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Paper des Monats
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The NICOLHy project aims to develop a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large scale LH2 storage technology is necessary for establishing a hydrogen economy with dimensions between 40.000 m³ and more than 200.000 m³ of LH2. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting the up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance and the spherical shape, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost efficient while production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The presentations shows details to the concept and presents several safety concerns the project has to deal with.
Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is a key low-carbon energy carrier for decarbonizing the energy sector and supporting the transition toward a hydrogen economy. One important pathway for this transition is the injection of hydrogen into existing natural gas networks, as emphasized in European hydrogen roadmaps and strategies. In this context, the SHIMMER project aims to support safe and efficient hydrogen integration by developing a publicly available database on European gas infrastructure. The database currently includes 262 records representing approximately 43,195 km of gas pipelines, with information such as material grade, design pressure, inner diameter, installation year, operational parameters, standards, pilot projects, and reference studies. By harmonizing data from open sources and participating transmission and distribution system operators, the SHIMMER database provides a structured basis for assessing hydrogen compatibility across countries and supports future research on hydrogen injection into gas transmission and distribution systems.
Für Geräte und Maschinen, die zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU konstruktiv vorgesehen sind, muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung z.B. nach DIN EN ISO 80079-36, Anhänge, durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen alle 13 Zündquellen gemäß 80079-36 betrachtet werden.
Eine Teilmenge der 13 Zündquellen sind die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlag-, Schleif- und Reibvorgänge sowie heiße Oberflächen gehören. Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als weitere Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen", als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen.
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).
Die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von Wasserstoff/Luft-Gemischen (im Vergleich zu ähnlich zündempfindlichen Kohlenwasserstoffen) durch mechanisch erzeugte Schlag- oder Reibvorgänge kann signifikant erhöht werden, wenn:
Gesteine wie Quarz und Granit einer der Schlagpartner sind, vor allem aber in der Werkstoff-kombination mit Gesteinen oder Betonen,
die Oberflächen mit Öl oder Kraftstoffen verunreinigt,
oder sandgestrahlt sind bzw. Sande fest auf der Oberfläche haften.
Monopiles represent the most common foundation design for offshore wind turbines. Given their large dimensions, offshore monopiles must be treated as shell structures. They generally require verification against local buckling. The interaction with the surrounding soil results in the maximum bending moment, and thus the highest axial compressive stress, occurring within the embedded section. Therefore, the design verification against local buckling must be performed in this region. Since the surrounding soil behaves nonlinearly and acts as a boundary condition for the pile shell, classical design approaches for shell buckling are not readily applicable and the design engineer must resort to fully numerical calculations. The code compliant development of such models requires careful calibration based on suitable comparative buckling cases. However, comprehensive reference data are difficult to obtain for design engineers. To address this limitation, an experimental campaign was carried out to generate validation data for such numerical models. A series of eight physical model tests was conducted on pile specimens with varying slenderness ratios, soil stress levels, internal filling conditions, and geometric imperfections. The test setup incorporated pneumatic systems to vary soil stiffness and was instrumented to capture high-resolution data on applied forces, displacements, and local strains. Post-buckling behavior, curvature development, and soil–structure interaction were documented in detail. The resulting dataset serves as a benchmark for validating GMNIA models, thereby supporting code-compliant numerical design and contributing to an improved understanding of embedded pile buckling mechanisms.
This presentation focuses on Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Boil-Off Gas (BOG) Management, a critical challenge that directly impacts the economic viability, safety, and resilience of future hydrogen transportation networks. The centerpiece of this presentation is the introduction of a Cryogenic Vapor-Cooled Shield (CVCS) as an innovative insulation concept. Advanced insulation technologies are among the most effective solutions for reducing heat ingress, minimizing boil-off losses, improving operational safety, and increasing the efficiency of liquid hydrogen storage and transportation.
