4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (346) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (304)
- Deutsch (38)
- Chinesisch (2)
- Italienisch (1)
- Polnisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Leaching (14)
- Biocides (10)
- Phosphorus (10)
- Sewage sludge (9)
- Archaeometry (8)
- Bacteria (8)
- Bottom ash (8)
- Circular economy (7)
- Antimicrobial resistance (6)
- Biofilm (6)
- Construction products (6)
- Evolution (6)
- Biofilms (5)
- Black fungi (5)
- DRIFTS (5)
- Ectoine (5)
- Fertilizer (5)
- Fungi (5)
- Inks (5)
- Non-destructive testing (5)
- Phosphorus recovery (5)
- Thermal desorption (5)
- VOC (5)
- XANES spectroscopy (5)
- Degradation (4)
- Ecotoxicity (4)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (4)
- Gas chromatography (4)
- Incineration bottom ash (4)
- Ink (4)
- Klärschlamm (4)
- Mixed ink (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (4)
- PFAS (4)
- Papyrus (4)
- Polyethylene (4)
- Raman spectroscopy (4)
- Recycling (4)
- Reverse glass painting (4)
- Struvite (4)
- Termite (4)
- Termites (4)
- Wastewater (4)
- Wood protection (4)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (4)
- Bio-weathering (3)
- Biodeterioration (3)
- Corrosion (3)
- DHN melanin (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- Disinfection (3)
- Emission test chamber (3)
- Fertilzer (3)
- Geosynthetics (3)
- Geotextiles (3)
- Holzschutz (3)
- Indoor air quality (3)
- Ink analysis (3)
- Interlaboratory comparison (3)
- Knufia petricola (3)
- MIC (3)
- Manuscripts (3)
- Microcolonial fungi (3)
- NAP-XPS (3)
- Osmoadaptation (3)
- Passive sampling (3)
- Pathogen (3)
- Phosphat (3)
- Phosphor (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (3)
- Rostasche (3)
- Scandium (3)
- Sewage sludge ash (3)
- Soil (3)
- Standardisation (3)
- TXRF (3)
- Thermal treatment (3)
- Ultrafine particles (3)
- VVOC (3)
- Volatile organic compounds (3)
- Wood Protection (3)
- Zinc (3)
- Aerosol (2)
- Air pollution (2)
- Air quality monitoring (2)
- Air sampling (2)
- Analytical methods (2)
- Antimicrobial (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics and Optics (2)
- BEMMA (2)
- Bacterial adhesion (2)
- Bauprodukte (2)
- Biocorrosion (2)
- Bioinformatics (2)
- Bioreceptivity (2)
- Brown-rot fungi (2)
- Building and Construction (2)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (2)
- Cannibalism (2)
- Carbon ink (2)
- Cascade impactor (2)
- Chemical ecology (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Colourants (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (2)
- Condensed Matter Physics (2)
- Coptic (2)
- Corrosion evolution (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- DNA (2)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Design of experiments (2)
- Disposal repository (2)
- E. coli (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Electric arc furnace dust (2)
- Electron microscopy (2)
- Emission (2)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (2)
- Entomopathogen (2)
- Environment (2)
- Ersatzbaustoff (2)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (2)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- Fluoride (2)
- Forsterite (2)
- Fuel Technology (2)
- Fungus (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Geruchsmessung (2)
- Gut microbiota (2)
- Halomonas elongata (2)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (2)
- Horizontal gene transfer (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- ISO 16000-6 (2)
- Immunity (2)
- Insect biotechnology (2)
- Iron-gall ink (2)
- Isoptera (2)
- Keratin (2)
- Klärschlammverordnung (2)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (2)
- Kulturelle Entomologie (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Langzeitverhalten (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser processing (2)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Lysimeter (2)
- MOF (2)
- Magnesium (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Mechanochemistry (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Method development (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microbiota (2)
- Micropatterning (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- NanoSIMS (2)
- Nanoparticles (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Nuclear waste (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particles (2)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (2)
- Pigment (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Raman (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Recycling fertilizer (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Secondary building materials (2)
- Social (2)
- Stress tolerance (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Subaerial biofilms (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Symbiosis (2)
- Tantal (2)
- Taxonomy (2)
- Thermochemical treatment (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Transformation (2)
- Virology (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Waste treatment (2)
- Waste-to-energy (2)
- Weathering (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- XANES (2)
- XPS (2)
- XRF (2)
- pH sensor (2)
- (Semi)arid to humid-temperate natural ecosys (1)
- 13CO2 pulse labeling (1)
- 13th century (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2A peptide (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D printer (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- A key interface (1)
- A-DNA conformation (1)
- AEROMET II (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abfallverbrennung (1)
- Abfälle (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (1)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (1)
- Advanced groups of termites (1)
- Aerodynamic levitation (1)
- Aerosol gravimetry (1)
- Aerosol measurement instruments (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Affinity chromatography (1)
- Ag-LDI-MS (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Agricultural mycology (1)
- Agronomic performance (1)
- Agronomische Effizienz (1)
- Air Analysis (1)
- Air analysis (1)
- Air pollution control (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alkylating agents (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Amphiphilic polymer (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Anaerobic pathways (1)
- Analytical Chemistry (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Animal immune system (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antagonism (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibacterial coatings (1)
- Antibacterial polymer (1)
- Antibacterial surfaces (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antifouling (1)
- Antimicrobial coating (1)
- Antimicrobial materials (1)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (1)
- Antimicrobial test (1)
- Antimicrobial testing (1)
- Antimicrobials (1)
- Antimony (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Antiseptic agents (1)
- Aquatic fungi (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Artificial ageing (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Ascosphaera apis (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Ashes (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Astrobiology (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Auslaugtest (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- BAM Data Store (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BESSY (1)
