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The creation of adequate simulation models for complex assemblies is an extensive process that requires a lot of experience, and on the other hand involves a multitude of manual, tedious tasks. These are significant obstacles for improving the process performance and capabilities. The objective of this research is to develop methods which digitally imitate the way of thoughts of the engineer in the design process towards a digital system understanding and which support the automation of the involved manual workflow.
This thesis presents a strategy to translate engineering reasoning and actions to an equivalent in the computer domain. A cardinal step is to gain understanding of system arrangements, boundary conditions and its components. Based on this evaluation, the identification of assembly parts is forming the foundation for optimized process chains for the transfer to the analysis environment. Model complexity relates to computational effort, which in turn affects model capabilities and manageability. To achieve a satisfactory compromise of model quality and complexity, this transfer process is strongly dependent on the visual analysis, reasoning and manual implementation of skilled engineers.
The principle of translating engineering logics is pursued from the assembly system to its smallest parts. Component segmentation methods allow subdividing regions of interest into substructures which are assigned with a feature vector. This vector comprises metrics describing the substructures with regard to specific aspects and is the key decision point for subsequent steps as idealization, suitable Finite-Element modeling and ultimately building an analysis model. The created system database is continuously maintained and supports these process chains as well as the final setup of the assembly simulation model.
An automated workflow like this implies advantages for efficiency, but also creates opportunities for further use cases. This workflow has been exploited for generating a training data set from the different simulation variants as a basis to a knowledge representation imitating engineering experience. An algorithm from the graph neural network field is applied to this data set as a conceptual approach. The intention pursued in this concept is to model the learning progress about estimating the influence of modelling decisions on simulation results and quality.
This research proposes a holistic strategy and describes methods to achieve the objectives of decreasing manual effort, introducing an automated and geometry-based process and digitally replicating engineering experience by introducing a knowledge database.
Agentenbasierte Modellierung und Simulation der Rettungskette : eine Fallstudie in der Lausitz
(2022)
Ein funktionierender Rettungsdienst ist für die Gesellschaft von zentraler Bedeutung, da in medizinischen Notsituationen die Gesundheit eines Verunfallten von der Qualität der praäklinischen medizinischen Versorgung abhängt. Dabei steht man vor immer neuen Herausforderungen des sozioökonomischen Wandels und technischen Fortschritts, die neue Ansätze zur Systemoptimierung erfordern. Diese Arbeit beinhaltet eine Literaturübersicht über Planungsprobleme, sowie eine Klassifizierung von Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systemen. Ein agentenbasiertes Simulationsmodell für ein notarztbasiertes EMS-System wird vorgestellt und auf die Rettungskette eines städtischen Gebietes Cottbus, Brandenburg, Deutschland angewandt. Die Parametrisierung des Modells erfolgt durch zugrundeliegende Einsatzdaten, dabei wird ein Geoinformationssystem (GIS) genutzt, Notrufe über die Bevölkerungsdichte mit einer zeitabhängigen Rate generiert und statistische Kenngrößen des Systems ausgewertet. Das in AnyLogic implementierte Simulationsmodell enthält eine graphische Nutzeroberfläche, in der Einsatzdetails und Statistiken als Grundlage für Anwendungen in der Praxis angezeigt werden.
Reproducibility of simulation experiments is still a significant challenge and has attracted considerable attention in recent years. One cause of this situation is bad habits of the scientific community. Many results are published without data or source code, and only a textual description of the simulation set-up is provided. Other causes are: no complete simulation set-up, no proper output data analysis and inconsistency of published data, which makes it impossible to compare results.
The progress of computational modelling, amount of data and complexity of models requires designing experiments in such a way that ensures reproducibility. A textual description does not provide all the needed details. A computer code is more reliable than a textual description. It is the precise specification that describes a simulation configuration, model, etc. When computer code, data, models and all parameters are provided, the simulation results become reproducible.
