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Die bundespolitischen Rahmenbedingungen haben sich mit Blick auf den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien konkretisiert. Bis 2027 sind die Bundesländer verpflich-tet, 1,4% der Bundesfläche für Windenergie auszuweisen, bis 2032 sollen es 2% sein. Akzeptanz ist ein zentraler Faktor für eine breite gesellschaftliche Zustimmung zur Energiewende. Finanzielle Beteiligung ist eine Möglichkeit, um die lokale Ak-zeptanz in Standort- und Anrainerkommunen zu stärken. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Brandenburg haben Landesregelung zur ver-pflichtenden finanziellen Beteiligung and Windenergieanlagen geschaffen. Die ersten Erfahrungen mit den Landesgesetzen, die durch Expert*inneninterviews er-hoben wurden, deuten darauf hin, dass die Verpflichtung zur finanziellen Beteili-gung in beiden Bundesländern merkbar zu einer Steigerung der Akzeptanz von Windenergieanlagen beigetragen hat. Das Bürger- und Gemeindenbeteiligungsge-setz aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (BüGemBeteilG M-V) ist vom Bundesverfas-sungsgericht als zulässig erachtet worden. Damit existiert eine „Blaupause“ für eine rechtssichere Landesregelung. Entscheiden sich die Gemeinden für eine Investiti-onsbeteiligung, dann sind für sie vergleichsweise hohe Renditen bei niedrigem In-vestitionsrisiko zu erwarten. Allerdings können Investitionsoptionen Disparitäten insbesondere in sozial-ökonomisch weniger prosperierenden Regionen verstärken. Das Brandenburger Windenergieanlagenabgabegesetz (BbgWindAbgG) liefert planbare Einnahmen für die Kommunen, ist einfach umzusetzen und bietet allen Gemeinden die gleichen Wertschöpfungsmöglichkeiten, die allerdings eher gerin-ger ausfallen, als bei der Beteiligung nach BüGemBeteilG M-V. Finanzielle Beteili-gung ist ein wichtiger Baustein zur Erhöhung der Akzeptanz, er ist allerdings nur ein Element von mehreren für eine gesellschaftlich getragene und lokal akzeptierte Energiewende. Neben einem klaren und einmütigen landespolitischen Bekenntnis, transparenter Kommunikation und umfassender Planungsbeteiligung, ist die Wert-schöpfung für Standort- und Anrainergemeinden von erneuerbarer Energieerzeu-gung wichtig. Gemeinden müssen befähigt werden, informierte Entscheidungen im Sinne des gemeindlichen Gemeinwohls treffen zu können, insbesondere mit Blick auf komplexe Sachverhalte wie sie der Energiewende eigen sind. Hierfür sind bera-tende und vernetzende Akteure, wie eine gut ausgestattete Landesenergieagentur ebenso zentral wie die Unterstützung auf landespolitischer Ebene.
Wind energy is a growing concern over the present awareness of lethal impact of green house gas emission. This energy source has been proven a promising alternative to fossil fuel based energy. Increased onshore wind capacity and decreased amount of low roughness wind sites has inspired the wind energy researchers to explore the possibilities of wind energy from high roughness sites such as urban area. Moreover, exhausted grid capacity between the wind energy producer from remote area and the consumer at city is also a major constrain for wind energy expansion. Driven by such motivation, this thesis has explored possibilities of wind energy conversion from buildings where energy is needed the most. Urban topography is known to be highly turbulent region considering its roughness characteristics.
Wind energy yield from urban aerodynamics is a vast arena of experimental research. Within the time frame of the thesis period and available opportunities, a brief description about the wind energy assessment modelling approach from urban flow was outlined. There are several possibilities of wind energy yield from the built structure, but only building integrated duct was focused in this thesis.
Time-averaged and global wind speed on the building integrated ducts, flow around the buildings was measured from wind tunnel and numerical analysis. Available wind energy yield and turbulence present in the locations measured from the flow was calculated based on the wind tunnel data and summarized with the pros and cons of the particular geometry. Elliptical duct configuration was found to achieve maximum energy yield from the omnidirectional free stream flow. However, simple rectangular duct configuration was determined as most efficient and optimized considering its simplicity, financial feasibility and relative energy yield with other duct configuration. The thesis also showed that on roof configuration is also very promising for wind energy exploration from the omnidirectional free stream flow.
Necessary recommendations were made based on available result for future development of the research approach. Scope and opportunities was mentioned. This investigation has proved that it is possible to extract limited amount of wind energy from building augmented ducts using concentrator effect of the building exterior. Thus, the thesis concluded that the wind energy yield from building augmented ducts using the concentrator effect of the building exterior is a promising renewable energy source.
The German government has set ambitious targets for wind energy expansion and has implemented policy schemes aimed at facilitating market deployment of wind-generated electricity. Data on German wind energy market has shown that, wind energy generating capacity is increasing correspondingly towards the targeted values. Germany is the largest wind energy market in the EU (wind energy accounting for about 10% of the total electricity consumption in Germany) with an installed capacity of about 38.2 GW onshore by the close of 2014. The success of these policies has prompted other countries globally to adopt similar support schemes for renewable energies. However, the rapid growth of wind energy generation in Germany equally faces numerous challenges. Some of these problems are inherent to the wind energy technology while others are caused by the very policies instruments used to support wind energy expansion, such as limited availability of designated areas for wind energy development, non-uniform regulations, and rising prices. The objective of this research, therefore, is to assess the impact of the German energy and environmental policies on onshore wind energy development and to explore implementation options of the German model in Cameroon.
This research has examined the German onshore wind energy sector from a policy perspective based on existing literature, semi-structured interviews with major stakeholders, a case study of Brandenburg and a survey, with the aim of investigating the acceptance of wind energy and challenges the developers are facing.
Based on the study results, it can be affirmed that the future growth of the German onshore market will come from flexible government policies, which may offer fewer incentives to investors. Indeed, the cost of electricity from renewable energy technologies in Germany is in some cases already below retail rates. There is the need, therefore, to pursue strategic programmes that enhances market integration of wind energy. Furthermore, the study results equally shows that the German feed-in tariff based support scheme in its current form, cannot be implemented in Cameroon. This is because, the purchasing power of the Cameroonian population and the economic constraints of the government, makes it difficult or even impossible to adopt the current EEG model in Cameroon where often, basic needs are subsidized.