- BODIPY (1)
- BOFS (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacteria trapping (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Bagasse (1)
- Basidiomycetes (1)
- Basin (1)
- Bassanite (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bathyarchaeia (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Bauxite residue (1)
- Bawit (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Behavioural mechanisms (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Bio-based insulation (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Biocide tolerance (1)
- Biodeterioration and biodegradation (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm quantification (1)
- Biofouling (1)
- Biogenic weathering (1)
- Bioinformatics virology viruses software (1)
- Biokorrosion (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Biomimetic (1)
- Biomonitoring (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotests (1)
- Biotic environment (1)
- Biozide (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Black microcolonial fungi (1)
- Black writing ink (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Blast-furnace sludge (1)
- Blattodea (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Built environment (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- CCQM (1)
- CEC-L-103 (1)
- CEN (1)
- CHC (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- CPC calibration (1)
- CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated genome editing (1)
- CaNaPO4 (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Calcium carbonate (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Calcium sulfate (1)
- Calibration transfer (1)
- Carbon steel (1)
- Carbon steel corrosion (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cell appendages (1)
- Cell studies (1)
- Cell-envelope (1)
- Cellulose ether (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemicals (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chemisches Recycling (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chlorine (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Clean steel (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Climate gradient (1)
- Cloning vectors (1)
- Close proximity to colonies (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Cockroaches (1)
- Codex (1)
- Cognitive performance (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (1)
- Combustion and gasification (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Community-level interactions (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Compatible solute (1)
- Comsumer good samples (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Conjugate (1)
- Conjugation (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction product (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Contraction (1)
- Control (1)
- Copper (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Coptic manuscripts (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Corrosion environment (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Cross-feeding (1)
- Cross-resistance (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Cryo XPS (1)
- Cryptoendolithism (1)
- Crystalline phase identification (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuNPs (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cupriavidus campinensis (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- DIN (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- DNA polymerase (1)
- DSM 5009 (1)
- Decomposition point (1)
- Degradable polymer (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Deponie (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Desert ecology (1)
- Developing building materials (1)
- Dielectric heating (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Differential expression (1)
- Diffractive gratings (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Direct laser writing (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Disinfection Fuel (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Domestikation (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Draft Genome (1)
- Drawings (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Dry treatment (1)
- Drywood termite (1)
- DsRNA (1)
- Dye (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- Dynamic calibration gas mixtures (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EN 717-3 (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Ecological genetics (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electronic (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic lab notebook (ELN) (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Elemental aerosol analysis (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Eluatwerte (1)
- Elutionsverfahren (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission test method (1)
- Emission testing (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Entomology (1)
- Entomopathogenic Fungus (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Environmental Chemistry (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental conditions (1)
- Environmental evaluation (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Epidemal layer (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Exposure (1)
- External (1)
- Extracellular enzymes (1)
- Extracellular pH (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- F pili (1)
- FAT class concept (1)
- FFF-3D printer (1)
- FFF-3D printing (1)
- FFF-filament (1)
- FFF-printing (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Family archives (1)
- Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (1)
- Fassaden (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fenton-like reaction (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flask method (1)
- Flexible shadow masks (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Flügel (1)
- Food (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Forest fires (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Formaldehyd (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungal decay (1)
- Fungal stress mechanisms and responses (1)
- Fungicidal property (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GDL (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- Gas analysis (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Environmental Science (1)
- General Materials Science (1)
- General Medicine (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphene–bacteria interaction (1)
- Green facades (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum plasterboards (1)
- Gypsum waste (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Halophilic bacteria (1)
- Hausbockkäfer (1)
- Hazard properties (1)
- Hazardous waste (1)
- Haze Samples (1)
- Hazenite (1)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Heat maps (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Hellenistic (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- Hermopolis (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- History of Art (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Holzwurm (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Hospital premises (1)
