Refine
Document Type
- Master thesis (4) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (4)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (4)
Keywords
- Nachhaltigkeit (4) (remove)
Institute
Cultural heritage faces many types of threats such as neglect, conflicts, disasters caused by natural and human induced hazards, unplanned infrastructure projects, climate change, etc. Over time, a number of institutions, organisations, programmes and initiatives to address the issues related to heritage at risk through varied modes of interventions such as advocacy work, conservation efforts, funding, awareness-raising regarding particular sites, etc. have emerged. Despite the stimulus and support of the various institutions, organisations and initiatives, diverse threats continue to impact cultural heritage in present times with some factors amplifying more than before, leading to the subsequent damages to or losses of heritage assets. Though reasons for these issues are varied and complex, one of the important factors to look into is the agency of the diverse ‘Heritage at Risk’ programmes or initiatives. ICOMOS being one of the pioneers in this global discourse of threatened heritage, its role is strategically vital. 20 years after ICOMOS’s first attempts to initiate one of the first ‘Heritage at Risk’ programmes, this research is an opportunity to re-examine and analyse the effectiveness of ICOMOS’ ‘Heritage at Risk’ programme within the current organisational/ institutional landscape of initiatives in the field of heritage at risk, that ICOMOS is embedded in. It is also an opportunity to situate the programme within the diverse views of the heritage at risk framework and the continuing shifts in the foundational paradigms of the international discourse on heritage conservation. The purpose of this analysis is to guide programme improvement for optimising efforts in favour of cultural heritage at risk within and/ or beyond ICOMOS and improve their ability to contribute towards - safeguarding heritage at risk, increasing the resilience of cultural heritage and sustainable development.
Heutzutage ist Nachhaltigkeit in allen Lebensaspekten besonders wichtig. Durch den Klimawandel und den übermäßigen Konsum aufgrund des Bevölkerungswachstums, werden die globalen Trinkwasservorräte in großen Maßen ausgenutzt. Um diese negativen Tendenzen zu unterbrechen, sind entsprechende Maßnahmen zur effizienten Nutzung der Wasserressourcen in den urbanen Räumen weltweit zwingend erforderlich. Diese Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem Entwurf für einen effizienten und nachhaltigen Teil des städtischen Bereiches, mit besonderer Betrachtung von Systemen zur Wasserwiederverwendung, Regenwasserbewirtschaftung und Low Impact Development sowie deren Abhängigkeit von regionalen Aspekten. Der Entwurf soll eine Grundlage zur Entwicklung und Planung für urbane Räume in Verbindung mit Wassereffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit in bestimmten Regionen bilden. Auf Grundlage der Bewertung anhand der Kriterien der Gebäudezertifizierung wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Integration der oben beschriebenen Methoden sowohl auf regionaler als auch auf globaler Ebene mehrere Vorteile für Gebäude und deren Umgebung bringen. Es wurde eine Tendenz beim nachhaltigen Bauen, das auf natürliche Systeme und Methoden zurückgreift, erkannt. Heutzutage sollen Gebäude in einer Harmonie mit der Umgebung und der Umwelt gebaut werden, was zur Reduktion der menschlichen Einflüsse auf den Klimawandel führt. Durch die Förderung dieser Art der Entwicklung in urbanen Räumen, können zukünftige Städte zur Bewältigung der Wasserknappheit, Verbesserung der Wasserqualität und Regeneration der Wasserressourcen einen Beitrag leisten. Eine gelungene Planung erfordert jedoch Beobachtungen der vielfältigen Wechselwirkungen sowie der verschiedenen sozialen, ökologischen, ökonomischen, rechtlichen und politischen Aspekte.
Rural electrification has been one of the challenges faced by the government of Ghana due to extremely high cost of electricity extension to the rural areas. In order to meet up this challenge, the government of Ghana has been keen with the introduction of renewable energy programs as a solution for rural electrification. However, most of programs are also faced with the problem of being sustainable. After government and sponsors hand-over completed project to local users, they usually last only few years of their life span and are abandoned. This challenge has inspired this study to identify the potential barriers to the sustainability of rural electrification programs through technical and socio-economic evaluation of a solar PV rural electrification project in Ghana.
The approach of this study selected an on-going solar PV project (community solar system-CSS), that has been introduced on a pilot base across the whole of Ghana, which is to be adopted as a standard system for electrification solutions in rural areas in Ghana. This project was subjected to both technical and socio-economic evaluations covering 13 rural communities across the southern part of the country. Stakeholder interviews and review of literature were additional methodologies employed to gather information pertinent to the theme of the study.
The results of the study show that technically, the CSS project has simple design and operational technologies, which gives it high integration potential. However, the project faces the problem of technology misuse by the rural users and frequent failure of its components. The socio-economic barriers identified are: (1) ineffective management of the project due to a long chain of bureaucratic administrative management system, inadequate monitoring and supervision, and inconsistency in standardizing the cash flow of the project, and (2) low electricity capacity of the CSS project and other similar small scale renewable projects to meet the electricity requirements of the rural populates. These problems lead to gradual decline of users’ interest for such small scale renewable energy projects and subsequently result in project abandonment. It was concluded that small scale renewable energy programs lack the capacity to fully meet the energy requirement of rural populates; however, they are crucial as intervening solutions and play key role in rural development.
Cameroon has vast renewable energy resource potentials, with a hydropower potential of about 55,200MW, second only to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa. So far, its energy needs are met by 4.8% hydropower (which accounts for less than 5% of its total hydropower potential), 0% wind and 0% solar. Cameroons’ energy sector still goes through insufficient electrical energy production, especially during the heart of the dry season, which runs from December through March. Coincidentally, the wind and solar power potentials for Cameroon are at their peak during these months and could conveniently supplement for the shortfalls in generation during these periods. In this research, technical analysis were carried out to determine the wind and solar energy resource potentials for Cameroon using the RETScreen software tool provided by CANMET Canada. These analysis revealed that the northern regions of Cameroon had higher wind and solar resource potentials than any other location in Cameroon. A 2MW installed wind energy capacity would be capable of generating well over 1.5GWh electrical energy per year, while a 2KW installed solar energy capacity will be capable of generating well over 3MWh electrical energy per year. In the final sections, financial analysis were carried out to determine the economic viability of such projects and the possibility for self-financing. Emission analyses were also done based on the ability for such projects to offset greenhouse gas emissions and ensure sustainability in the energy sector. The analysis for Maroua revealed that 78.6tCO2/yr for wind and 0.1tCO2/yr for solar could be reduced by those installations. Finally, the legislations and legal frameworks governing the energy sector in Cameroon were dissected to determine possible weaknesses and constraints limiting the use, promotion and development of the full potential of Cameroon’s renewable energy resources.