial practitioners from all over the world the forum for discussion about the future of electrical energy and environmental issues and presents a base for identifying directions for continuation of research.
In the time of increased awareness about the environment problems by the public opinion and also intensive international efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, as well increase of the generation of electrical energy to facilitate industrial growth, the conference offers broad contribution towards achieving the goals of diversification and sustainable development.
Focus of the student conference is to promote the discussion of views from scientists and students from Wroclaw University of Technology, Technical University of Ostrava and Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg.
The conference offers prominent academics and industrial practitioners from all over the world the forum for discussion about the future of electrical energy and environmental issues and presents a base for identifying directions for continuation of research.
The design of high Q oscillators, using Crystals at lower frequencies, (and dielectric resonators at much higher frequencies), has long been considered a black art. This may be due to the fact that a systematic approach with optimized design guideline for crystal oscillators could not be found after extensive literature search.
In this dissertation, after analyzing the first crystal oscillator by W.G. Cady (1921), other high performance crystal oscillators will be discussed, analyzed and calculated.
A single transistor crystal oscillator design as used by HP (Hewlett Packard) in one of their designs, the HP10811A is considered in this thesis for mathematical analysis and CAD (Computer aided Design) simulation. This was also measured on state-of-the-art signal source analyzer. After validation, this design is scaled to 100MHz, the frequency of interest for this dissertation.
Though most designers use a single transistor based oscillator circuit, it is not an optimized design because of limited control over key design parameters such as loop gain, dc current etc.
This dissertation is an attempt to overcome the limitation due to the single transistor circuit and to give a step by step procedure, explaining the significance of a two transistor design with thorough analysis and design simulation results. This two stage transistor circuit is also not yet a best solution in terms of phase noise performance and output power, and some add-on circuitry will be needed for an optimized performance.
An important contribution of this work is to show that since the voltage gain is the ratio of the collector resistor and the emitter resistor, the performance is practically independent of the VHF transistor and gives better control over various parameters of the oscillator, in order to optimize the design.
A grounded-base amplifier is then introduced and added for improving the isolation and the output power. Unlike most oscillators, that take the output from the collector, a novel concept introduced by Rohde [14], is incorporated here, where the crystal is used as a filter that is then connected to the grounded base amplifier, a technique which many companies have been using. This dissertation will show that this technique increases the output power without significantly affecting the phase noise. Such a validation is needed for better understanding and as per my knowledge, has not been done so far.
For the oscillator, the tuning diode sensitivity and flicker noise contribution are also taken into consideration, by calibrating the mathematics and its validation is shown.
Crystal resonators of the type AT and stress-compensated (SC) cut devices will be considered as they give the best performance. The one port Colpitts type oscillator is considered first and the two port two transistor design later. Both will need a post amplifier/buffer stage.
A complete step by step design procedure for an optimized 100MHz crystal oscillator is then presented.
For completeness, CAD Simulation and Experimental results are provided for 10 MHz, 128 MHz and 155 MHz VCO circuits.
We address the single container packing problem of a company that has to serve its customers by first placing the products in boxes and then loading the boxes into a container. We approach the problem by developing and solving mixed-integer linear models. Our models consider geometric constraints that feature non-overlapping constraints, box orientation constraints, dimensionality constraints, relative packing position constraints, and linearity constraints. We also develop an extension of the models by integrating load balance and the deviation of the center of gravity. We tested the models on a broad set of real instances involving up to 41 boxes and obtained optimal solutions in most cases and very small gaps when optimality could not be proven.
1. Erste Änderungssatzung zur fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den universitären Bachelor-Studiengang Elektrotechnik vom 23. Oktober 2020
(s. AMbl 21/2022)
2. Erste Änderungssatzung zur fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den universitären Master-Studiengang Elektrotechnik vom 23. Oktober2020
(ersetzt Abl. 14/2006, AMbl. 01/2014, AMbl. 09/2014)
1. Berichtigung der Neufassung der fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den universitären Master-Studiengang Elektrotechnik vom 23. September 2019
2. Neufassung der fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den universitären Master-Studiengang Elektrotechnik vom 23. September 2019
An empirical and simulation-based assessment of tree growth in temperate alley-cropping systems
(2020)
The potential of biomass generated from dedicated energy crops, used in short-rotation coppices (SRC), progressively grows recognition as a flexible primary source for the generation of energy, heat, fuel, and bio-based materials and chemicals. The alley-cropping systems (ACSs), which can integrate tree strips managed as SRC into agriculturally managed fields, are often regarded as an adaptable multi-crop land-use strategy that can provide ecological and economic benefits. The research aim of the present dissertation has focused on investigating the prospective implications of different site-specific conditions and scenarios on tree growth in ACSs with SRC, thus incorporating several experimental and simulation-based studies. For this, the ability of a process-oriented, eco-physiological tree growth model was investigated in order to (i) impute missing empirical data, thus securing a reliable repository of tree growth characteristics, (ii) simulate the tree growth in terms of woody biomass production in strong relation to the interactions with adjacent crops and their respective resource capture, (iii) predict and evaluate the tree growth sensitivity to prospective climate changes, thus performing risk assessments for the near and distant future, and (iv) derive and assess the land equivalent ratio (LER) and gross energy yield for different climatic, soil, and management scenarios. The findings have corroborated the potential tree growth vulnerability to prospective climatic changes, particularly to changes in water availability, and have underlined the importance of coping management strategies in SRC for forthcoming risk assessments and adaptation scenarios. Both LER and gross energy yields had resulted in a convex curve where the maximum values were achieved when either the tree or crop component was dominant (>75% of the land area) and minimum when these components shared similar proportions of land area. Collectively, the implications of different site-specific conditions and scenarios on tree growth in ACSs with SRC have been investigated in order to improve the decision-making, optimization, and adaptation of such systems. Last but not least, this dissertation has emphasized the considerable potential of modelling approaches in ACSs, as they can impute missing data from scarce available data and simulate tree and crop yields for specific site-conditions in a non-intrusive, inexpensive, and prompt way while supporting early site-setup planning.
In diesem Band finden sich das Programm und die Kurzfassungen der Beiträge zur Jahrestagung 2020 des Deutschen Arbeitskreises für Geomorphologie, die am 28. und 29.9.2020 als virtuelle Konferenz stattgefunden hat. Die Tagung wurde von der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU) ausgerichtet und von 120 Teilnehmer*innen besucht. Das Tagungsthema lautete „Anthropogenetische Geomorphologie – Geomorphologie im Anthropozän“ und befasste sich mit der aktuell unter verschiedenen Aspekten diskutierten Frage des Einflusses des Menschen auf seine natürliche Umgebung. Die Lausitz bietet mit den Bergbauaktivitäten eine Vielzahl von Beispielen von tiefgreifenden Veränderungen der Erdoberflächenformen durch menschliche Einflüsse. Die insgesamt 23, auf zwei Themenblöcke aufgeteilten Vorträge sowie 21 Posterbeiträge in drei thematischen Sessions zeigten darüber hinaus zahlreiche weitere Beispiele aus verschiedenen Regionen weltweit. Der internationale Charakter der Tagung wurde durch die große Zahl englischsprachiger Beiträge unterstrichen.
Due to the use of fossil fuel resources, many environmental problems have been increasingly growing. Thus, the recent research focuses on the use of environment friendly materials from sustainable feedstocks for future fuels, chemicals, fibers and polymers. Lignocellulosic biomass has become the raw material of choice for these new materials. Recently, the research has focused on using lignin as a substitute material in many industrial applications. The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of Kraft lignin compared to Organosolv lignins from different biomasses. The purification procedure of Kraft lignin showed that double-fold selective extraction is the most efficient confirmed by UV-Vis, FTIR, HSQC, 31PNMR, SEC, and XRD. The antioxidant capacity was discussed regarding the biomass source, pulping process, and degree of purification. Lignin obtained from industrial black liquor are compared with beech wood samples: Biomass source influences the DPPH inhibition (softwood > grass) and the TPC (softwood < grass). DPPH inhibition affected by the polarity of the extraction solvent. Following the trend: ethanol > diethylether > acetone. Reduced polydispersity has positive influence on the DPPH inhibition. Storage decreased the DPPH inhibition but increased the TPC values. The DPPH assay was also used to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. In both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the highest addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source; Organosolv of softwood > Kraft of softwood > Organosolv of grass. Lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of Kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin leaching in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against food spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both food spoilage bacteria.
This thesis is an attempt to assess some of the effects that electroquasistatic body forces exert on turbulent internally forced convective flows. In order to do that, a stochastic turbulence model is employed, namely, the One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model.
The reduced dimensionality of ODT demands a reduction of the Navier-Stokes equations (and in this case, also the Maxwell equations), into a 1-D system. This is done by performing an asymptotic analysis in terms of the nondimensional numbers of the flow. Also, a validation step due to the relative novel character of the cylindrical ODT formulation is done for an incompressible and constant properties flow regime and a variable density flow regime. The validation is presented for both the temporal (T-ODT) and a novel spatial (S-ODT) formulation in both planar and cylindrical geometries. Results in the constant property case show that wall normal (and radial) profiles, in both the T-ODT and S-ODT formulations, show good agreement with each other and to the data of Direct Numerical Simulations (DNSs). For the evaluated variable density heated pipe flow, gradients at the wall can be better reproduced with S-ODT.
After validating the model, ODT is applied first into a planar configuration which emulates the flow in a wire-plate Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP). For this flow, the additional input energy due to the electroquasistatic body force has an effect on the modification of the bulk velocity, and subsequently, the skin friction coefficient. Some qualitative DNS trends are confirmed with ODT, such as the localized increase of the Reynolds stress, as a consequence of increased eddy activity close to the discharge electrodes. Next, the results of ODT simulations in a cylindrical wire-tube ESP are presented. Here, ODT results are compared to experimental results. ODT results for global integral quantities such as the streamwise pressure gradient and the Nusselt number enhancement ratio are able to match in a reasonable way the experimental results. The competing relevance between the EHD contribution to turbulence by momentum, and by affecting the temperature and density due to the Joule heating effect is also analyzed, showing the leading order relevance of the former one. Specifically for the Nusselt number results, the sensitivity of the EHD flow to transition effects is shown to be very significant.
This thesis may open the door to a vast new field of phenomena which can not only serve for the further validation of the ODT model against DNSs or experiments, but also for the real use of ODT in applications which are so far inaccessible for traditional DNSs.
In the last 30 years, communication became one of the most important pillars of our civilization. Every day terabytes of information are moved wired and wireless between computers. In order to transport this amount of data, researchers and industry increase the data rates of the underlying communication networks with impressive speed. However, such ultra-high data rates are unavailable at the communication endpoints.
One reason why ultra-high data rates are still not available for the communication endpoints is their inability to handle the protocol processing at this data rate. In order to enable communication endpoints to process high-volume data streams, the protocol processing has to be parallelized and optimized on all processing levels. However, parallelization and optimization are cumbersome tasks, which are further complicated as the protocol processing is traditionally carried out by the operating system.
This thesis aims at circumventing these problems by moving the protocol processing into external processing hardware and interpreting communication protocols as stream processing problems. In order to achieve ultra-high data rates at the communication endpoints, a protocol stream processing design approach was developed and evaluated. The design process is separated into implementation, soft real-time analysis, parallelization, and mapping steps, which allow a scalable protocol implementation without paradigm changes. Furthermore, a data link protocol for 100 Gbit/s wireless was developed and implemented with the new stream processing design concept, in order to show its feasibility. The data link protocol is configurable for different communication conditions and easy to parallelize by providing different granularities of packets. The proposed design-process has shown to be suitable for uncovering bottlenecks and helping with debugging the individual stages of the protocol.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Analyse der Dauerfestigkeit von Schweißverbindungen nach erfolgter Reparatur des vorhandenen Ermüdungsrisses. In den aktuellen Regelwerken (wie Eurocode bzw. International Institute of Welding) liegen bis heute keine normativen Bemessungskonzepte für sanierte Schweißverbindungen vor. Diesbezüglich werden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit die herkömmlichen Ermüdungsfestigkeitsnachweise (nach Nenn-, Struktur- und Kerbspannungskonzept) um die ermittelten FAT-Klassen für sanierte bzw. nachbehandelte Schweißverbindungen ergänzt.
