7.2 Ingenieurbau
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (66) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (66) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Ground vibration (6)
- Structural health monitoring (6)
- Fatigue (5)
- Model interpolation (4)
- Vibration measurements (4)
- Building vibration (3)
- Damage localization (3)
- Hammer impact (3)
- Impact (3)
- Layered soil (3)
- Reliability (3)
- Structural Health Monitoring (3)
- Temperature rejection (3)
- Bayesian updating (2)
- Cable failure (2)
- Cable-stayed bridge (2)
- Container loading (2)
- Damage characterization (2)
- Drop test (2)
- Environmental effects (2)
- Fault detection (2)
- Foundation load (2)
- Grout (2)
- High-strength concrete (2)
- Inspection planning (2)
- Interface (2)
- Linear parameter varying systems (2)
- Load vector (2)
- Offshore (2)
- Planar tomography (2)
- Repair (2)
- Risk (2)
- SDDLV (2)
- Soil-structure interaction (2)
- Soil-wall-floor model (2)
- Statistical evaluation (2)
- Structural systems (2)
- Subspace-based method (2)
- Subspace-based residual (2)
- Train passage (2)
- Train-induced ground vibration (2)
- Ultrasonic testing (2)
- Vehicle-track interaction (2)
- Wind (2)
- 2-span bridge (1)
- Achsfolgespektren (1)
- Acoustic emission testing (1)
- Amplitude-charge weight laws (1)
- Amplitude-distance laws (1)
- Analysis of variance (1)
- Analytical Design Methods (1)
- Ansys Autodyn (1)
- Apartment building (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Autonomous underwater vehicles (1)
- Axle impulses (1)
- Axle loads (1)
- Axle-sequence spectrum (1)
- BIM (1)
- Bauteile (1)
- Bauwerke (1)
- Bayesian System Identification (1)
- Bayesian methods (1)
- Bayesian system identification (1)
- Box-Behnken (1)
- Bridges (1)
- Brücken (1)
- Changing process noise (1)
- Chemisoprtion (1)
- Climate chamber (1)
- Column/wall resonance (1)
- Compaction Grouting (1)
- Compaction grouting (1)
- Compressive Cyclic loading (1)
- Compressive cyclic loading (1)
- Compressive strength (1)
- Computer Vision (1)
- Conductor (1)
- Coupler systems (1)
- Crack Luminescence (1)
- Crack detection (1)
- Crack formation (1)
- Crack growth (1)
- Crack pattern (1)
- Cracks (1)
- Cyber security (1)
- Cyclic load (1)
- DEM (1)
- DUCON® (1)
- Damage detection (1)
- Damage identification (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (DIC) (1)
- Digital Models (1)
- Digital twin (1)
- Displacements (1)
- Drone (1)
- Drop Tests (1)
- Drop tower (1)
- Drucker-Prager (1)
- Ductility (1)
- E-modulus (1)
- Earth masonry (1)
- Energy (1)
- Environmental changes (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Excitation forces (1)
- Explosion-induced ground vibrations (1)
- Fault detectionchanging (1)
- Filter effects (1)
- Finite element models (1)
- Floor resonance (1)
- Foundation Pile (1)
- Foundation reliability analysis (1)
- Freight train (1)
- Freileitung (1)
- Granular Cohesive Materials (1)
- Ground vibration measurements (1)
- Grouted Connection (1)
- Grouted connection (1)
- Grouting (1)
- HAZID (1)
- HTLS (1)
- Hard impact (1)
- High-Rise Building (1)
- High-speed (1)
- High-speed train (1)
- Horizontal stress (1)
- Impact damage on reinforced concrete (1)
- Inertial Interaction (1)
- Injection Sequence (1)
- Inspection (1)
- Irregular ballast (1)
- Irregular soil (1)
- Irregularities (1)
- Kinematic Interaction (1)
- Knudsen effect (1)
- Laboratory beam structure (1)
- Layered soils (1)
- Long-span bridge (1)
- Macromechanical Sample Strength (1)
- Material Point Method (MPM) (1)
- Material moisture (1)
- Material tests (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Measurements (1)
- Micro-reinforcement (1)
- Microfine Cement (1)
- Micromechanical Tensile Failure (1)
- Mixed formulation (1)
- Mobile elements (1)
- Modal Analysis (1)
- Modal force spectrum (1)
- Modalanalyse (1)
- Modes (1)
- Molecular diffusion (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monopile installation risks (1)
- Multiple impact (1)
- NDT (1)
- Non destructive testing (1)
- Non-Destructive Evaluation (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- Numeric simulation (1)
- Numerical damage simulation (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Numerical modelling (1)
- Office building (1)
- Office tower (1)
- Offshore Pile Foundation (1)
- Offshore Wind Energy (1)
- Offshore foundations (1)
- Offshore pile foundation (1)
- Offshore steel structures (1)
- Offshore wind turbines (1)
- Optimal Sensor Placement (1)
- Passenger train (1)
- Physisorption (1)
- Pile Foundation (1)
- Post-impact evaluation (1)
- Prediction of explosion induced ground and building vibration (1)
- Probabilistic modelling (1)
- Probability of Detection (1)
- Process noise (1)
- Propagation from a tunnel (1)
- Quasi-static and dynamic tests (1)
- Railway (1)
- Railway bridge (1)
- Railway tunnel (1)
- Randomly heterogeneous soil (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Reinforced concrete structure (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Residential building (1)
