Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
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Single wire Gas Metal Arc Welding (SGMAW) and high power Tandem GMAW (TGMAW) are evaluated with respect to energy efficiency. The key performance indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency is applied to reflect the energy efficiency of GMAW in different material transfer modes. Additionally, the wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is determined in order to identify the overall energy consumption. The results show that energy efficiency as well as economic process performance can be significantly increased by application of tandem processes. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment of a 30 mm thick weld is conducted to investigate the influences of the energy efficiency on the environmental impacts. Environmental burdens in the categories Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential can be reduced up to 11% using an energy efficient TGMAW process
An approach to achieve “zero leakage” is discussed with respect to the experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Using a thick, high quality HDPE geomembrane (GMB), which is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner (CCL) or geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well equipped and properly third-party controlled installer and which are protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to long-term performance of the GMB, may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analyzing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak detection systems in combination with HDPE GMBs. The survey is based on 32 German landfills with 1,276,500 m² of installed HDPE GMB.
An approach to achieve “zero leakage” is discussed with respect to the experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Using a thick, high quality HDPE geomembrane (GMB), which is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner (CCL) or geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well equipped and properly third-party controlled installer and which are protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to long-term performance of the GMB, may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analyzing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak detection systems in combination with HDPE GMBs. The survey is based on 32 German landfills with 1,276,500 m² of installed HDPE GMB.
In this study, bulked adhesives were examined regarding changes in properties for their use in the restoration of stained-glass windows. Two epoxy adhesives commonly used in the restoration of flat glass, Araldite® 2020 and Hxtal NYL-1™, were investigated. The adhesives were mixed with various silica-based micro- and nano-particles as fillers. Different tests were carried out on the adhesives with and without fillers in order to characterise their chemical and mechanical properties. The tests included colorimetry, dynamic-mechanical methods of analysis and tests on bending strength. No property changes could be ascertained in the bulked adhesives that would be negative for the restoration of delicate flat glass.
Aerosol emissions from brake pads are evolving into the focus of industrie and regulation. Many institutes are extending their dynamometer test stands with aerosol measurement equipement. While this is in general a good developement, the details of aerosol measurement and the special problems in the case of brake pad emissions need some special attention. The instrumentation can not be used out of the box and the important parameters will be highlighted in this presentation.
In the last years, secondary low-energy electrons (LEE) emerged as important, if not predominant, reductive pathway in ionizing damage of biomolecules. These electrons are created in copious amount as result of inelastic scattering of high energy radiation at water. Until now, all experiments the quantification of the effects of LEEs on the biomolecular damage was either performed in vacuum with LEE sources or with DNA on surfaces in humid atmosphere.
We present a new experimental setup to irradiate biomolecules with electrons under physiological conditions. In combination with monte carlo simulations this setup makes it possible to determine microdosimetric quantities for biomolecules in liquid environment under electron irradiation.
This opens up new possibilities in radiation research to access the LEE damage under well defined physiological condition, for more complex systems, such as DNA-Protein complexes and even living cells.
Radiation damage to DNA is one of the main causes for cancer and likewise a major tool in its treatment. One of the dogma of the classical radiochemistry and physics involves the opinion that radicals such as OH° produced by ionizing radiation are the most lethal agents. This scenario is increasingly disputed as secondary low-energy electrons are emerging [1] as important, if not predominant, reductive pathway in ionizing damage of biomolecules. These electrons are generated in copious amount in aqueous environment as secondary scattering products. But until now all research concerning the quantification of the effects of low energy electrons on the biomolecular damage was either performed in vacuum with low energy electron sources or with DNA plasmids on metallic surfaces in humid environment. In this work we present detailed experimental and simulation microdosimetry data on electron damage to plasmid DNA in liquid environment: Well-defined electron energy and dosage irradiation was achieve by using an EM and the irradiation through a nanomembrane. The results are analyzed in terms of single- and double-strand break probabilities in the dependence of dose, energy, number of primary and secondary electrons. The results are important not only from the basic scientific point of view but also for the development of effective radiosensitizers, either as protecting or enhancing (radiotherapy) cofactors.
In order to provide nutrition for a growing world population pesticides are a necessary tool. Crop protection agents may be considered safe, if handled correctly. Nevertheless, they are subject to transformation processes and metabolisation in the environment and technical installations. Transformation products (TP) and metabolites may exhibit properties other than those of the mother substance. They can be more harmful and thereby pose a threat to environmental and human health. With 19 % market share in 2014, triazole pesticides are the class of organic fungicides which are most commonly used in Germany.1 However, only little data is available concerning their TP and metabolites. During this study the fate of the triazole fungicides propiconazole and difenoconazole in soil and water using model reaction systems mimicking their pathway in the environment and the industrial water treatment is investigated. During application the substances may directly contaminate soil as well as surface waters. Both pesticides are considered persistent in soil and very stable towards aqueous photolysis.2 In this case however, the role of natural organic matter has not yet been examined. Since both pesticides also show moderate mobility in soils they may end up in ground water from which drinking water is produced. During this process, waters are treated with chlorine agents, ozone, and energy-rich UV radiation. Owing to the vigorous conditions the formation of a variety of technical TP can be expected. Additionally, for all environmental compartments the degradation of the fungicides by bacteria is a factor which needs to be taken into account. For this survey, iron-oxidising bacteria of the leptothrix variety were chosen as model organisms. Their potential for the metabolisation of the analytes is investigated. In this work degradation and transformation of the fungicides is monitored using quantitative target analysis. Major components in the reaction mixtures are identified by non-target analysis. GC-EI-MS-spectra, HR-MS-measurements, or the comparison with native standards are utilised for structural elucidation. For identification, products will be isolated and characterised by NMR. Toxicity assessment of these TP is essential to define threshold values in the environment. The model reaction system considering the interaction with organic matter will be presented and possible TP will be shown.
In recent years advanced oxidation processes have become an important part of research due to their capacity to degrade many environmental pollutants during water treatment. Especially the heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising method because it often results in a full mineralization of many hazardous organic compounds. However incomplete degradation reactions during this process can result in transformation products due to the oxidative conditions. The transformation products may have a higher toxicity than the precursor substances and are often only partly removed during the waste water treatment. Since a lot of these compounds are still unknown, the transformation products are not detected by target analysis used in sewage treatment plants and are often released into the aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, extensive and effective non-target analytical methods are necessary for the monitoring and identification of the transformation products which can be generated during waste water treatment. Among various semiconductors, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most frequently used photocatalyst because of its inexpensiveness, non-toxicity, chemical stability and its high photocatalytic activity. If TiO2 is irradiated with light of an energy higher than the band gap of the semiconductor, electron-hole pairs are generated on the surface of the TiO2, resulting in the formation of active oxidized species such as hydroxyl radicals which can react with environmental pollutants. To study photocatalytic reactions, a model system has been developed to simulate environmental relevant conditions for photocatalytic reactions of organic substances on a laboratory scale. The commonly used pharmaceuticals metformin and gabapentin were selected as model substances because of their high input in waste water and the little information about their occurrence, behavior and fate in the environment. Metformin is the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes. The drug therapy for diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years. More than half of the total amount of pharmaceuticals in the environment are the antidiabetic agent metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea. Gabapentin is an analogon of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is used as antiepileptic drug and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is found in waste water influent in the high ng/L range.
First results of the optimization of the photocatalyst and its application are shown.