Die Analyse betrachtet ein typisches kleinmaßstäbliches Bauteilelement des Stahlbaus, d.h. das Konstruktionsdetail der Quersteife. Dabei handelt es sich um nicht „belastungstragende“ Kehlnähte, die eine bevorzugte Ausgangsstelle für Ermüdungsrisse an Nahtübergängen darstellen und daher stark ermüdungsfestigkeitsmindernd wirken.
Die experimentellen Ermüdungsuntersuchungen in Form von klassischen Wöhlerversuchen verfügen über drei Gruppen von Versuchsprüfkörpern. Die Gruppe I bezieht sich auf fehlerfreie Schweißnähte, d.h. im Schweißzustand belassene Prüfkörper. Die Gruppe II betrifft die fehlerhaften Schweißnähte, die durch Ausschleifen der potenziellen Risse und Wiederschweißen saniert wurden. Bei der Gruppe III werden die Prüfkörper zusätzlich durch eine Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsmethode, d.h. mit höherfrequentem Hämmern bearbeitet. Neben den klassischen Ermüdungsversuchen werden die Kerbwirkungen in ermüdungskritischen Stellen mit Hilfe der Finite-Elemente-Methode analysiert. Somit können die FAT-Klassen nach Nenn-, Struktur- und Kerbspannungskonzept für Reparaturschweißungen ermittelt werden. Um die relevante Vergleichbarkeit der entsprechenden Schweißnahtzustände bzw. Effektivität solcher Reparaturmaßnahmen sicherzustellen wird zusätzlich eine ganze Serie von sog. Begleituntersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei handelt es sich um Temperatur-, Verzugs- und Härtemessungen, röntgenografische Eigenspannungsbestimmungen sowie metallographische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Schmelzbadgeometrie bzw. des Nahtprofils. Vor allem wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Fokus auf die Eigenspannungsanalyse gelegt, um die tatsächliche Eigenspannungsverteilung in den entsprechenden Reparaturzuständen zu ermitteln und somit eine Basis für verbesserte Bemessungsmodelle von sanierten und nachbehandelten Schweißnähten zu erarbeiten. Bei den Gruppen I und II der Versuchsprüfkörper betrifft die Eigenspannungsanalyse ebenso die Schweißsimulation.
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit sind Steuerungsprobleme sowohl mit endlichem, als auch mit unendlichem Zeithorizont. Auf beide Probleme werden Transformationen des Zustandes, der Steuerung und der Zeit angewendet. Dadurch wird für Aufgaben mit unendlichem Zeithorizont die Klasse der Dynamiken erweitert, für welche notwendige Bedingungen existieren. Bemerkenswert ist, dass diese stets eine explizite Transversalitätsbedingung enthalten.
An einem Beispiel wird demonstriert, warum die Verwendung des Riemannschen Integralbegriffes und der Regel der partiellen Integration im Riemannschen Sinne ungeeignet erscheint, wenn man Steuerungsprobleme mit unendlichem Zeithorizont oder Singularitäten im Zielfunktional betrachtet. Stattdessen wird diese Regel für Lebesgue-Integrale formuliert. Hierbei ergeben sich in natürlicher Weise als Voraussetzung an die eingehenden Funktionen, dass sie gewichteten Sobolevräumen angehören. Das erklärt, warum die theoretische Grundlage der Arbeit ein Existenzsatz und notwendige Bedingungen in Form eines Pontrjaginschen Maximumprinzips für Steuerungsprobleme mit unendlichem Zeithorizont bilden: Beide Sätze wurden unter Verwendung von Hilbertraum-Techniken bewiesen und nutzen, dass die zugrunde gelegten Funktionenräume Hilberträume sind. Als Hilfsmittel werden neben der Substitutionsregel für Lebesgue-Integrale, dem Gronwall-Lemma und der Hölderschen Ungleichung lediglich Grundlagen der gewöhnlichen Differentialrechnung benötigt, um mittels des Beweises der Äquivalenz zweier Aufgabenklassen neue Resultate zu erzielen. So ist es gelungen, neue notwendige Bedingungen und einen neuen Existenzsatz für ein Steuerungsproblem mit fester Zeit zu formulieren. Die besondere Erkenntnis ist, dass es bei erfüllten Voraussetzungen keine Rolle spielt, ob das betrachtete Problem Singularitäten im Zielfunktional, in der Dynamik oder auch in den Zustandsfunktionen hat oder nicht. Als geeigneter Funktionenraum für Steuerungsprobleme mit Singularitäten ergibt sich wiederum ein gewichteter Sobolevraum, der stets aus den Daten einer Aufgabe passend bestimmt werden kann. Anhand dieses Raumes lässt sich explizit nachprüfen, welche analytischen Eigenschaften für die Lösung zu erwarten sind.
Die Konstruktionsplanung von neuen Transitrouten oder Energieleitungen auf einem topografischen Gelände wird von Ingenieuren in der Regel manuell vorgenommen, ohne dass eine Optimalität garantiert werden kann. Wir stellen einen neuen Ansatz zur Berechnung von Trajektorien für die Entwicklung neuer optimaler Transitrouten und Energieleitungen zwischen zwei Standorten auf einer Untermannigfaltigkeit U von IR³ vor. Diese Untermannigfaltigkeit repräsentiert die Topographie eines Geländes. U wird näherungsweise durch ein spezielles gewichtetes Gitternetz modelliert. Auf diesem Gitternetz werden die kürzesten Wege für den Bau neuer Routen bestimmt, wobei wir drei Optimierungskriterien betrachten werden: Routen mit minimaler Länge, Routen mit geringsten Baukosten und Routen mit minimalen absoluten Höhenvariationen oder minimalen absoluten Steigungen. Anschließend wird eine Kombination dieser Kriterien gebildet, um dieses Problem zu einem multikriteriellen Optimierungsproblem zu erweitern. Ein Algorithmus für den kürzesten Weg, wie der Dijkstra-Algorithmus, wird verwendet, um optimale Kompromisse für die Konstruktion neuer Routen zu berechnen.
One of the standard approaches for solving time-dependent discrete optimization problems, such as the travelling salesman problem with time-windows or the shortest path problem with time-windows is to derive a so-called time-indexed formulation. If the problem has an underlying structure that can be described by a graph, the time-indexed formulation is usually based on a different, extended graph, commonly referred to as the time-expanded graph. The time-expanded graph can often be derived in such a way that all time constraints are incorporated in its topology, and therefore algorithms for the corresponding time-independent variant become applicable. The downside of this approach is, that the sets of vertices and arcs of the time-expanded graph are much larger than the ones of the original graph. In recent works, however, it has been shown that for many practical applications a partial graph expansion, that might contain time infeasible paths, often suffices to find a proven optimal solution. These approaches, instead, iteratively refine the original graph and solve a relaxation of the time-expanded formulation in each iteration. When the solution of the current relaxation is time feasible an optimal solution can be derived from it and the algorithm terminates. In this work we present new ideas, that allow for the propagation of information about the optimal solution of a coarser graph to a more refined graph and show how these can be used in algorithms, which are based on graph refinement. More precisely we present a new algorithm for solving Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulations of time-dependent problems that allows for the graph refinement to be carried out during the exploration of the branch-and-bound tree instead of restarting whenever the optimal solution was found to be infeasible. For demonstrating the practical relevance of this algorithm we present numerical results on its application to the shortest path problem with time-windows and the traveling salesman problem with time-windows.
Aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen wurden 15 Thesen herausgearbeitet, die potenzielle Impulse darstellen, um den sozialen Zusammenhalt anzuregen beziehungsweise zu stärken. Der soziale Zusammenhalt kann beispielsweise gestärkt werden, indem Cittaslow das Bewusstsein dafür schafft, das Thema immer wieder im politischen Alltag thematisiert wird und eine Grundhaltung bei allen beteiligten Akteur:innen dafür erzeugt wird. Zudem vermittelt Cittaslow gemeinsame Werte wie Integration, Identifikation und Entschleunigung, die den sozialen Zusammenhalt anregen können. Darüber hinaus kann Cittaslow mithilfe der grundlegenden Struktur den sozialen Zusammenhalt anregen: durch den Austausch im Netzwerk und der Präsenz von sozialem Zusammenhalt im Kriterienkatalog sowie in der Positionierung von Cittaslow und durch Aktionen in der Stadt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass Cittaslow als Impulsgeber:in agieren und sozialen Zusammenhalt anregen kann. Notwendig dafür ist jedoch ein starkes Engagement der Stadt sowie der jeweiligen Akteur:innen, insbesondere der Bürgermeister:innen.
Climate change, CO2 reduction, resource efficiency are only 3 current keywords that describe the current industrial-economic situation. In order to influence climate change effectively, the conversion of supply systems with technically usable forms of energy must succeed in the next decade. The international network founded in Baku in 2015 bundles research activities in the broad field of energy supply and energy efficiency. Discuss current research approaches and results with scientists and experts from renowned universities and follow Azerbaijan's efforts to implement the energy revolution.
We study convexities designed to characterise some of the most fundamental classes of graphs. To this end, we present some known results on this topic in a slightly different form, so as to give a homogeneous representation of a very disparate field. Furthermore, we present some new results on the Caratheodory number of interval graphs and also give a more or less exhaustive account of everything that is known in this context on AT-free graphs, including new results on characterising linear vertex orders and the structure of the intervals of this class.
We introduce the new class of bilateral AT-free graphs which is motivated by the linear order characterisation and the convexity used to describe AT-free graphs. We discuss their relation to other known classes and consider the complexity of recognition. Furthermore, as a consequence of notions from abstract convexity we present algorithmic results with regards to some natural subclasses of these.
As an application of notion of an extreme vertex of a convex geometry, we discuss structural aspects of avoidable vertices in graphs, which form a generalisation of simplicial vertices. This includes a characterisation of avoidable vertices as simplicial vertices in some minimal triangulation of the graph and a new proof of the existence result. Furthermore, we discuss the algorithmic issues regarding the problem of efficient computation of avoidable vertices in a given graph. This is complemented by an algorithmic application of the concept of avoidable vertices to the maximum weight clique problem, by identifying a rather general class of graphs in which every avoidable vertex is bisimplicial. This leads to a polynomial-time algorithm for the maximum weight clique problem in this class of graphs. Implications of this approach for digraphs are also discussed. All of these results lead to a conjecture concerning the generalisation of avoidable vertices to avoidable paths and we prove this conjecture for paths of length less or equal to two.
Finally, we analyse the properties of many different and widely used forms of graph search. Here, we discuss the problem of recognising whether a given vertex can be the last vertex visited by some fixed graph search. Moreover, we present some new aspects of the problem of deciding whether a given spanning tree of a graph is a graph search tree of a particular type of search. We generalise the concept of such trees to many well-known searches and give a broad analysis of the computational complexity of this problem. Both of these discussions are motivated by the use of graph searches in the context of computing properties of convexity.
Die Arbeit analysiert die „Spaziergangswissenschaft“ Lucius Burckhardts und entwickelt eigene, niedrigschwellige Spazierkonzepte für die Anwendung in der Lehre. Der Ansatz Burckhardts wird vorgestellt und um die Rezeption von Bertram Weisshaar ergänzt. Weiterhin wird die Methode des „Walkshops“, einer mehrtägigen Gruppenwanderung zur Erarbeitung eines vorher festgelegten Themengebiets, vorgestellt sowie die wesentlichen didaktisch-methodischen Eckpunkte bei der Durchführung eines Spaziergangs oder Walkshops im Rahmen der Lehre herausgearbeitet. Es wurden "simple:walks", einfache Spazierübungen mit unterschiedlichen Zielstellungen, entwickelt. Eine der Übungen wurde mit Testpersonen erprobt. Die Ergebnisse werden dargestellt und ausgewertet.
The increasing demand for competitive, whilst also environment-friendly airplane travel, compels the design of highly efficient engines in the aeronautical field. A potential for improvement of traditional polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys, aiming higher creep resistance, was investigated. The approach adopted the concept of metal matrix composites (MMCs) to incorporate a rigid discontinuous phase, in the form of particles, to a γ’-strengthened Ni-based superalloy. In order to make the concept feasible, different microstructures resulting from diverse manufacturing techniques were investigated. By using distinct mixing and sintering methods, powders of Inconel X-750 and TiC were combined to form composites containing 15 vol.% of reinforcing particles. Powders were prepared with low and high energy milling processes, and formed by uniaxial pressure sintering and spark plasma sintering methods. Non-reinforced variants and composites had microstructures thoroughly examined at their initial state and after long isothermal aging treatments. Selected variants were further submitted to tensile and compression creep tests at temperatures between 700 and 800 °C, in the stress range of 200 to 500 MPa.