- Host and symbiont ecology (1)
- Host immunity (1)
- Hydration products (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogenasen (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hyperarid (1)
- Hypermutation (1)
- Hypopharynx (1)
- ICP-OES (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 22196 (1)
- ISO REMCO (1)
- ITS region (1)
- Idiopathic environmental intolerance (1)
- In situ (1)
- In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- In-situ analysis (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Indoor air (1)
- Indoor mycobiome (1)
- Inducible promoter (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrial mycology (1)
- Infecting a number of insects, (1)
- Infections (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrared thermography (1)
- Ink analyses (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Instrumental analysis of ink (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Inter-comparison (1)
- Inter-lab comparison (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Intercomparison (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ir DNA staining approach (1)
- Iron gall ink (1)
- Iron making (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Jig (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Labrum (1)
- Laccase (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Laser printer emission (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Leaching of waste materials (1)
- Lead (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lichtbogenofen (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-molecular-weight organic substances (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- MSWI fly ash (1)
- Major transition (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Marble (1)
- Marek's Disease Virus (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Mask fabrication (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Materials Chemistry (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Mechanisms of pathogenesis (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical mycology (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Melting point (1)
- Melting temperature (1)
- Metabolic engineering (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metadata (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metals and Alloys (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Metarhizium robertsii DSM 1490 (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogens (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Microbe (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbial adhesions (1)
- Microbial simulation, (1)
- Microbially Induced Corrosion (1)
- Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) (1)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (1)
- Microchamber (1)
- Micromonospora aurantiaca (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Microwaves (1)
- Middle Ages (1)
- Millipedes (1)
- Mineral (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- Model (1)
- Model aerosols (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling studies (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Moisture performance (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molecular identification (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Monoverbrennung (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mud volcanoe fluids (1)
- Multi-resistant bacteria (1)
- Multi-scale study (1)
- Multicellularity (1)
- Multidisciplinary (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multiple Displacement Amplification (1)
- Multiple chemical sensitivity (1)
- Multiple lines of evidence (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museumsschädling (1)
- Mussel-inspired coating (1)
- Mussel-inspired materials (1)
- Mutation rate (1)
- MySpot (1)
- Mycotoxin (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- N and K analog tracer (1)
- NGS (1)
- NIR imaging (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- NanoPlattform (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Natural durability (1)
- Natural ecosystems (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Near ambient x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Near-infrared refectography (1)
- Near-infrared refelctography (1)
- Neozoon (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- New exocrine organ (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Nitrososphaerales (1)
- Nitrous oxide (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Nonvolatile (1)
- Normung (1)
- Nostoc punctiforme (1)
- Novelle BBodSchV (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nutrient acquisition (1)
- Nutrient cycles (1)
- Nutrient uplift and recyclin (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- OECD (1)
- OIT (1)
- Oddy test (1)
- Oil (1)
- Olivine (1)
- One-step ionic liquids synthesis (1)
- Open data (1)
- OpenBIS (1)
- Optical properties of ink (1)
- Optical and Magnetic Materials (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- Organic phosphorus breakdown (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Oxide melts (1)
- Oxyfuel-Verbrennung (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P speciation (1)
- P-Recyclingdünger (1)
- P-efficiency (1)
- P. Fluorescens (1)
- PAK (1)
- PM monitors (1)
- PV modules (1)
- Painting (1)
- Paper sizings (1)
- Particle emission (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particle synthesis (1)
- Particle velocimetry (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Parylene C (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Pathogen virulence (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Peptide-derived components (1)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Persian historical recipes (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pest control (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phase formation (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphate dynamics (1)
- Phosphate extractability and availability (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphor-Rückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorous recovery (1)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy (1)
- Phosphorus availability (1)
- Phosphorus elimination (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphous recovery (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Photodynamic therapy (1)
- Photometric P determination (1)
- Photonics (1)
- Phototrophs (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Physical and optical characteristics (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant economic spectrum (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Plastic degradation (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polydopamine (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyioinic liquid (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polymerase mutant (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyurethanes (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Probiotic-based vaccines (1)