- Residual evaluation (1)
- Risk-based design (1)
- SHM (1)
- SHM environmental bridges (1)
- Safety (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Shearing (1)
- Shell Buckling (1)
- Shrinkage Reducing Admixture (1)
- Simple prediction (1)
- Size effect (1)
- Slab track (1)
- Slenderness effect (1)
- Soft impact (1)
- Soil properties (1)
- Soil-Structure-Interaction (1)
- Soil-building interaction (1)
- Soil-building resonance (1)
- Soil-pile interaction (1)
- Spatially varying ground conditions (1)
- Static load (1)
- Statistical method (1)
- Statistical tests (1)
- Steel structures (1)
- Stereo photogrammetry (1)
- Subspace methods (1)
- Superplasticizer (1)
- Supplementary Cementitious Materials (1)
- Supplementary cementitious materials (1)
- Surface Foundation (1)
- Surface-tunnel reduction (1)
- System Identification (1)
- Temperature effects (1)
- Tensile Capacity (1)
- Time-variant reliability (1)
- Tomographic damage evaluation (1)
- Train speed (1)
- Transfer function (1)
- Tunnel-pile transfer (1)
- UHPC (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Uncertainty in reference (1)
- Value of Information (1)
- Varying stiffness (1)
- Vehicle-track-soil interaction (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Vibration measurement (1)
- Waves (1)
- Welded (1)
- Wind Energy (1)
- Wind Turbines (1)
- temperature (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (66)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (66)
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (7)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (6)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (4)
- 7.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (2)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (2)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (1)
- 3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern (1)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
The attenuation of wave amplitudes is ruled by the planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry of the wave front (the geometric or power-law attenuation) but also by the damping of the soil (an exponential attenuation). Several low- and high-frequency filter effects are derived for the layering and the damping of the soil, for the moving static and the distributed train loads and for a homogeneous or randomly heterogeneous soil. Measurements of hammer- and train-induced vibrations at five sites have been analysed for these attenuation and filter effects. The measured attenuation with distance can be discribed by generalised power laws and some reasons will be discussed. The theoretical filter effects can well be found in the measurements.
A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train-induced ground and building vibrations. For the emission, finite-element boundary-element or multiple-beam-on-continuous-soil models of the track have been analysed and approximated by faster track-on-Winkler-soil models. The vehicle-track interaction due to irregularities yields the excitation forces. For the transmission of waves in the soil, the wavenumber integral of the compliance of layered soils has been evaluated. The calculation time is reduced for the prediction by using the solution of a homogeneous half-space with a frequency-dependent wave velocity (the dispersion) of the soil. For the immision, many 2 and 3-dimenisonal finite-element building models have been investigated, and a good approximation has been established by a 1-dimensional soil-wall-floor model. In addition, the axle sequence of the train, the quasi-static and the “scattered” response of the soil, and the wave propagation from a tunnel to a pile foundation of a building have been included.
Usually, geometric irregularities are considered as the main cause of ground vibrations from trains. A varying stiffness of the track, the track support and the soil can also generate ground vibrations. The regular stiffness variation of the track on and between the sleepers results in a deterministic dynamic axle load. The random stiffness variation of the track support yields also dynamic axle loads which are generated by the acceleration of the unsprung mass (from the varying wheel displacements under the static axle load). The random stiffness variation has a second effect. The pulses from the passage of the static axle loads are superposed regularly to the quasi-static response, but also irregularly to yield a “scattered” part of the axle pulses. The same holds for a random variation of the soil stiffness. All these effects of stiffness variations have been calculated by wavenumber-domain multi-beam track models, a random finite-element soil model and the superposition of axle impulses in a stochastic simulation. The results are confronted with many measurements at different sites. It is concluded that the stiffness variation of the track and the soil generate an important ground vibration component near railway lines.