A comprehensive analysis was conducted using techniques such as EBSD, XRD Rietveld refinement, EDS and TEM to evaluate the development of γ’, η and TiC phases, determining the achievable microstructures with each fabrication method and establishing their evolution after aging treatments over times up to 1000 h. Likewise, creep properties were analyzed by obtaining parameters such as creep exponents, threshold stresses and activation energies. A creep life estimation was conducted with the use of a Monkman-Grant relationship and a Larson-Miller parametrization. Lastly, the potential for a reduction in creep strain rates in a working turbine blade, considering the density of investigated materials as a parameter, was evaluated.
All produced composites presented power law creep, with dislocations surpassing γ’ particles by climb. The variant produced by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering exhibited the highest creep rates, resulting from intense diffusion through grain boundaries. It also presented η phase after long isothermal aging, which affects negatively the creep resistance. Contrastingly, in the variant produced by low mixing combined with pressure sintering the lowest creep rates were observed. It was proposed that reinforcing TiC particles effectively acted as a load bearing phase, counterbalancing the adverse effects of the intergranular diffusion in the refined microstructure. Furthermore, a higher microstructural stability was observed in this variant, resulting from limited interaction between TiC particles and the matrix during fabrication.
Viele Gemeinden in der Region Lausitz sind herausgefordert, einen Umgang mit völkisch- autoritären Akteuren und ihren Strategien zu finden. In der Stadt Cottbus mobilisiert seit dem Spätsommer 2017 ein Zusammenschluss aus extrem rechten und völkisch-autoritären Gruppierungen auf Demonstrationen und Kampagnen. Ähnlich wie andere Kommunen auch, greifen Verantwortliche in Cottbus in dieser Situation zu Beginn des Jahres 2018 auf das Format »Bürgerdialog« zurück, entsprechende Veranstaltungen finden in sechs Stadtteilen statt. Wir stellen die Ergebnisse unserer Forschung zu den Bürgerdialogen vor. Unter Anwendung der Grounded Theory wurden drei Veranstaltungen vertiefend analysiert und Kategorien gebildet. Im Vordergrund steht die Frage, wie die Diskurse auf den Veranstaltungen in Cottbus verlaufen, welche Themen auf welche Weisen angesprochen werden und welcher kommunikative Umgang damit gewählt wird. Zudem interessieren uns Gelingensfaktoren im Sinne des Ermöglichens eines demokratischen Dialoges: Wie können unter den spezifischen Bedingungen – Teilnehmende, die bewußt und z.T. strategisch die Regeln des Sagbaren brechen, diskriminieren und z.T. nicht am Austausch von sachbezogenen Argumenten interessiert sind – diese Veranstaltungen vorbereitet und durchgeführt werden, um einen Verlauf im Sinne demokratischer Standards zu gewährleisten. Diese (anwendungsbezogene) Fragestellung ist bislang kaum Gegenstand empirischer Forschung.
Die neue Pflegeausbildung gestalten : eine Handreichung für
Praxisanleiterinnen und Praxisanleiter
(2020)
Mit Beginn des Jahres 2020 gibt es eine neue Pflegeausbildung mit dem Abschluss Pflegefachfrau bzw. Pflegefachmann, die die bisherigen Ausbildungen in der Altenpflege, Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege und Gesundheits- und Kinderkrankenpflege zusammenführt.
Diese neue Ausbildung mit ihren neuen Rahmenlehrplänen und Rahmenausbildungsplänen stellt Lehrende an den verschiedenen Lernorten vor große Herausforderungen. Die von den Bundesländern Berlin und Brandenburg geförderten Projekte CurAP (EHB/Berlin) und Neksa (BTU/Brandenburg) unterstützen Schulen und Einrichtungen bei der curricularen Gestaltung.
Die innerhalb dieser Projekte entstandene Handreichung richtet sich an Lehrende in der Praxis, die Auszubildende während der Praxisphasen in dem neuen Beruf anleiten.
Die Handreichung zeigt auf, wie es gelingen kann, als Ausbildungsträger attraktiv zu sein, stellt grundlegende Forschungsergebnisse zum Lernen in der Pflegepraxis vor, beschreibt, in welcher Beziehung der Rahmenausbildungsplan, der betriebliche Ausbildungsplan und die individuelle Anleitung stehen, und führt aus, wie eine kompetenzorientierte Einschätzung von Leistungen in der Pflegepraxis erfolgen kann.
Neben Informationen und gedanklichen Anregungen bietet die Handreichung viele konkrete Beispiele für die konkrete Umsetzung in der Anleitungspraxis.
The master thesis at hand examines the potential of district heating in Lusatia. The thesis follows the approach of first identifying technical and economic potentials in general and then transferring them to the study region. For the quantitative determination of district heating potential in Lusatia, the status quo is determined and a GIS-based analysis is carried out with regard to minimum heat demand densities. The extent to which district heating is suitable for climate-neutral heat supply will be investigated using the potential of renewable and waste heat energy sources. Furthermore, the regional economic effects of developing these potentials are examined. The results show that despite an overall decline in heat demand, there is potential to increase the relative share of district heating in Lusatia. In terms of climate neutrality, district heating in Lusatia offers special opportunities. Solar thermal energy and Power-to-Heat are of particular importance due to the rural character of Lusatia and its status as an energy region. From a regional economic perspective, climate-neutral district heating has a positive effect on value added and employment.
In der europäischen Baukultur stehen Schlösser, Burgen und Country Houses für politische und soziale Macht. Die Gestaltung sowie Funktion dieser Bauten und deren Umgestaltung lassen Schlüsse über die jeweiligen Bauherren und Architekten zu, so dass spezifische und allgemeine Ansprüche der Gesellschaft für die jeweiligen Zeitschichten verdeutlicht werden. Heute ist das Sichern des Fortbestehens dieser meist denkmalgeschützten Bauten in Zeiten von staatlichen Mittelkürzungen und des Klimawandels schwierig. Für diese Ausgangssituation ist ein autarkes Denkmal, das sein Bestehen aus sich selbst heraus sichert, ohne seiner Substanz zu schaden, der wertvollste Lösungsansatz. Ein solches Beispiel wird in der Dissertation in seiner Gesamtheit analysiert. Anhand der Auswertung verschiedener Quellen wird betrachtet, in welchen Schritten die Eigenständigkeit von Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire, entstand. Die Basis für die Analyse beschreibt der Denkmalwert des Country House, der sich aus einer baugeschichtlichen Untersuchung und architekturhistorischen Einordnung ergibt. Den historischen Wert erhält das von Historic England als Grade I eingestufte Baudenkmal aus den mannigfaltigen Zeugnissen der Familien Cocks, Somers und Somers-Cocks, die diesen Bau über mehrere Jahrhunderte prägen. Darüber hinaus stellt Eastnor Castle ein frühes Werk des Architekten Robert Smirke dar, der im Verlauf seiner Karriere viele architektonisch einflussreiche Bauten entwirft. Ferner besitzt Eastnor Castle einen künstlerischen Wert, da es als kompletter Neubau der Regency Ära durchgängig im Norman Style entworfen und aus Bauten wie Lowther Castle, Cumbria, und Warwick Castle, Warwickshire, entwickelt wird. Ähnliche Country Houses als reine Ausprägung dieser Baustilrichtung existieren nur wenige wie beispielsweise Penrhyn Castle, Gwynedd. Eastnor Castle besitzt ferner Raum- und Mobiliargestaltungen im Norman Style sowie das sehr gut erhaltene Interieur des Gothic Drawing Room, welches A.W.N. Pugin am Ende seiner Architekturkarriere entwirft. Diese Raumgestaltung ist eines seiner am besten erhaltenen Interieurs, das gestalterisch für die internationale Architekturbewegung des Puginism steht. Darüber hinaus besitzt Eastnor Castle eine technikgeschichtliche Bedeutung, da Robert Smirke einerseits neue Baumaterialen wie Eisenträger verwendet und es andererseits in einem neuen Bauablauf errichtet. Außerdem prägen Eastnor Castle und sein Vorgängerbau Castle Ditch die Region der Malvern Hills nachhaltig. In einem zweiten Schritt untersucht die Arbeit die heutige Nutzung des Denkmals und wertet sie aus. Eine wichtige Rolle hierbei spielt das bestehende Funktionsdreieck aus Wohnhaus, Denkmal und Event-Stätte. Das Ausbalancieren dieses Dreiecks hat oberste Priorität und bildet die Grundlage für das autarke Fortbestehen des Denkmals. Einzelne Erkenntnisse dieser Untersuchung können schließlich als Resultate der Arbeit verallgemeinert und übertragen werden.
Zur Einhaltung der Dekarbonisierungsziele und Bewältigung der Herausforderungen bei der ganzheitlichen Transformation des Energiesystems im Kontext der politisch geforderten Energiewende, ist zunehmend der Begriff Sektorenkopplung zu verzeichnen. Eine wesentliche Rolle nimmt dabei die auf den Begriff Power-to-X (P2X) zusammengefasste Elektrifizierung der Sektoren Gas, Wärme, Kälte und Mobilität ein. P2X-Energiewandler und die damit einhergehende Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energien (EE), z.B. aus Photovoltaik (PV) und Wind, sind aufgrund der volatilen Stromerzeugung der EE-Anlagen als dargebotsabhängige Energiewandlung zu verstehen. Aus diesem Grund werden P2X-Energiewandler mit sektoralen Energiespeichern und flexiblen bedarfsgerechten Energiewandlern hin zu sektorenübergreifenden Energiespeichern aggregiert. Diese sind nicht nur in der Lage den Herausforderungen eines zunehmend aus EE bestehenden Energieversorgungssystems (EVS) entgegenzuwirken, sondern einen Beitrag zur sektorenübergreifenden Energiebedarfsdeckung und Dekarbonisierung zu leisten.
In diesem Zusammenhang ist in den vergangenen Jahren auf dem Campus der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU) eine Forschungs- und Demonstrationsanlage entstanden, welche sektorale und sektorenübergreifende Energiespeicher topologisch lokal aggregiert und hinsichtlich der Netzbetriebsführung verknüpft. Dieser dezentrale Anlagenverbund bietet eine herausragende Möglichkeit, einen sektorenübergreifenden Betrieb der dezentralen EVS auf lokaler Ebene zu untersuchen.
Als Forschungsgegenstand und Teilsystem der Forschungs- und Demonstrationsanlage gilt im Folgenden der sektorenübergreifende Energiespeicher bestehend aus den Technologien der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, Power-to-Heat und einem thermischen Energiespeicher. Dieser Anlagenverbund wird innerhalb der Systemgrenzen eines Microgrid unter größtmöglicher Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien am Beispiel der PV untersucht. Ein Simulationsmodell erweitert diesen Forschungsgegenstand und zielt auf modellgestützte Untersuchungen zur Planung und zum Betrieb des sektorenübergreifenden Energiespeichers, insbesondere zur stromnetzdienlichen Systemintegration. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen werden im Folgenden dargestellt und gelten als Beitrag zur Systemintegration von sektorenübergreifenden Energiespeichern in die lokale dezentrale Energieversorgung.
The powder metallurgically produced beta titanium alloys (traditional PM beta Ti-alloys) have long been plagued by high impurities contamination. For binder-based powder technologies, they originate from the sintering atmosphere, the debinding processes and the starting powders. In general, a normal carbon residual of binder-based powder technologies is capable of incurring the formation of aligned TiCx particles along beta grain boundaries (GB-TiCx) in most classes of beta Ti-alloys. Whereas, oxygen atoms are likely to deteriorate the ductility of PM Ti alloys by promoting the formation of diverse brittle phases and/or altering the deformation modes. Such materials exhibiting rather low toughness to strain ratios are not an option for critical structural applications, where catastrophic damage is completely unacceptable.
In this study, biotolerant metastable beta Ti-20Nb-10Zr alloys, containing a certain amount of carbon, oxygen residuals originated from materials processing and consequently 0.5 vol.% in situ synthesized TiCx particles, were fabricated via metal-injection-molding (MIM). With varying yttrium (Y) addition, the effects of Y-induced oxygen scavenging, beta-grain refinement and porosity increment on tensile properties were systematically investigated. To scavenge oxygen from the beta Ti-matrix, the Y elemental powder with a maximum particle size of 15 µm (e.g. <12 µm or 1200 mesh) is more appropriate than the commonly used <45 µm (i.e. 325 mesh) sized powder or larger ones and without significant detrimental effect on the as-sintered density of beta Ti-alloys.