Ensuring the safety of electrochemical energy storage systems is a key challenge for the large-scale deployment of batteries in the energy transition. Incidents involving lithium battery fires have increased public and regulatory attention to battery safety, particularly for high-energy systems. A major safety concern is thermal runaway (TR), a critical failure process that can lead to rapid self-heating, the release of toxic and flammable gases, and ultimately fire and toxic gases. Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are widely considered a promising pathway to improve battery safety by replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with solid materials. While some SSB concepts still use polymer or hybrid electrolytes, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) rely entirely on solid components such as ceramic electrolytes and are therefore often expected to suppress classical TR mechanisms. However, experimental data enabling a comprehensive safety assessment of ASSBs remain limited. This work systematically investigates failure scenarios in liquid, semi-solid, and all-solid battery systems using electrical, mechanical, and thermal abuse methods. The resulting failure characteristics and safety-relevant mechanisms are compared providing new insights into the safety behavior of solid-state battery technologies.
Batterien im Brandfall: Forschung der BAM für Analyse, Klassifizierung und Einsatzentscheidungen
(2026)
Aktuelle Arbeiten der BAM zu Batteriesicherheit werden vorgestellt. Im Fokus stehen Forschungsvorhaben zur Erkennung und Klassifizierung kritischer Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, zur einsatzunterstützenden Kommunikation für Feuerwehren sowie zur Analyse von Löschwasser nach Batteriebränden. Ziel ist es, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse in praxisnahe Entscheidungsgrundlagen für Prävention, Einsatz und Nachsorge zu überführen.
Der Vortrag gibt einen kompakten, fachlich fundierten Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Batterie-Sicherheit mit Schwerpunkt auf Lithium- und Natrium-Ionen-Batterien. Im Zentrum stehen deren sicherheitstechnische Bewertung als Gefahrgut, die Risiken des thermischen Durchgehens sowie die Bedeutung von Zellchemie, Ladezustand und Propagationsverhalten für Brand- und Transportgefahren. Darauf aufbauend werden bestehende und künftige Prüf- und Klassifizierungssysteme, insbesondere im Kontext der UN 38.3-Prüfungen und neuer gefahrbasierter Einstufungen, vorgestellt. Ergänzend beleuchtet der Vortrag aktuelle Arbeiten zu Verpackungsanforderungen, beschädigten oder defekten Batterien sowie zu neuen Batterietechnologien wie Natrium-Ionen-, Lithium-Luft- und Festkörperbatterien.
This presentation presents new insights into the safety behavior of sodium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse. Using high-speed synchrotron radiography, the internal processes during nail penetration are visualized in real time, revealing how thermal runaway develops inside the cell. The findings show that mechanical failure of certain cell components can contribute to TR severity to a significant extent. In particular, a blocking of an improper venting mechanism can play a decisive role promoting rapid gas accumulation and, eventually, an explosive failure. This demonstrates that safety mechanisms and component behavior known from lithium-ion batteries cannot necessarily transferred to sodium-ion systems one by one, highlighting the need for dedicated material evaluation and cell-level safety design.
The reuse of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs) in second-life applications such as battery energy storage systems (BESSs) offers significant environmental and economic benefits. Beyond economic considerations, safety management is a key challenge for large-scale deployment, yet the influence of ageing on LIB safety remains insufficiently understood. Preger et al., emphasized in their review the existing gap on data about electrical abuse and high-capacity cells. This laboratory-scale study investigates the evolution of key safety parameters over battery lifetime. The present study contribute to closing this gap studying three types of LIB cells (Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) chemistry) from EV and hybrid EV batteries that were artificially aged and tested at three representative states of health (SOH): 100% (beginning-of-life, BOL), 80% (end of first life), and 60% (midpoint of second life). Cells were subjected to thermal abuse, overcharge, and accelerating rate calorimetry, with selected tests coupled to online gas analysis. Results show a pronounced ageing effect on thermal stability. The onset temperature of thermal runaway was reduced by 17–69 ◦C for aged cells (60% SOH) compared with BOL cells, while overcharge acceptance decreased by 13–78%. Although aged cells exhibited lower thermal stability, their thermal runaway reactions under inert conditions were less severe, as indicated by
lower maximum temperatures. These findings highlight the need to account for ageing-induced shifts in exothermic reaction onset and thermal runaway behavior when designing safe second-life BESS. Future work should extend the analysis to LFP chemistries especially as the market is expected to shift towards this chemistry and consider battery and system levels, including influence of ageing on thermal runaway propagation.