The main goal of this thesis is to develop a tool that ensures reproducibility and efficient execution of simulation experiments, often involving many individual simulation runs. The tool should support a wide range of application scenarios, where the typical scenario is simulation of biochemical reaction networks, which are represented as (coloured) Petri nets interpreted in the stochastic, continuous or hybrid paradigm. The model to be simulated can be given in various formats, including SBML.
The result is a command line tool called Spike, which can be used for various scenarios, including benchmarking, simulation of adaptive models and parameter optimization. It builds on a human-readable configuration script SPC, supporting the efficient specification of multiple model configurations as well as multiple simulator configurations in a single configuration file.
Over the last twenty years, Petri nets have been increasingly adopted for modelling and simulating biological systems, as they offer an intuitive and graphical approach for this purpose. Their usability convenience comes from the fact that they offer many types of elements to describe systems in a qualitative and quantitative way. Coloured Petri nets are particularly useful to model systems with repeated components in a compact fashion. Our tool Snoopy for modelling and simulating Petri nets is one of the most well-known tools supporting a family of related Petri net classes comprising stochastic, continuous and hybrid Petri nets, and covering uncoloured and coloured Petri nets alike. However, kinetic information of a biological system, i.e. kinetic parameters may be uncertain, due to many reasons, e.g. environmental factors. Besides, coloured Petri nets as they were previously supported in Snoopy suffered from some inconsistencies. Due to these inconsistencies, exploring the model behaviour using different sizes (scaleability) was not feasible. Both challenges call for a new and more powerful approach integrating the modelling of uncertainties together with modelling features supporting repeated structures in a compact and scalable way.
This thesis comprises two major contributions: Firstly, we introduce the definition and present the simulation algorithm for both uncoloured and coloured fuzzy Petri nets, by extending the existing quantitative uncoloured and coloured Petri nets in Snoopy. This includes discretising the uncertain kinetic parameters to crisp values by using sampling strategies. Secondly, we harmonise coloured Petri nets in Snoopy with their uncoloured counterparts and we extend the Snoopy’s coloured Petri nets by all the features, which are supported by the coloured abstract net description language - an exchange format of coloured Petri nets in our PetriNuts tool family.
By performing fuzzy simulation, one can obtain two kinds of output: fuzzy bands of each output variable and their corresponding timed-membership functions. Each fuzzy band describes the uncertainties associated with the input, whereas membership functions give more accurate information about the associated uncertainties. The most important features that we obtain by harmonising coloured Petri nets are to develop scaleable models, by defining scaling factors as constants and unifying the usage of coloured Petri nets with the other tools in our PetriNuts tool family.
The investigation of novel structure-to-property relations of many transition metal trihalides MX₃ by downscaling to promising monolayer is still pending. However, the production of two-dimensional MX₃ sheets that are both high crystalline and thin is an experimental challenge. This thesis is focused on the rational synthesis planning and the derived targeted preparation of thin MX₃ nanosheets (≤ 100 nm) on suitable substrates by chemical vapor transport (CVT) as well as their characterization by complementary analytical methods. CVT of nanosheets directly on substrates benefits of low timescales, less material consumption and only few structural distortions. For the determination of optimal growth conditions, the CVT processes of investigated compounds were initially simulated by using the Calphad method (program package TRAGMIN). Thus, the occurring transport efficient gas species and temperature dependent, dominating vapor transport equilibria were calculated to optimize the growth process in a direct and straightforward way. Based on prior simulation results single crystalline sheets of MCl₃ (M = Ru, Mo, Ti, Cr) and CrX₃ (X = I, Br, Cl) were successfully prepared at temperatures between 573 – 1023 K on YSZ (yttrium stabilized zirconia) or sapphire substrates. The adjustable CVT parameters (transport duration, temperatures or weighed starting material) were optimized with respect to the targeted synthesis of either bulk or nanosheets at substrates. Microsheets with thicknesses of less than 4 μm (α-TiCl₃) and about 20 nm thin nanosheets (α-RuCl₃, CrCl₃ and CrI₃) down to ultrathin flakes (≈ 3 nm, α-MoCl₃ and CrBr₃) were obtained by CVT. As a highlight, monolayers of α-RuCl₃ and CrCl₃ were isolated successfully by means of a subsequent delamination. The MX₃ sheets morphology and dimension was described by optical and electron microscopy, highlighting their two-dimensional nature. By several X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction techniques the desired composition (M:X = 1:3), high crystallinity and phase-purity of thick and thin MX₃ platelets was confirmed subsequently. With respect to MX₃ nanosheets a slight increase (α-RuCl₃, α-MoCl₃ and CrBr₃) or decrease (CrCl₃) in phonon energies was observed in comparison to their bulk counterparts. The magnetic properties of CrCl₃ micro- and nanosheets were determined to be solely ferromagnetic and thus different than those of the bulk samples. Finally, the structure-to-property relations were investigated at a first example. The catalytic properties of α-TiCl₃ microsheets were investigated by gas-phase polymerization of ethylene. By downscaling the catalysts thickness by CVT, we obtained an activity improvement of 24 % in comparison to bulk α-TiCl₃.