A novel toughening strategy was proposed by regulating TiCx precipitation evolution and resultantly adjusting particles distribution pattern. Synchrotron radiation identified that two separate TiCx precipitation-type reactions occurred at the beta phase region and the alpha/beta region. In a narrow temperature range between these two precipitation reactions, dissolution of carbides was observed just below alpha/beta transus. Y addition can postpone TiCx precipitation. On the basis of those mechanisms, adjusting TiCx particle distribution was proposed for the first time, specifically a combination of yttrium addition (Y) and carbide spheroidization reprecipitation annealing (CSRA). As a result, aligned GB-TiCx particles were adjusted to dispersed intragranular TiCx particles. An apparent toughening effect (≈ 113% increment reaching elongation = 8.3%) was achieved after TiCx redistribution, while non-optimally aligned TiCx pattern seriously limited tensile toughness of materials. Here, the mechanisms of TiCx redistribution behavior and its toughening are elucidated systematically.
Process-based hydrological models, which simulate nitrogen load from its sources to the receiving waterbody, play an important role in supporting catchment management. The reliability of those models, such as the representative model SWAT used in this study, is determined by a sound calibration and the analysis of the prediction uncertainty. The multi-objective calibration approach prevails the classic single-objective calibration on the spatial parameterization of specific processes. However, the requirement of additional observations and practical procedures limits its application. Moreover, the prediction uncertainty of nitrogen load is inevitable and should also be quantified. This study is a scientific contribution to catchment management by overcoming the challenge with a systematic, well-founded concept of multi-objective calibration and uncertainty analysis for nitrogen load simulation in data-scarce catchments. The concept is tested and proofed by its practical applicability on the Yuan River Catchment (YRC) in China and leads to a generalized, recommended procedure for catchment management application as valuable progress in this field.
The study proposed to apply three groups of objectives, multi-site, multi-objective-function, and multi-metric. The applicability and the advantages of two multi-objective calibration approaches, Euclidean Distance and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II were analyzed. To quantify the prediction uncertainty, the study proposed to use the simulations with the highest or the lowest percent bias to represent the uncertainty band of the nitrogen load from the critical source areas (CSAs) and to the stream. The data-scarcity of the YRC was overcome by metrics obtained from open-access satellite-based datasets and metrics extracted from the existing discharge observations. Results show that multi-objective calibration has ensured the model’s better performance in terms of the spatial parameterization, the magnitude of the output time-series and the water balance components, in comparison to single-objective calibration. The predicted CSAs showed that 50% of the total nitrogen (TN) loading to the stream was from 26.3% to 37.1% of the area in the YRC. Meanwhile, over 50% of those TN were from the paddy field. Recommendations for application go to the multi-objective calibration considering all three groups of objectives. Approaches to obtain multi-metric objectives in the YRC are also applicable for catchments with data-scarcity. Recommendations for nitrogen management in the YRC is to emphasize the CSAs identified, especially the paddy field.
Tehran Bazaar has been the most influential marketplace in Iran, over the last two hundred years, since Tehran became the capital of the country. The Bazaar has been a significant socio-political agent in Iranian society. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to its internal atmosphere, where the bazaaris, have tried to conserve their traditions and preserve their heritage. One of these heritages are “hey’ats”, religious formations for holding mourning sessions in Muharram month, as a ritual in Shi’a Islam. “Hey’ats” give the guilds a sense of collective identity, they represent them, and also build a shared heritage for them.
The Drapers’ Guild was the first guild in Tehran Bazaar, founding a hey’at. They founded this hey’at in 1883 and named it “the Drapers’ Hey’at”. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Drapers faced difficulties preserving their heritage. They were forced to displace the Mirza Mousa Mosque in the Bazaar. The Mosque was their center for holding religious sessions and was publicly known as “the Drapers’ Mosque”. Since they were attached to the Mosque, their displacement was perceived a loss of heritage. Later, they decided to build a new home, “the Drapers’ Hosseinieh”. They decided to implement the interior design of their lost Mosque in the new place. This strategy enabled them overcome “the traumatic experience of displacement and heritage loss.” Also, to safeguard their new place, they legally registered their hey’at as an institution, and they wrote a constitution for it. The attempts for modernization, led them to develop beneficiary activities, as well. In this research, a qualitative approach is applied, benefiting from multiple methodologies, including; ethnography, secondary sources, and visual methods. The researcher has attempted to outline the story of the Drapers in preserving their heritage. This study hopefully would be useful for similar traditional organizations, showing how continuity and heritage preservation are possible to achieve for communities having experienced a troubled past.
Architectural conservation is conventionally associated with preservation of buildings or ensembles that were seats of religious or secular power marking great architectural, political, or scientific accomplishments.
Dark and difficult heritage concerns events of disasters, extermination, and war. But what happens to stories and their places that do not fit into any of these categories? They are neither grand or beautiful, nor explicitly traumatic but nonetheless they embed cultural values and norms, or perhaps even the opposite of them: the bordellos and the marginalised groups of society that are usually disregarded in heritage discourses.
The question of sex work in contemporary culture holds an important place, as it is connected to social and economic rights of women. Historic sex work, and the places associated with it, imbed in this sense a contention value, because still today it provokes debate among different interest groups.
This research work presents the first in-depth study into the location of Florentine bordellos and sex workers between 1860 and 1888. It was a central moment in the history of these women and their trade because a new regulation on sex work was introduced by the recently unified Italian state which spatially controlled the sex trade. Each bordello and the sex workers came under intense scrutiny of the law. What was a dramatic development in the life of these women at the time, has allowed for extensive historical analysis.
The research draws primarily from over 5,000 archived police files and examines the location of sex trade in relation to the legal framework provided by the regulation known as the Regolamento Cavour. It was to ensure that sex workers would not pass on any venereal disease, while, at the same time, strived to maintain moral order in a continuously growing city, faced with urban development. In addition, the historic spatial development of bordellos within the perimeter of the ancient city walls was studied as well as the economic and political factors which influenced the position of a bordello within the urban fabric. For that purpose, the study incorporated information from historic city and street directories as well as cadastre maps. These different layers of information are conveyed in numerous maps to visualise the spatial context of and relation between sex work and spaces.
This thesis focuses on the investigation and characterization of the surfaces and interfaces of chalcopyrite-based Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin film solar cells using various x-ray and electron spectroscopies. In particular, the impact of alkali post deposition treatments (PDT) on the chemical and electronic surface and interface structure of CdS/CIGSe absorbers is studied.
The structure of “real world” CdS/CIGSe interfaces and how they are impacted by different alkali PDTs was investigated by a combination of different x-ray spectroscopies. The interface formation is characterized by studying sample sets with different CdS thicknesses. The chemical environment for indium and cadmium is revealed by deriving the modified Auger parameter α'(In) and α'(Cd) using the kinetic energy of most prominent Auger line together with the binding energy of the chosen core level. A more complex situation is found for CdS/CIGSe samples that underwent NaF+KF PDT, where a K-In-Se compound is initially present on top of the chalcopyrite absorber. The conversion of the K-In-Se type species into a Cd-In-(O,OH,S,Se) interface compound is recorded at short CBD-CdS deposition times. It appears the majority of K that is present at the surface of the NaF+KF PDT CIGSe absorber is dissolved in the CBD and partially re-deposited as K-O type species. The Cd/S ratio clearly deviates from the stoichiometry expected for CdS, and a Cd(O,OH,S)-like compound is likely formed. The electronic structure of CdS/CIGSe interface is similarly more complex for the NaF+KF PDT compared to the NaF PDT case, where only Cd(O,OH,S) buffer was formed.
In an attempt to shed more light into this complex situation, the impact of evaporated alkali metals (K, Rb, Cs) on the surface structure of CIGSe was studied in-system by synchrotron-based hard x- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES), aiming at understanding the underlying mechanism of the interfacial effect of alkalis on the performance of CIGSe devices. In the case of K deposition, two K species are observed by x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and HAXPES, one of which species disappears at high annealing temperature. Furthermore, three new In contributions (In-O and K-In-Se, metallic In species) can be observed after K evaporation. The evolution of chemical contribution supports the formation of a K-In-Se and Cu-poor CIGSe (1:3:5) bilayer structure that is similar to what was reported for “real world” NaF+KF PDTs. Deposition of heavy alkali metals (Rb, Cs) induced the formation of alkali selenide phases after alkali evaporation and during low temperature annealing. Similar chemical changes as seen for the K composition (i.e. presence of metallic In, In-O, and alkali-O) are observed. However, detailed analysis of the Alk/Se ratio and composition provide direct evidence for the formation of a Alk-(In)-Se and (Cu,Alk)(In, Ga)Se2 bilayer.
The insights from these studies promise to provide crucial aid to fully exploit alkali pre-treatments in scientific and industrial CIGSe production, and will deliberate use of this means of surface/interface tailoring to push efficiencies even further.
The requirement for wireless communication with a speed beyond 100 Gbps is growing. There are mainly two possible approaches to achieve 100 Gbps system. One approach is to target lower transmission bandwidth and very high spectral efficiency. This method requires advanced digital signal processing operations, which are power-hungry. Another possible path is to go for a high-transmission bandwidth and a moderate spectral efficiency. We decided for this direction to implement a 100 Gbps system. We have chosen parallel sequence spread spectrum (PSSS) as an analog-friendly mixed-signal modulation where most of the baseband processing is in the analog domain, and only a small part is in the digital domain. For the channel equalization, we consider an “effective channel” that takes into account the wireless channel and the effects of the transmitter and receiver hardware impairments. The influence of the nonlinear channel response was analyzed for a PSSS modulated signal by employing the RAPP model for the power amplifier. For the first time, we performed a Hardware-In-The-loop experiment using PSSS modulation in the terahertz band. A PSSS modulated signal at a chip rate of 20 Gcps with spectral efficiency of 4 bit/s/Hz is transmitted using a 230 GHz RF-frontend operating in the linear range to achieve a data rate of 80 Gbps. One more important property is that the channel estimation and equalization are performed in the analog domain. A high-speed channel equalization algorithm was developed and implemented on FPGA/ASIC, which operates at(1/10)th of PSSS symbol rate. A parallel PSSS encoder transmitter architecture was designed to work at a high chip rate, and it was implemented on FPGA /ASIC and had an energy efficiency of 0.21 pJ bit−1 on 28nm ASIC.
In this Thesis, we put forward a case for the analog-friendly modulation scheme called PSSS. This scheme does not only modulates the signal but rather builds up an eco-system (such as channel estimation, equalization, and synchronization), which is responsible for the baseband operation.
Im Zuge der voranschreitenden drahtlosen Vernetzung von Systemen wie auch von Systemkomponenten im Bereich der Consumer-Elektronik als auch der Industrie wird die Leistungsversorgung von beweglichen Komponenten immer wichtiger. Die meisten dieser Komponenten sind batteriebetrieben und mit ihrer steigenden Anzahl erhöht sich auch die Nachfrage nach Konzepten für ihre kontaktlose Versorgung mit Energie. Dabei hat sich vor allem die induktive Leistungsübertragung (engl. inductive power transfer (IPT)) als leistungsstarke und weitverbreitete Technologie etabliert. Durch die magnetische Kopplung zweier in geringem Abstand angeordneter Spulen wird kontaktlos, aber höchst effizient Leistung übertragen.
Zusätzlich zur Leistung sollen aber auch Informationen bzw. Steuerungsbefehle zwischen der stationären Ladestation und den mobilen Verbrauchern ausgetauscht werden. Lässt sich über die magnetisch gekoppelten Spulen bereits eine Wechselstromleistung in Form von HF-Signalen übertragen, muss dies auch für modulierte HF-Signale zur Informationsübertragung möglich sein. Diese Arbeit stellt ein Konzept vor, das ein Leistungsübertragungssystem mit induktiv gekoppeltem Spulenpaar um ein Kommunikationsmodul zur bidirektionalen, robusten Übertragung von digitalen Informationen erweitert.