Prediction of building noise and vibration – 3D finite element and 1D wave propagation models
(2021)
Construction work or traffic excite nearby buildings, and the perceptible or audible vibration can be a nuisance for the inhabitants. The transfer of the vibration from the free field to the building has been calculated by the finite element method for many models in consultancy and research work. The analysis for all storeys of certain building points such as walls, columns and floors unveiled some rules, some typical modes, and some wavetype responses. A simplified building-soil model has been created, which includes well these effects of building-soil resonance, wall/column resonance, floor resonances, and the high-frequency reduction. The model consists of one wall for a wall-type apartment building or a column for each specific part (mid, side or corner) of a column-type office building. The building response in the high-frequency (acoustic) region is calculated as mean values over all storeys and over wider frequency bands, by wave-type asymptotes of an infinitely tall building, and by the soil to wall ratio of impedances. The secondary noise is predicted by Transfer values between the building vibration (center of floors, walls at a room corner) and the sound pressure.
Measurements at the foundation, the surrounding soil and nearby buildings have been done during several drop tests of different containers on different foundations. The first measurements have been done on a big foundation where it should be guaranteed that the foundation is rigid and the container is tested properly. It was controlled that the foundation does not absorb more than 2 percent of the energy of the container. Most of the drop energy is lost in shock absorbers. Later on, a smaller drop test facility has been built on the ground but inside an existing building. It had to be controlled by prediction and measurements that the drop test will not damage the building. Tests from different heights on soft, medium, and stiff targets have been done to find out rules which allow to identify acceptable and unacceptable drop tests. Later on, the biggest drop test facility has been built for masses up to 200 t. It was necessary for the design of the foundation to estimate the forces which occur during the drop tests. On the other hand, the acceptable tests should be selected and controlled by measurements where the impact duration is important. Different sensors, accelerometers, accelerometers with mechanical filters, geophones (velocity transducers), strain gauges, and pressure cells have been applied for these tasks. The signals have been transformed to displacements which proved to be best suited for the interpretation of the impact mechanism. Modell calculations have been used to check and understand the dynamic measurements. The simplest law is the conservation of the momentum which is a good approximation if the impact is short. If the soil under the foundation has an influence on the deceleration of the container, the maximum foundation velocity is lower than the simple estimation. The amplitudes of the foundation could also be estimated from the ground vibrations and their amplitude-distance law.
The passage of the train is dominated by the impulses of the static axle loads. The response of the regular homogeneous and irregular soils has been calculated by the finite-element method in frequency domain. The superposition of the impulse responses yields the quasi-static component of the ground vibration which is restricted to very low frequencies and to the close near-field of the track. In case of an irregular soil or ballast of which the stiffness varies randomly in space, a mid-frequency ground vibration component is generated by the scattering of the axle impulses. Measurements will be shown which prove the existence of the mid-frequency ground vibration component and the unique explanation by the scattered axle impulses: many international measurements with a raised mid-frequency component, axle-box measurements with a too low mid-frequency dynamic load, amplitude-speed dependencies which are incompatible with irregularity-induced dynamic loads, and ground vibration reductions due to stiff track elements.
Abstract. Three measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results.
The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces.
The present contribution evaluates four measuring series made by the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing for the relations between train speed and ground vibration amplitudes. This experimental evaluation is supported by the simulation of the train passages at the different sites by using appropriate excitation mechanisms and forces as well as layered soil models which have been derived from impact measurements at each site.
Three measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results. The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces.
The Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing has performed many impact tests from very small laboratory tests to very big “free-field” tests with heavy containers on stiff foundations. The first measurements have been done on a big foundation where it should be guaranteed that the foundation is rigid and the container is tested properly. Later on, a smaller drop test facility has been built on the ground inside an existing building. It had to be controlled by prediction and measurements that the drop test will not damage the building. Tests from different heights on soft, medium, and stiff targets have been done to find out rules which allow to identify acceptable and unacceptable drop tests. Later on, the biggest drop test facility has been built for masses up to 200 t. It was necessary for the design of the foundation to estimate the forces which oc-cur during the drop tests. In addititon, the acceptable tests should be selected and controlled by measurements where the impact duration is important. Dif-ferent sensors, accelerometers, accelerometers with mechanical filters, geo-phones (velocity transducers), strain gauges, and pressure cells have been ap-plied for these tasks. Signal transformations and model calculations have been used to check and understand the dynamic measurements. The simplest law is the conservation of the momentum which is a good approximation if the impact is short. If the soil under the foundation has an influence on the deceleration of the container, the maximum foundation velocity is lower than the simple esti-mation.