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The design of embedded sensor node hardware systems is a challenging task driven by the increasing demands for low power, high efficiency, low cost and small size. These unique requirements make the usage of off-the-shelf general purpose microcontrollers fairly inefficient. For many wireless sensor network applications, the design of a dedicated low power sensor node microcontroller is the only way to answer specific application requirements. According to the trends in device, process and design technology, the development of sensor node devices is relying on a cheap planar bulk-CMOS technology, where power consumption is dominated by static power loss caused by high leakage currents. To keep the power at acceptable level, designers are compelled to apply the methodologies based on advanced low power techniques that target both static and dynamic power in the chip. The decisions made early in design phase are likely to determine the energy efficiency of the final design. Therefore, the choice of power saving strategy is the key challenge in designing energy-efficient sensor node hardware.
This work presents a methodology that assists designers meeting the critical design decisions regarding power, early in the design process. The presented methodology extracts the activity profiles of single system components and applies them in the developed models for energy estimation of particular low power implementation. The energy estimation models account for the energy overhead introduced by specific low power techniques, enabling comprehensive exploration of system’s energy efficiency in a given application scenario. Special attention is paid to the methodology utilization in typical wireless sensor network applications. Accordingly, the examples of activity profiling in wireless sensor node systems are presented. The proposed methodology is integrated within a power-driven design flow and applied to the design of an embedded sensor node microcontroller. This methodology is used to perform the cross comparison of alternative low power implementations for the target system architecture. The implementation relying on concurrent clock and power gating is selected as the most energy efficient and consequently realised. Power switching cells and power control logic have been designed and characterized. Also, the final system architecture, basic system components and applied design process are described. Finally, the developed power-gated sensor node microcontroller is implemented, fabricated and successfully tested. The chip measurements results are presented and analyzed.
The analysis of different low power approaches applied to the target system architecture has shown large impact of clock gating on the system energy. In a given application scenario, the clock gating implementation has reduced 72 times the dynamic energy and 12 times the total energy of the system. The implementation of power gating technique has gained 2.8 times reduction of the leakage energy and 2 times reduction of the total system energy compared to the clock gating only implementation. The analysis of two alternative power gating approaches has emphasized the significance of partitioning in power-gated design. A heuristic partitioning that combines two specific blocks having successive activity phases into a single power domain, thereby reducing design complexity and chip area, has been shown to have positive impact on the energy efficiency of the target design.