Zunächst werden in dieser Arbeit die Rahmenbedingungen der IPT und die Anforderungen an die Nachrichtenübertragung für ein kombiniertes Daten- und Leistungsübertragungssystem vorgestellt. Hierzu wird unter Nutzung ein und derselben Koppelspulen ein durch Frequenzmultiplexverfahren vom Leistungskanal getrennter Übertragungskanal realisiert. Über diesen Kanal lässt sich die induktive Datenübertragung realisieren. Ein weiterer Teil der Untersuchungen stellt dar, wie einzelne Nachrichtenpakete optimal an die Kanalverhältnisse angepasst und damit unter verbesserten Bedingungen übertragen werden können. Dabei kommen moderne Modulationsverfahren zum Einsatz, deren Grundlagen ebenfalls in dieser Arbeit erläutert werden. Ab- schließend wird die Technologie mit Hilfe eines Prototypen demonstriert und daran messtechnisch die Performanz des Systems belegt. Abgerundet wird die Arbeit mit einer Diskussion der Messergebnisse und einem Vergleich mit dem aktuellen Stand der Technik. Hierdurch kann die Frage beantwortet werden, ob die Technologie unter industriellen Betriebsbedingungen einsetzbar ist.
Learning from the past, designing for the future : sustainability of the Mediterranean vernacular
(2020)
With climate change and the depleting ozone layer, awareness about protecting the environment is increasing and “Sustainable Architecture” is becoming an essential part of the architectural future of cities. However, sustainable buildings of today are being built with high cost, high tech systems which can be reduced by taking advantage of past technologies and systems. The brilliance of vernacular architecture and the way man adapted to his surroundings fascinated me and inspired me to do further research on the sustainable characteristics of vernacular settlements of the Mediterranean area in order to determine if these characteristics can be applied to present and future architecture in an innovative way to create sustainable buildings with least possible energy consumption.
The method of research was based upon a general analysis of the passive design (solar and wind) characteristics of a town or settlement in Mediterranean climate starting from its site elements such as topography, vegetation, water. After that its urban structure, such as the geometry, block and street orientation and dimensions. Following that, the dwelling characteristics like dwelling shape, orientation and dimensions and finally the thermal regulating elements found in these dwellings, such as windows and vegetation. These elements were given a score according to their contribution to energy savings in buildings. Four case studies were chosen: two vernacular case studies from the region of study (the Mediterranean Coasts) and two modern case studies inspired by the Mediterranean vernacular. The analysis was repeated in the same sequence mentioned: Site, Settlement, Dwelling, Element, for the actual performance of each case study. The elements were given a number of points out of the score assigned for each element in the general analysis.
A total score and rating for each case study resulted from this analysis. The objective of these scores were to compare the performance of the vernacular case studies to the vernacular inspired case studies in terms of energy savings. The final scores displayed comparable results between both types of case studies meaning that when these modern settlements were designed with an influence from the Mediterranean vernacular, their performance in energy savings was close to that of a vernacular settlement. That means that it is possible to design settlements which are influenced by vernacular settlements and can even defeat them by following the general guidelines of the vernacular passive design characteristics in addition to modern tools and innovative methods. These guidelines can be reflected in a handbook and rating system which can become a simple step by step guide for architects and planners to design sustainable settlements without the need for expensive and complicated rating systems and consultants.
The Digital Twin is seen as the step towards digitalization in many areas, including the area of manufacturing which is the focus of this paper. However, the frequently application-oriented development of concepts and initial implementations make it difficult to adapt them to other applications. Especially when production deviates from the usual highly automated processes and requires high flexibility, e.g. to allow batch size one. In such a case, the Digital Twin must support modular shopfloors with flexible areas in which different production times and various tools and machines are used. It should also be possible to react promptly to problems in production. Design errors that only become apparent during production must be reported directly. In order to deal with this problem, the paper presents a concept for an abstract representation of a Digital Shadow (DS). The DS combines the disciplines of production planning and control, product lifecycle and layout planning which creates new links and enables further application scenarios. Based on this Digital Shadow, different applications can be realized that provide user-related solutions. For this purpose, a tree structure is used that links information about the product and the production environment which in this case is variable.
Anthropogenic threat for the world’s environment and ecosystems and financial constraints necessitate a wise use of resources for the implementation of biodiversity conservation measures. A cost-effective planning and governance of biodiversity conservation has to be done to achieve maximal ecological outcomes with given financial resources. A better understanding of available modes of governance can help to improve the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation planning and implementation.
This thesis investigates the influence of governance mode choice on the cost-effectiveness for biodiversity conservation measure implementation in selected conceptual and empirical settings, and identifies ecological, economic and climatic factors of influence. Linking the cost-effectiveness analysis for biodiversity conservation measures to the make-or-buy decision enables a novel perspective on cost-effective biodiversity conservation. In this context, conservation agencies are assumed to have two main options to implement biodiversity conservation measures in principle: (1) the buy alternative in which land is purchased for the purpose of biodiversity conservation measure implementation, and (2) the compensation alternative where a conservation agency compensates landowner’s opportunity costs to incentivise voluntary conservation measure implementation by landowners.
Two conceptual ecological-economic models were developed to analyse the cost-effective governance mode choice and their sensitivity to changing ecological, economic and climatic parameters. Two empirical case studies were conducted to address the question of cost-effective governance mode choice for a conservation project in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) and a federal state wide comparison of conservation activities in California (USA).
It was found that the buy alternative is more cost-effective than the compensation alternative if conservation budgets and interest are high. In addition, not only the choice of governance mode is relevant with respect to cost-effectiveness, but also the mechanism to spatially select conservation sites chosen within a selected governance mode. Changing climate change speed – among other factors – influences the cost-effectiveness of governance modes and site selection strategies. The cost-effective governance mode choice also crucially depends on the intended timeframe of a conservation project. For shorter timeframes, compensating landowners is the cost-effective governance mode, however for longer durations the buy alternative becomes more cost-effective. This effect arises specifically due high one-off costs for buying land, which however amortize over time, compared to high recurring costs for compensating landowners. Based on these findings, the policy recommendations are provided which aim to improve the cost-effectiveness of governance modes available for biodiversity conservation.
Der Begriff des Maximumprinzips stellt eine spezielle Eigenschaft von Lösungen gewisser Differentialgleichungen dar. Dabei handelt es sich grundsätzlich um die Eigenschaft, dass das (globale) Maximum am Rand des Definitionsbereiches der Abbildung, welche das Maximumprinzip erfüllt, angenommen wird. Die größte Anwendung findet das Maximumprinzip dabei bei der Eindeutigkeit und Stabilität der Lösungen von Dirichlet-Problemen, welcher sich diese Arbeit widmet. Hierzu werden einige grundlegende Annahmen bezüglich zweidimensionaler Riemann’scher Mannigfaltigkeiten und deren Metrik genutzt, um daraus Abschätzungen für Jacobi-Felder zu gewinnen. Dabei werden die Jacobi-Felder in einen Tangential- und einen Normalanteil aufgespalten und insbesondere der Normalanteil sowohl von unten als auch von oben beschränkt, wodurch sich eine Beschränkung der Riemann’schen Metrik für beliebige zweidimensionale Vektoren ergibt. Diese Abschätzungen bilden den Grundstein für die Anwendung der direkten Variationsmethode von Hildebrandt, Kaul und Widman auf den Fall einer Kreissscheibe in einer Riemann’schen Mannigfaltigkeit. Dabei wird eine schwache Existenzaussage bzgl. des Minimierungsproblems des Energiefunktionals gezeigt, welche ohne weitere Regularitätsannahmen auskommt, und anschließend auf schwachharmonische Abbildungen mit vorgeschriebenen Randwerten ausgeweitet. Ein weiteres Resultat stellt die Eindeutigkeit und Stabilität von Lösungen des Dirichlet-Problems für harmonische Abbildungen in Form des Maximumprinzips von Jäger und Kaul dar, welches durch Abschätzungen von Jacobi-Feldern gewonnen wird. Als eine alternative Herangehensweise dazu wird in dieser Arbeit das Maximumprinzip der konvexen Hülle vorgestellt. Die wichtigsten Unterschiede bestehen darin, dass hierbei von einem stabilen Riemann’schen Gebiet ausgegangen wird und mittels dessen eine Familie von Geodätischen betrachtet wird, die in Form eines Zentralfeldes eine einfache Überdeckung der Kreisscheibe bilden. Des Weiteren wird mit dieser Methode die Eineindeutigkeit der Dirichlet-Lösung gewährleistet. Diese Aussage lässt sich in dem Sinne erweitern, dass die Lösung unter entsprechenden Bedingungen an die Metrik einen C^(2+α)-Diffeomorphismus über das gesamte Gebiet darstellt. Schließlich führen wir diese Methode am Beispiel der Poincaré’schen Halbebene vor.
Sub-Saharan African cultural landscapes are adversely impacted by various development pressures, which calls for a holistic and integrated approach in their management. Mining development has been ranked highly by UNESCO World Heritage Centre, as one of the most common factors threatening the conservation and management of World Heritage properties around the world. For instance, out of 141 World Heritage properties which submitted their state of conservation reports in 2015, 18% were affected by mining activities. Out of these, 84% of the properties that were threatened by mining development were either cultural landscapes, natural properties and or mixed properties. African World Heritage cultural landscapes are the ones highly affected and threatened by planned and on-going mining and exploration activities.
Therefore, research was carried out using the Mulanje Mountain Cultural Landscape of Malawi and Mapungubwe Cultural landscape of South Africa. Specifically, the study aimed at examining the existing cultural landscape management theories and concepts in order to understand the key elements to be integrated into the suggested strategic management planning methodological framework. It also aimed at evaluating the impact of mining development on the conservation and management of African cultural landscapes. The study also investigated the stakeholder’s views and perception about the impact of mining activities on cultural and natural heritage values of the landscapes.
To achieve the research objectives, the literature was reviewed, firstly to determine the dimensions of cultural landscapes, and secondly, to determine the dimensions of mining development in World Heritage cultural landscapes. The study used two case studies as an effective comparative research strategy in the investigation of the conflicting issues of mining development against the conservation of the attributes of the two cultural landscapes. A case study research strategy was combined with other research methodologies. These included interviews, focus-group-discussions, observations, field site surveys, qualitative content analysis, and thematic analysis.
The study has revealed that stakeholder participation and inclusion is a key element in the integration of mining development in cultural landscape planning. This research has contributed to the methodological gap in cultural landscape management planning by developing and applying an integrated strategic management planning methodological framework. The application of this framework has shown that the governance in place for Mulanje Mountain cultural landscape conformed to the requirements of a long-term and holistic planning process and the participation and empowerment of multiple stakeholders in that process.
„Besorgte Bürger*innen“ grenzen sich in ihrem Selbstverständnis davon ab, rechtsextreme Orientierungen aufzuweisen. Das Ziel der folgenden Analysen ist es, der Frage nach den tatsächlichen Motivlagen der „besorgten Bürger*innen“ genauer nachzugehen und die Rolle verfestigter rechtsextremer Weltbilder im Vergleich zu Protestmotiven zu beleuchten. Dazu werden empirische Befunde des Sachsen-Monitors 2018, der Mitte-Studien von 2016 und 2018 sowie Ergebnisse teilnehmender Beobachtungen von Pegida-Demonstrationen herangezogen. Die empirischen Analysen weisen aus, dass es sich bei den „besorgten Bürger*innen“ keineswegs um „normale Durchschnittsbürger*innen“ handelt – ihr Einstellungs-profil weicht deutlich von dem der übrigen Bevölkerung ab. Der Beitrag schließt mit Überlegungen, ob „Zuhören“ und „mit Rechten reden“ geeignete Mittel in der politischen Auseinandersetzung sind. Ferner wird die Frage diskutiert, inwieweit im Kontext des vorgelegten Forschungsdesigns Prozesse des „Othering“ die Ergebnisse beeinflussen könnten.
The European Parliament and Council has defined a mandatory specific emission target of 95 g CO2/km by 2020 for passenger cars. Vehicle weight is a significant factor contributing to fuel consumption. Reducing the weight of the vehicle can be one promising option for decreasing CO2 emissions, which becomes a top priority for the automotive industry. In this research, two approaches were used to address the need. One involved developing structural parts using fibre reinforced plastics (FRP), and the other involved designing and developing FRP–metal hybrid laminates, which were constructed by reinforcing FRP locally to the metal surface. Existing joining techniques such as riveting, bolting, adhesive joining, ultrasonic welding, and flow drill joining techniques require additional processing steps to perform the joining, which could considerably increase processing time, cost, and energy expenditure. The present work describes a method to join FRP and metals using the adhesion strength of the investigated polymers. The developed FRP–metal hybrid laminates combine the advantages of metal and FRP together. Steel hot-stamping is known to yield very high strength. Fibre reinforced plastic–metal hybrid laminates were developed using hot stamped steels to transfer their superior mechanical properties to the final structure. To utilize the complete lightweight potential of thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, FRPs and FRP–metal hybrid laminates were developed using both the polymers. Along with this increased demand for FRP structures, there is growing interest in a repair technique in the automotive industry. The second objective of this thesis consists of designing and developing a new repair technique, which regains the strength and stiffness properties of the damaged part. The existing scarf repair technique is not suitable for thin laminates, which have limited access to the damaged area. Perforation damages were introduced into the FRP structures using a low-velocity impact load. A modified injection repair technique is used to repair these damaged FRP structures. Non-destructive techniques were utilized to understand the damage and the effectiveness of the repair.