Das elektrische Energieversorgungssystem in Europa, insbesondere in Deutschland, unterliegt vor allem seit der Verabschiedung des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes im Jahre 2000 enormen Veränderungen. Die über viele Jahre gewachsene Struktur einer zentralen Energieeinspeisung durch konventionelle Kraftwerke löst sich zunehmend auf, getrieben durch den Ausstieg aus der Atom- sowie der Kohleenergie und es bildet sich ein dezentrales Energieversorgungsnetz, welches durch die Energieerzeugung aus erneuerbare Energien, allen voran Windenergie- und Photovoltaikanlagen, geprägt ist. Wesentliche Gründe dieser Veränderungen sind politische und regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen sowie der technische Fortschritt im Bereich der Erzeugung, Verbrauch und Übertragung von Energie.
Durch diese Wandlung des Energieversorgungssystems werden die Netzbetriebsführer zunehmend vor kritische Situationen gestellt, da die fluktuierende Einspeisung der erneuerbaren Energien nicht präzise vorhergesagt werden kann und somit Einspeisung und Verbrauch nicht mehr im Gleichgewicht sind. Dieses Defizit erreicht vermehrt eine Größenordnung, die durch Regelleistung nicht mehr ausgeregelt werden kann und ein Eingreifen der Netzbetriebsführer in das Energieübertragungsnetz nach sich zieht. Damit diese kritischen Situationen von den Netzbetriebsführern zu jeder Zeit beherrscht werden können, ist es nötig, das Personal für solche Szenarien zu qualifizieren. Dabei bedarf es Forschungsarbeit, um diese Qualifizierung an Simulator gestützten Schulungen mit geeigneten Netzmodellen und Szenarien sicherzustellen. Dabei muss die Interaktion und Kommunikation zwischen den Netzbetriebsführern zentraler Bestandteil einer solchen Schulung sein. Insbesondere bei Netzwiederaufbau Szenarien ist die Einhaltung einer präzisen Kommunikation unter Berücksichtigung von Meldeketten und Weisungsberechtigungen.
In dieser Arbeit wird solche eine Schulung unter Anwendung didaktischer Methoden ausarbeitet sowie Netzmodelle entwickelt, welche die Grundlage sind, um an einem solchen dynamischen Netzsimulationssystem Netzbetriebsschulungen durchzuführen. Darüber hinaus werden verschiedene Szenarien erstellt, um die unterschiedlichsten Aspekte der Netzbetriebsführung unter Einbeziehung von Netzbetriebsführern, Studierenden und Meister zu schulen.