Titanium and its alloys have been widely used as implant biomaterials due to their suitable combination of mechanical properties and biological compatibilities. At present, about 70-80% of implants are made of metallic biomaterials. Compared with magnesium alloys, stainless steel and cobalt alloys, titanium alloys have a higher specific strength, high corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility. With research, Ti-Nb biomedical titanium alloys have been constantly developed. In the Ti-Nb alloy, the amount of Nb is usually from 16% to 42% (wt.%) which is about 10% to 30% (at.%). As reported, Mn as a trace element to the human body has the potential to be used in bio-materials. Therefore, this study aims at the partial replacement of Nb by Mn to reduce the costs, without deteriorating the mechanical properties. Moreover, it must be ensured good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. This is the first investigated on Ti-Mn-Nb ternary alloys.
In this work, According to β single-phase field, Ti-xMn-yNb (x=4, 10, 16; y=2, 8, 14, at.%) alloys (arc-melted) have been fabricated. The Ti-Mn-Nb alloys are investigated by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), hardness test, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mechanical testing. By screening study on alloy, Ti-10Mn-14Nb (at.%) (Ti-10Mn-23.7Nb (wt.%)) is the optimal alloy with tensile strength (760 MPa) and elongation (10.5%). After that, the Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) is used to prepare Ti-Mn-Nb alloys. The MIM method can greatly reduce the processing cost. MIM Ti-xMn-yNb (x=3, 4, 6; y=1, 2, 4, at.%), Ti-4Mn-14Nb and Ti-10Mn-14Nb alloys are fabricated. Among them, a very good combination of mechanical properties is achieved for MIM processed Ti-4Mn-2Nb (at.%) (Ti-4.5Mn-3.8Nb (wt.%)), namely a YS of 642 MPa, UTS of 725 MPa and high ductility of 16% elongation to fracture. With further investigations, when the yttrium content is 0.1% (at.%), the tensile strength of Ti-4Mn-2Nb-0.1Y (at.%) (Ti-4.5Mn-3.8Nb-0.18Y (wt.%)) is increased to 785 MPa while elongation of 12.9%. These mechanical properties already exceed Ti-6Al-4V (ASTM F2885 Grade 5 undensified).
In the in vitro evaluation, in comparison with MIM pure titanium, human osteoblasts MG63 adhered as well and proliferated on the surface of MIM Ti-Mn-Nb specimens. In the supernatant after cell culture, the Ti-Mn-Nb alloy shows similar osmolality and pH value results as MIM pure titanium. By LDH assay and DNA isolation, the MIM Ti-Mn-Nb alloys are not found to be toxic to MG63 cells.
In the study of corrosion resistance in Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37 °C, the corrosion current densities as well as the impedance of MIM Ti-Mn-Nb alloys are all better than those of MIM pure titanium and even better than those of MIM Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
In this thesis we consider bilevel optimization problems in infinite-dimensional spaces. In particular, we are interested in providing first-order necessary optimality conditions. We consider bilevel optimization problems both in abstract Banach spaces and in some special situations. This includes the optimal control of the obstacle problem, which is a typical bilevel optimization problem in Sobolev spaces, as well as a class of inverse optimal control problems. We obtain optimality conditions for these more specific optimization problems by applying our results from the abstract setting.
Our main approach for deriving optimality conditions in the abstract setting utilizes the relaxation of a reformulation of the bilevel optimization problem via the optimal value function. We also introduce the so-called normal-cone-preserving operators and show how this concept can be applied.
We also consider other topics that arise in this context. For instance, we investigate the so-called limiting normal cone to a complementarity set in Sobolev spaces. This complementarity set plays a central role in the context of the optimal control of the obstacle problem. The limiting normal cone is a concept which appears in the area of variational analysis and generalizes the usual normal cone from convex analysis. We also investigate in which spaces Legendre forms and Legendre-* forms can exist. We show that if a Legendre-* form exists in a reflexive Banach space or a space with a separable predual space, then this space is already isomorphic to a Hilbert space. We also consider a discretization of a bilevel optimization problem in Lebesgue spaces. We present both theoretical error estimates and numerical experiments.
The new results in this thesis are illustrated by examples and counterexamples. In order to present the topics in a self-contained way, we review some known concepts and their basic properties. A particular focus for this is on the definitions and properties from the area of capacity theory.
The rebuilding of war-damaged historic cities has a significant impact on the way the affected societies can heal and recover in the post-conflict situation. If carried out without taking into consideration the inseparable relationship between the built structures and the formation of people’s identity, the reconstruction processes could cause more damage than the one endured due to the conflict. In this context, the rebuilding of cities and their historic centres in particular play a significant role in restoring the collective memory of the shared setting.
This dissertation researches the disturbing effects and trauma resulting from the deliberate destruction of heritage assets during armed conflicts, concerning both inhabitants and ancient urban structures. It discusses the discourse on the issue of post-conflict reconstruction that includes the arguments and recommendations made by several international experts and organizations which stipulates with both theoretical and practical outcome. The work of many theorists, authors, architects, philosophers, and professionals working in the field of heritage management, is examined thoroughly to provide a deep understanding of the issues discussed throughout this research.
The most recent illustration within this context is the war in Syria, which has caused excessive damage to the country’s cultural heritage. Noting that the military clashes have come to an end in several areas within the country and the physical damage has stopped, reconstruction projects have begun to materialize, and the urgent need for an overall consistent framework for rebuilding Syria is more crucial than ever.
Syria’s cultural heritage is facing a high threat of a second destruction, which will most likely follow if the involved governmental representatives, stakeholders, society or ‘societies’ did not realize the fundamental necessity for a value-based reconstruction approach which guarantees that the assessment of values is carried out and achieved in a balanced manner. Otherwise, mistakes will occur, and consequently, the collective memory and identity of the Syrians might never be recovered.
The rebuilding of post-war Syria is complex and challenging; it embraces more than a physical transformation of urban structures, and poses new threats to achieve psychological healing and recovering. The urban integrity of the Syrian cities is threatened, especially in the old city of Aleppo where the damage goes beyond the physical fabric and extends to endanger the city’s historical identity. Therefore, the main focus of the work is to develop a strategic framework which goes hand in hand with the traditional rebuilding approaches, and merges several practical and theoretical contexts deduced from previous case studies. The essence of the research revolves around understanding the significance of the city’s heritage and historic fabric, which must be considered a priority when deciding for the reconstruction procedures.
Die vorliegende Publikation präsentiert Ergebnisse von 20 Studierenden des Masterstudiengangs Stadtplanung aus dem Projekt „Plattform Innenstadt - Zurück zu multifunktionalen Zentren“ im Sommersemester 2020 am Fachgebiet Stadtmanagement der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg.
Das Projekt befasste sich mit zehn ausgewählten Lausitzer Kleinstädten. Der Fokus lag dabei auf strukturellem Wandel in der Region sowie im Einzelhandel im Besonderen und den daraus resultierenden Wirkungen auf die Innenstädte.
Eingebunden war das Projekt in einen bundesweiten Wettbewerb des Wissensnetzwerks Stadt und Handel e.V. (WSH). Daran beteiligten sich insgesamt vier Hochschulen mit unterschiedlichen Fachrichtungen und Themen, zum Beispiel Städtebau,Stadtplanung oder Betriebswirtschaft.
Eine Vielzahl an Lösungsansätzen und eine große Bandbreite von Ergebnissen wurden in Austausch gebracht. Dabei konnten die Studierenden Erfahrungen sammeln und die Untersuchungsgegenstände auf neue Art methodisch und didaktisch angehen.
The overall research goal of this doctoral thesis is to better understand the determinants of sustainable purchase behaviour. By approaching several context-specific subgoals in a series of four quantitative empirical studies, major research gaps in the field of sustainable consumption are addressed. The first article examines the market potential for social banking in Germany. By means of an experimental survey using adaptive conjoint analysis, a sample of 2896 German social banking customers and a population-representative sample of 641 German conventional banking customers are compiled. Logistic regression modelling reveals that social banking customers differ significantly from their conventional counterparts regarding several consumer characteristics. The results further indicate a large untapped market potential ranging between 10 and 26% of the German population in 2011. The second article investigates the phenomenon of the attitude-behaviour gap in the context of sustainable clothing. Based on survey data of 1085 female German consumers, a structural equation model is estimated to assess how large the possible gap between a positive attitude towards sustainable clothing and the corresponding purchase behaviour is. Apart from a considerable attitude-behaviour gap, the article indicates that a positive attitude, self-transcendence values, as well as an affinity to online and catalogue shopping, significantly enhance sustainable clothing purchases. Self-enhancement values and, remarkably, a preference for durability constitute purchase barriers. The third article studies the influence of product lifetime labelling by the example of electrical appliances. Using choice-based conjoint analysis, experimental survey data is collected from a population-representative sample of 499 German consumers. Hierarchical Bayes utility modelling suggests a decreasing positive effect of the label on purchase decisions and a deterioration of the purchase influence of existing brands. Structural equation modelling indicates, for instance, that the preference for a long product lifetime is fostered by a respective positive attitude and subjective norm. However, the attitude only exerts a significant influence if it is driven by personal rather than environmental gains. The fourth article sheds light on the effects of favourable and unfavourable environmental product information. The analysis draws on data gained from a survey-based experiment conducted among a population-representative sample of 524 German consumers. Using a two-level structural equation model, the results document that the negative effect caused by unfavourable product carbon footprint information on consumers’ willingness to pay is significantly stronger than the positive effect caused by respective favourable information. Furthermore, consumers tend to not substantially differentiate between different high-range degrees of positive or negative environmental information.
The tiny logic elements in modern integrated circuits increase the rate of transient failures significantly. Therefore, redundancy on various levels is necessary to retain reliability. However, for mixed-criticality scenarios, the typical processor designs offer either too little fault-tolerance or too much redundancy for one part of the applications. Amongst others, we specifically address redundant processor internal functional units (FU) to cope with transient errors and support wear leveling. A real-time operating system (RTOS) was extended to control our prototypical hardware platform and, since it can be configured deterministically within few clock cycles, we are able to reconfigure the FUs dynamically, at process switching time, according to the specified critically of the running processes. Our mechanisms were integrated into the Plasma processor and the Plasma-RTOS. With few changes to the original software code, it was, for example, possible to quickly change from fault-detecting to fault-correcting modes of the processor on demand.
The material authenticity of cultural heritage has been questioned by societies in which the modern paradigm of conservation has not developed from within the native culture. This paper examines the philosophical and practical traditions in Iran regarding the materiality and authenticity of past structures. By reviewing the emergence of the Western conservation paradigm in Iran, this paper highlights two key factors: the rapidness of this paradigm shift and the remarkable contradiction between the new and old paradigms. By borrowing the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of a ‘body without organs’ (BwO), this paper problematises the rapidness and radicality of the paradigm shift in Iran. It suggests exploring the under-investigated possibilities between the pre-modern and modern paradigms to address the gap between native circumstances and Western standards.
Aktuell sind Produktionssysteme mit einer zunehmenden Unsicherheit und Instabilität konfrontiert, sodass Störungen oder ungeplante Veränderungen schnell zu massiven Beeinträchtigung der Leistungsfähigkeit führen können. Zum einen liegt das an einem immer volatileren Marktumfeld, das von steigenden Kundenerwartungen und internationalerem Wettbewerb geprägt ist. Zum anderen werden die Produktionssysteme selbst immer komplexer. Derzeit führen insbesondere kürzere Planungszyklen und/oder der Einzug zunehmend vernetzter (IT-)Systeme zu einer höheren Komplexität. Damit Unternehmen unter solchen Bedingungen leistungs- und wettbewerbsfähig bleiben, ist es essentiell, bei der Konfiguration von Produktionssystemen, eine hohe Robustheit gegenüber Störungen und ungeplanten Veränderungen einzuplanen.
Trotz einer Vielzahl an modelltheoretischen Studien zu Robustheit im (erweiterten) Produktionskontext hat sich bis dato kein etabliertes Verständnis darüber herausgebildet, was Robustheit in einem Produktionssystem überhaupt bedeutet, in welchem Zusammenhang es mit anderen Fähigkeiten, wie bspw. Flexibilität oder Resilienz, steht oder wie man sie sinnvoll messen kann. Dies mag auch daran liegen, dass die Einschätzungen und Vorgehensweisen aus der industriellen Praxis bislang nur wenig Berücksichtigung fanden.
Aus diesem Grund wurde eine empirische Studie unter Entscheidungsträgern in verarbeitenden Betrieben durchgeführt. Dabei wurden das Begriffsverständnis, die Relevanz, Einflüsse sowie die Bewertung von Robustheit in Produktionssystemen aus Sicht der industriellen Praxis erfasst. Es zeigte sich u.a., dass viele Praktiker kein klares Bild von der Robustheit haben. Sie wird zudem oft als verbesserungswürdig beurteilt und von den wenigsten Unternehmen systematisch evaluiert.
System reconfiguration of hardware resources has been done in multiple system domains. Such systems are usually found in the context of FPGAs, where reconfiguration is done usually over its primitives (e.g., LUTs, Flip-Flops). Or even in the context of MPSoC designs, where core management (e.g., lock-step operation in multi-core designs) is the most used approach. However, recent works have shown that configuration at Functional Units (FUs) granularity might come with benefits. For example, it can increase the configuration space due to its finer granularity, and, as a consequence, the options to deal with problems (e.g., due to aging) in the units itself. Within this context, this paper presents a system capable to configure its FUs (e.g., ALUs, multipliers, dividers) into different operation modes. The system uses an Operating System to control HW reconfiguration during process switching time and takes into account the health state of its units in a mixed-criticality applications scenario. Results show that, within this scenario, the system is able to reconfigure itself accomplishing health state modifications of its HW elements.
Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen, durch die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie bedingten, Schulschließungen informiert diese Sonderauswertung der HBSC-Studie im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Bildung, Jugend und Sport des Landes Brandenburg über Rahmenbedingungen für digital unterstützten Heimunterricht. Es werden Befragungsdaten zur familiären Unterstützung sowie zur Verfügbarkeit von Computern und Heimarbeitsplätzen bei SchülerInnen der Jahrgangsstufen 5, 7 und 9 in Brandenburg präsentiert.
The German Armed Forces provide an operation contingent to support the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Response Force (NRF). For this purpose, a „warehouse” containing accommodations, food supplies, medical supplies, and spare parts for the systems has to be available. Such a warehouse is restricted in weight, in order to be quickly movable in an upcoming deployment situation. It should be able to supply the NRF troops for a certain amount of time (e.g., one month) without re-supply from the outside. To ensure optimal use of such a restricted warehouse, we developed the computer program „The OPtimization of a Spare Parts Inventory” (TOPSPIN) to find an optimal mix of spare parts to restore a set of systems to functionality. Each system is composed of several parts, and it can only be used again in the mission if all broken parts are replaced. The failure rate of the individual parts follows a given random distribution, and during deployment it is expected to be higher than in the homeland. Due to the stochastic nature of the problem, we generate scenarios that simulate the actual failure of the parts. The backbone of TOPSPIN is a mixed-integer linear program that determines an optimal, scenario-robust mix of spare parts and is solved using standard state-of-the-art numerical solvers. Using input data provided by the Logistikzentrum, we analyze how many scenarios need to be generated in order to determine reliable solutions. Moreover, we analyze the composition of the warehouse over a variety of different weight restrictions, and we calculate the number of repairable systems as a function of this bound.
Strukturförderung in der Lausitz : explorative Datenanalyse zur räumlichen Verteilung der EU-Hilfen
(2020)
Die explorative Datenanalyse befasst sich mit der Ausschüttung der europäischen Strukturfonds EFRE und ESF in der brandenburgischen Lausitz in der Förderperiode 2014-2020. Ferner wird untersucht, ob sich die Fördermaßnahmen der beiden EU-Strukturfonds räumlich mit dem Zentrale-Orte-System der Landesentwicklung in der Lausitz decken.
The subject of this thesis is the development and test of silicon strip detectors for the high luminosity upgrade of the tracking detector of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Special emphasis is devoted to the understanding of the impact of mechanical stress on the electrical properties and the particle detection performance of detector modules.
First simulations were done to estimate the maximum expected stress on a sensor when operated at -30 °C within the future silicon strip tracking detector ITk, at ATLAS. The maximum stress in a worst case scenario is expected to be 27 MPa. Tensile strength tests were done to estimate the maximum stress which can be applied to a silicon strip sensor. Silicon shards, with a thickness and dopand concentration corresponding to the ITk sensor specifications break at >23 MPa, wafers at >700 MPa and sensors at ~ 400 MPa. The huge variations lead to the assumption, that the tensile stregth, which is highly dependent on the quality of the crystal lattice, is due to different cutting technology. Wafers, irradiated with a fluence equivalent of a lifetime dose of an ITk sensor, show no stress dependency of the youngs modulus. The tensile strength of irradiated wafers is decreased by ~ 6,6 %. No damage on silicon sensors from mechanical stress is expected for sensor modules installed it the ITk.
The electrical properties of silicon strip sensors were studied for applied mechanical stress on ATLAS07 sensors up to 60 MPa. The specifications of the sensors are similar to the specification of strip sensors in the future silicon strip tracker barrel region of the ATLAS detector. The leakage current changes at 50 MPa by -1.7 %, the bias resistance by +0.8 % and the interstrip resistance by -25 %. The depletion voltage and the implant resistance are not affected by mechanical stress. Except for the interstrip resistance the results can be explained by piezoresistive effects.
Silicon strip modules were build and studied in particle test beams. These modules consists of an ATLAS07 or an ATLAS12 sensor and an analogue readout to study the influence of stress on the module performance. The sensor module noise is independent from the applied stress. An effect of stress on the signal strength was seen. The ATLAS07 sensor module signal strength was decreased and the ATLAS12 sensor module signal strength was increased with a slope of ~0,6 MPa^-1. The average cluster size of the ATLAS07 sensor module was increased by 0,25 % MPa^-1 and the average cluster size of the ATLAS12 sensor module was decreased by 0,06 % MPa^-1 with applied stress.
The investigation of novel structure-to-property relations of many transition metal trihalides MX₃ by downscaling to promising monolayer is still pending. However, the production of two-dimensional MX₃ sheets that are both high crystalline and thin is an experimental challenge. This thesis is focused on the rational synthesis planning and the derived targeted preparation of thin MX₃ nanosheets (≤ 100 nm) on suitable substrates by chemical vapor transport (CVT) as well as their characterization by complementary analytical methods. CVT of nanosheets directly on substrates benefits of low timescales, less material consumption and only few structural distortions. For the determination of optimal growth conditions, the CVT processes of investigated compounds were initially simulated by using the Calphad method (program package TRAGMIN). Thus, the occurring transport efficient gas species and temperature dependent, dominating vapor transport equilibria were calculated to optimize the growth process in a direct and straightforward way. Based on prior simulation results single crystalline sheets of MCl₃ (M = Ru, Mo, Ti, Cr) and CrX₃ (X = I, Br, Cl) were successfully prepared at temperatures between 573 – 1023 K on YSZ (yttrium stabilized zirconia) or sapphire substrates. The adjustable CVT parameters (transport duration, temperatures or weighed starting material) were optimized with respect to the targeted synthesis of either bulk or nanosheets at substrates. Microsheets with thicknesses of less than 4 μm (α-TiCl₃) and about 20 nm thin nanosheets (α-RuCl₃, CrCl₃ and CrI₃) down to ultrathin flakes (≈ 3 nm, α-MoCl₃ and CrBr₃) were obtained by CVT. As a highlight, monolayers of α-RuCl₃ and CrCl₃ were isolated successfully by means of a subsequent delamination. The MX₃ sheets morphology and dimension was described by optical and electron microscopy, highlighting their two-dimensional nature. By several X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction techniques the desired composition (M:X = 1:3), high crystallinity and phase-purity of thick and thin MX₃ platelets was confirmed subsequently. With respect to MX₃ nanosheets a slight increase (α-RuCl₃, α-MoCl₃ and CrBr₃) or decrease (CrCl₃) in phonon energies was observed in comparison to their bulk counterparts. The magnetic properties of CrCl₃ micro- and nanosheets were determined to be solely ferromagnetic and thus different than those of the bulk samples. Finally, the structure-to-property relations were investigated at a first example. The catalytic properties of α-TiCl₃ microsheets were investigated by gas-phase polymerization of ethylene. By downscaling the catalysts thickness by CVT, we obtained an activity improvement of 24 % in comparison to bulk α-TiCl₃.
Tattoo taboo : a reader
(2020)
In different parts of the world, tattoos historically have been expression of the socio-cultural identity of individuals or communities: Tattoos are firmly integrated into social practices as elements of initiation or marriage, in other parts of the world, however, tattoos carry negative associations being linked to immorality, and crime.
To research the practice of and places associated with tattooing a research-based study project was designed to address the practice of tattooing from the point of view of its cultural heritage values, both intangible and tangible. In the winter semester 2018/2019 this study project was offered jointly by the Chair of Architectural Conservation and the Department of Heritage Management at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg. Twelve international students from the study programmes World Heritage Studies and Architecture participated in this study project, which included a field trip to London and Oxford and several interviews and interactions with researchers and academics from the fields of tattoo history, anthropology, medical sciences and museography.
A collection of students’ essays on this topic is presented in this reader with a particular focus on the tangible and intangible aspects of tattooing, and the spatial history of tattooing based on two distinct areas in London as a case study.
The papers are divided into three distinctive themes that are linked to the practice of tattooing. Section one is dedicated to tattoos as a form of heritage, the one to tattooing as a form of art, and the last one to mapping as a methodological tool to visualise, assess and present relationships between heritage, tattooing practice and its connection to the social fabric in London at the turn of the penultimate century.
This thesis deals with a novel approach for analyzing and computing interior transmission eigenvalues of (piecewise) homogeneous media in two dimensions. It is based on approximating boundary data of respective eigenfunctions by the method of fundamental solutions. However, since a straightforward implementation would solely exploit ill-conditioned matrices and thus evoke spurious results, a stabilization scheme is incorporated. The combined method is then studied with a distinction between isotropic and anisotropic materials, and complemented by novel approximation theory each. Numerical validations complete the investigations for different wave type scenarios
The modern world is currently facing the energy revolution due to the decarbonisation challenges, promoted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The well-established fossil fuel energy sources are being pushed from their leading market positions by renewable energy. European governments are some of the first to take decisive action towards decarbonisation and have already started reforming their economic sectors. New questions arising from such changes are influencing the role of Russia in supplying energy to the European market. The development of a market for renewable gas, especially renewable hydrogen in Europe, could potentially, in a long-term scenario up to 2050, be an option for Russia to help maintain demand and remain in the role as a main exporter.
The focus of this master thesis is put on the assessment of the current state of readiness of Russian and European energy systems for integration of Power-to-Gas (PtG) systems and for development of a carbon-free hydrogen market. German internal green hydrogen production capacity cannot meet the approximate demand in 2030 and 2050. However, the presence of the unutilised power capacity from Russian nuclear and hydro power plants opens a new opportunity to generate economically attractive hydrogen in large volumes via electrolysis with low electricity costs and zero carbon dioxide footprint.
In this thesis different supply chains for hydrogen export (Russia-Germany) are constructed and, as a result, the levelised costs of hydrogen (LCOH) are calculated and analysed. Hydrogen produced in Russia and transported to Germany via maritime shipment shows that it can already be competitive to the domestically produced green hydrogen in Germany. The main compartment of the LCOH is the electricity expenditure, which the current Russian industrial tariffs can reach up to 90% of the total costs. Further reductions of the electricity price for PtG systems are recommended in order to achieve lower results for the LCOH.
The outcome of this master thesis provides an overview on the current readiness of Russian and German hydrogen infrastructure and further recommendations on how it should be adapted. Finally a 2050 roadmap for the implementation of a hydrogen market in Russia and Germany is developed.