This thesis is a combined work of understanding the high temperature oxidation chemistry of cycloalkanes viz. methylcyclohexane based on previously developed cyclohexane and extending it to generate the larger n-propylcyclohexane chemical kinetic mechanism. The detailed kinetic reaction mechanism model for the oxidation of 1-hexene previously developed has been added to account for the ring opening of cyclohexane forming 1-hexene. As an update to the publication, preference of allylic H-abstractions from 1-hexene has been taken into account and retro-ene reaction producing propene has been added. The complete model is composed of 329 species and 2065 reactions with 3796 reversible elementary reactions. Further, these models have been validated against different experiments such as shock tubes, jet stirred reactors and laminar flames to cover full range of temperatures, pressures and equivalence ratios making the models comprehensive and was found to be adequate to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental data. The allylic radicals (C₆H₁₁-D1R3) preferred abstractions from 1-hexene improves the C₆H₁₁ profiles in the 1-hexene model. But it also influences the otherwise isomerization path of C₆H1₁₁-D1R6 to CYC₆H₁₁ (Cyclohexyl radical) which would further form cyclohexene (CYC₆H₁₀). It is observed that CYC₆H₁₀ profiles in 1-hexene flames and cyclohexane speciation are over-predicted. The major decomposition pathway of the cycloalkanes is through H-abstractions on the ring. The path which leads towards ring opening to form olefin is observed for cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane but is very low. The fulvene pathway influence on benzene profiles of 1-hexene is obvious but do not seem to affect the cycloalkanes. This infers there are other benzene formation pathways in cycloalkanes. Some possible pathways would be the dehydrogenation of dienes and dehydrogenation of cyclo-olefins.
We deal with a very complex and hard scheduling problem. Several types of products are processed by a heterogeneous resource set, where resources have different operating capabilities and setup times are considered. The processing of the products follows different workflows, allowing also assembly lines. The goal is to process all products in minimum time, i.e., the makespan is to be minimized. Because of the complexity of the problem an exact solver would require too much running time. We propose a compound method where a heuristic is combined with an exact solver. Our proposed heuristic is composed of several phases applying different smart strategies. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the exact approach, we exploit the makespan determined by the heuristic as an upper bound for the time horizon, which has a direct in uence on the instance size used in the exact approach. We demonstrate the efficiency of our combined method on multiple problem classes. With the help of the heuristic the exact solver is able to obtain an optimal solution in a much shorter amount of time.
Der Wettbewerbsdruck um die Gunst der Kunden im Automobilbau führt zu einer stetig ansteigenden Diversifikation von Fahrzeugmodellen. Hierbei werden vermehrt Architekturen eingesetzt, die Produktions- und Entwicklungskosten durch die Vereinheitlichung von Bauteilen und Strukturen verringern, die in vielen verschiedenen Fahrzeugmodellen eingesetzt werden können. Somit stellen Individualisierung und Kosteneffizienz keinen Widerspruch mehr dar.
Ein wesentlicher Erfolgsfaktor bei der Entwicklung einer Architektur ist der frühe Einsatz von Simulation und computerbasierter Optimierung, um die vereinheitlichten Teile möglichst gut auf die verschiedenen Anforderungen der Fahrzeugmodelle anpassen und auslegen zu können. Die hierfür benötigten Prozesse unterscheiden sich von denen, die für klassische Optimierungsprobleme eingesetzt werden. Die hierarchische Struktur individueller und Architekturrelevanter Größen muss Berücksichtigung finden und in einen möglichst effizienten Auslegungsprozess münden. Zusätzlich ergibt sich ein großer Vorteil, wenn ein Hersteller kurzfristig und schnell neue Fahrzeugmodelle in hinreichender Qualität auf den Markt bringen kann, wofür eine besonders robuste Architektur benötigt wird.
Auf Basis einer in dieser Arbeit definierten Parametrik für Fahrwerksarchitekturen werden verschiedene Optimierungsstrategien untersucht und eine möglichst erfolgversprechende identifiziert sowie mittels geeigneter, effizienzverbessernder Maßnahmen erweitert. Die Optimierungsprobleme werden hierbei mehrkriteriell gelöst, um neben der deterministischen Optimierung auch die robuste Architekturoptimierung zu ermöglichen. Letztendlich zeigt die praxisnahe Optimierung einer Fahrwerksarchitektur das Potential und die Anwendbarkeit der entwickelten Strategie.