Die Digitalisierung diffundiert aktuell sehr stark in die industrielle Produktion. Produzierende Unternehmen erhoffen sich durch die Umsetzung von Digitalisierungsprojekten Wettbewerbsvorteile, neue Erlöse oder Effizienzgewinne bei der betrieblichen Leistungserstellung. Getrieben durch die Aktualität des Themas gibt es zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Ansätze, die sich mit der
Digitalisierung der Produktion, etwa unter dem Schlagwort „Industrie 4.0“, auseinandersetzen.
Häufig werden technische Entwicklungen und organisatorische Veränderungen thematisiert. Konkrete Hindernisse für die Vorbereitung, Entscheidung, Umsetzung und Bewertung von Digitalisierungsprojekten werden jedoch selten adressiert. Dennoch bestehen entlang des Entscheidungsprozesses zur Umsetzung von Digitalisierungsvorhaben zahlreiche Hindernisse. Zum zielgerichteten Auflösen der vorhandenen Hindernisse ist ein auf den Besonderheiten des Entscheidungsprozesses fokussierter Ansatz notwendig, der die Umsetzung der Vorhaben beschleunigt, Ressourcen schont und die Entscheidungsqualität verbessert.
Bislang vorliegende Erkenntnisse aus dem wissenschaftlichen Schrifttum sollen mit dieser Studie im deutschsprachigen Raum empirisch vertieft werden. Die Studie wird durch die zentrale Forschungsfrage „Welche Hindernisse bestehen im Entscheidungsprozess zur Digitalisierung der Produktion und wie können diese abgebaut werden?“ geleitet. Dazu werden zunächst Hinderniskategorien gebildet und anschließend nach den dahinterliegenden Defiziten gefragt. Damit sollen Kenntnisse erlangt werden, mit denen Rückschlüsse zur Vermeidung bzw. dem Abbau der Hindernisse möglich sind.
Die vorliegende Publikation präsentiert Ergebnisse von 29 Studierenden des Masterstudiengangs Stadt- und Regionalplanung aus dem Projekt „Urbane Handelslagen der Zukunft“ im Sommersemester 2018 am Fachgebiet Stadtmanagement der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg. Das Projekt befasste sich mit der Leipziger Innenstadt. Der Fokus lag dabei auf den folgenden Schwerpunkten: Digitalisierung, Konzentrationsprozesse, Wettbewerbsdruck.
Eingebunden war das Projekt in einen bundesweiten Wettbewerb des Wissensnetzwerks Stadt und Handel e.V. (WSH). Daran nahmen insgesamt sechs Hochschulen mit unterschiedlichen Themen, je nach Fachrichtung, zum Beispiel Architektur, Stadtplanung oder Betriebswirtschaft, teil. Eine Vielzahl an Lösungsansätzen und eine Bandbreite von Ergebnissen wurden in Austausch gebracht. Dabei konnten die Studierenden Erfahrungen sammeln und die Untersuchungsgegenstände auf neue Art methodisch und didaktisch angehen.
Vergleich zur Umsetzung und Sicherung ausgewählter Natura-2000-Gebiete im deutsch-polnischen Odertal
(2020)
Die FFH-Richtlinie und Vogelschutzrichtlinie wurden als Grundlage zur besseren Erreichung der Ziele und zum Erhalt der Biodiversität erstellt. Die Sicherung der Natura-2000-Gebiete besteht aus der Vorbereitung der Managementpläne und Umsetzung der Maßnahmen, um den Erhaltungszustand der Lebensraumtypen und Arten nicht zu verschlechtern, sowie zur Durchführung der Verträglichkeitsprüfungen und Umsetzung der Kompensationsmaßnahmen.
Im deutsch-polnischen Gebiet sind zahlreiche Natura-2000-Gebiete ausgewiesen, die mit der Entwicklung des Odertals verbunden sind - vor allem Gebiete mit repräsentativen und gut erhaltenden Offenland- und Auen-Biotopen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Darstellung der Umsetzung und Sicherungsmaßnahmen in beiden EU-Ländern, der Vergleich des Zustandes der Gebiete und Offenland-Lebensräume anhand der Daten aus den Standarddatenbögen, der Vergleich der Maßnahmen zur Pflege der Offenland-Biotope sowie die Analyse der Unterschiede und Probleme im deutsch-polnischen Grenzraum in der Umsetzung der Kohärenz des Natura-2000-Netzes.
Es wurden vier Kriterien für die ausgewählten Natura-2000-Gebiete und für die Offenland-Lebensraumtypen bewertet: Repräsentativität, Relative Fläche, Erhaltungsgrad und Gesamtbewertung. Eine hervorragende Gesamtbewertung der Offenland-Lebensraumtypen weisen die deutschen Gebiete Oderberge (97,44 %) und Oderhänge Mallnow (73,33 %) auf. Im polnischen Untersuchungsgebiet wurden die Offenland-Lebensraumtypen im Gebiet Ujście Warty mit der Gesamtbewertung „gut“ zu 95,35 % eingeschätzt. Die Gesamtbeurteilung der natürlichen und naturnahen Grasland-Lebensraumtypen zeigen, dass der Lebensraumtyp Naturnahe Kalk-Trockenrasen im polnischen und im deutschen Untersuchungsgebiet einen hervorragenden bzw. guten Zustand aufweisen.
Die Maßnahmen zum Erhalt der Lebensräumen des natürliches und naturnahes Grasland wurden anhand der Sicherungsinstrumente zugeordnet und bewertet. Durch einen Vergleich der Maßnahmen kann man feststellen, dass sich die Maßnahmen und Best Practices, um den günstigen Erhaltungszustand zu erreichen, beiderseits der Oder nicht gravierend unterscheiden. Für die Pflege dieser Lebensraumtypen wird vor allem Beweidung und Mahd bevorzugt. Die Umsetzung der Maßnahmen hängt vom geomorphologischen Charakter des Gebietes, vom Zustand der Lebensraumtypen sowie von den vorhandenen finanziellen Mitteln ab.
Die Natur kennt keine administrativen Grenzen, deswegen sind für die Erreichung eines guten Erhaltungszustandes der Natura-2000-Lebensräume und Arten die Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung der Kohärenz des Netzes wichtig. Für die bessere Kohärenz des Netzes müssen neue Maßnahmen getroffen werden - von der Harmonisierung der Definitionen und Bewertungen bis zur gemeinsamen, grenzüberschreitenden Abstimmung, zum Monitoring und Austausch zwischen Experten und Behörden. Außerdem ist eine stabile, ausgebaute Politik der Finanzierung der Maßnahmen für Natura-2000-Gebiete nötig, um die Maßnahmen langfristig zu planen.
Zum Tragverhalten von geschweißten I-Trägern unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses von Montagestößen
(2020)
Gegenstand der hier vorgestellten Arbeit sind Untersuchungen zur Vorhersage des Herstellungsprozesses bei der Fertigung von geschweißten Doppel-T-Trägern. Dabei wird der Zusammenbau der Einzelteile in der Werkstatt sowie das endgültige Fügen auf der Baustelle untersucht und dargestellt. Es wird insbesondere auf den Einfluss des Montagestoßes eingegangen, welcher unter verschiedenen Umgebungstemperaturen geschweißt wurde.
Den experimentellen Untersuchungen, welche jeweils praxisnah in der Werkstatt und in der Großklimakammer unter verschiedenen Umgebungstemperaturen von -10 °C bis 20 °C (Raumtemperatur) durchgeführt wurden, sind Simulationsergebnisse, analytische Berechnungen sowie ingenieurtechnische Ansätze des Schweißeinflusses gegenübergestellt.
Durch die Erfassung der Fertigung der Bauteile können geeignete Ingenieurmodelle zur Verfügung gestellt werden, um anschließend eine Traglastuntersuchung für den Stabilitätsfall durchzuführen.
Schließlich führen die Untersuchungen dazu, dass die fachgerecht geschweißten Baustellenstöße im betrachteten Temperaturbereich (bis -10 °C) für das Material und die Schweißeigenspannungen unbedenklich sind. Für die Erfassung eines solchen Stoßes wurde ein ingenieurmäßiger Ansatz ausgearbeitet, welcher die Schweißeinflüsse berücksichtigt. Die Auswirkungen des Montagestoßes wurden somit in einer nichtlinearen Traglastanalyse ausgewertet. Der Einfluss des Montagestoßes auf die Traglast lag unter 5% im ungünstigsten Fall.
Was bedeutet es, innovativ zu sein? Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die weitverbreitete Verwendung des Innovationsbegriffes, für den aber Probleme der Unschärfe oder ein wichtiger historisch-systematischem Bedeutungswandel erkannt werden. Die vorgenommene Auseinandersetzung zur Innovation arbeitet die begriffiche Historie auf und benennt dabei wesentliche Schwerpunkte. Die vorgeschlagene Innovationsdefinition vom Mehrwert zum Zweck des eigenen Erfolgs dient als Ausgangspunkt, um zwischen bloßer Möglichkeit und tatsächlich genutzter Lösung unterscheiden zu können. Die Frage nach der Relevanz ist das Ergebnis dieser individuellen Bewertung. Darüber hinaus wird durch ein, in Anlehnung an bereits existierende Pfad- und Urnenmodelle, entwickeltes Kugelmodell verdeutlicht, dass (Markt)Bedeutung und technisches Potential eben nicht pauschal ineinander überführbar sind. Die Bedeutung von Relevanz zeigt sich auch in der Herausforderung, Forschung als mehr oder weniger sinnvoll bestimmen zu wollen. So ist im akademischen Umfeld der ökonomische Nutzen im Kontext privater Forschung nachvollziehbar. Ein notwendiger gesellschaftlicher Effekt bleibt aber oft aus. Dieser ist oft nur mit akademischen Disziplinen umsetzbar (z. B. Pädagogik, Ökologie), die sich der Ökonomisierung teilweise völlig entziehen. Die Relevanz als Bezugswert akademischer Forschung ist damit nicht allein an ökonomischer Tauglichkeit ausgerichtet, sondern auch an ihrer gesellschaftlichen Gestaltungsabsicht und Notwendigkeit. Dies beinhaltet dann jedoch auch eine kritische Bewertung falscher oder zum Selbstzweck betriebener Forschung ohne Gehalt, deren Ursachen sich u. a. in ihrer zwanghaften Ökonomisierung wiederfinden oder durch Fehler beteiligter Akteursgruppen (menschlicher Makel) hervorgerufen werden. Diese Thesen werden im Kontext einer sinnvollen Handlungsempfehlung diskutiert. Dabei wird ein aus den Elementen Reexion, Fokus und Pragmatismus bestehender Kulturhebel vorgeschlagen, der sowohl aus der Gegenüberstellung geschlossener und offener Innovation als auch klassischer Wissenschaft und Technoscience abgeleitet werden kann. Er beantwortet die eingangs gestellte Frage, was es bedeutet, innovativ zu sein: 1. Was? -> Lösungen schaffen, 2. Wie? -> Ideen/Möglichkeiten in den Relevanzhorizont bringen (relevant machen), 3. Wodurch? -> Reflektion über sich selbst, Fokus auf die Bedürfnisse der Zielgruppe und Pragmatismus bei der Anwendung von Fähigkeiten und Wissen (Kulturhebel). Die Auseinandersetzungen der vorliegenden Arbeit führen zu diesen Schlussfolgerungen hinsichtlich innovativen Handelns
Der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt auf einer Analyse jener raumstrukturellen Einflussfaktoren, die wirtschaftlich bedeutsam sind. Neben der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur werden weitere ausgewählte harte und weiche Standortfaktoren untersucht. Diese beeinflussen einerseits Standortentscheidungen von Unternehmen und andererseits das subjektive Wohlbefinden der Bewohner der Lausitz.
Die folgende Studie präsentiert diese Standortfaktoren in der größtmöglichen räumlichen Auflösung, die das zugängliche statistische Material zulässt. Die Lausitz gilt als eine sogenannte strukturschwache Region: ihre Wachstumsrate, ihr Beschäftigungsniveau und ihre Pro-Kopf-Produktivität sind im bundesdeutschen Vergleich unterdurchschnittlich. Eine detaillierte und räumlich differenzierte Betrachtung zeigt ein deutlich differenzierteres Bild. Die Lausitz ist keine „abgehängte Region“ sondern zeigt wie viele andere periphere Regionen Stärken und Schwächen, die räumlich sehr unterschiedlich verteilt sind.