- Probiotics (1)
- Process Metallurgy (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process upscaling (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Proofreading deficient (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proton conductivity (1)
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (1)
- Pseudomonas veronii (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Purification (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Pyrometallurgie (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- RNA-Sequencing (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radio waves (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radon (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Reactive oxygen species (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Real-time qPCR (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycled gypsum (1)
- Recycled sources (1)
- Recyclingdüngemittel (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Red mud (1)
- Redensarten (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Reference materials (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference organisms (1)
- Reference samples (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Religion (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Resistance model (1)
- Resource Recovery (1)
- Resources (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rhenanite (1)
- Rhizopus (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhizosphere effect (1)
- Rhizosphere processes (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Rice (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rock biofilm (1)
- Root economics space (1)
- Rostral gland (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Rround robin test (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SEM micrography (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SVOC (1)
- Safety (1)
- Salts (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Sapphire (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Scribal corrections (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Selective Chlorination (1)
- Selective chlorination (1)
- Selective quantification (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Semivolatile organic compounds (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sequence annotation (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Setzmaschine (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge disposal (1)
- Short crack propagation (1)
- Silica and polystyrene nanoparticles (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Silver (1)
- Single cell (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Size (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Social Immunity (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insect (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Soil-feeding habit (1)
- Soil-like material (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solar panels (1)
- Soldier (1)
- Solid phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-liquid extraction (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Spectral imaging (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Steelmaking residues (1)
- Stoichiometric homeostasis (1)
- Stone cultural heritage (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Strategy and Management (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Sub-4nm particles (1)
- Subjective complaints (1)
- Subsocial (1)
- Subsoil nutrient tracing (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter (1)
- Sum parameter analysis (1)
- Suppression (1)
- Surface interactions (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synergy (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetic metabolism (1)
- Synthetic organic pigments (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Targeting, Nanoparticles (1)
- Temperate rain forest (1)
- Temperature and humidity (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Tems (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Termiten (1)
- Termitoidae (1)
- Textilschädling (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermal waste treatment (1)
- Thermo-desorption (1)
- Thermocouple (1)
- Thermodynamic (1)
- Thioimidazolium (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Topographical pattern (1)
- Torah (1)
- Torah scrolls (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Tripartite interactions (1)
- UV radiation (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (1)
- Up-cycling (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Ureolytic bacteria (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- VOC emission (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Vererbung (1)
- Vergleichende Linguistik (1)
- Verwertung (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Vorsorgewerte (1)
- Waste (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Waste management (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Water (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Water atmosphere (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Water stable isotope analysis (1)
- Water uptake (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld toe geometry (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- White-rot fungi (1)
- Wood Modification (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-Ray flourescence spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray fuorescence (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray tomographic (1)
- XRF imaging (1)
- XRF ink analysis (1)
- Yeast (1)
- ZIF (1)
- ZIF-8 (1)
- Zearalenone (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zinc chloride (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- Zinnschlacke (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- dsDAN monolayer (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- iChip (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- openBIS (1)
- pH (1)
- pH probe (1)
- pHe (1)
- qPCR (1)
- soil (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- ‘Green’ pesticide (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (346)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (94)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (75)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (60)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (57)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (44)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (38)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (34)
- 6 Materialchemie (31)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (12)
Paper des Monats
- ja (19)
ABSTRACT: Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, and their adhesion to surfaces in industrial systems or clinical settings may lead to pipe clogging, microbially influenced corrosion, material deterioration, food spoilage, infections, and human illness. Here, a novel microfluidic platform was developed to investigate biofilm formation under precisely controlled (i) cell concentration, (ii) temperature, and (iii) flow conditions. The developed platform central unit is a single-channel microfluidic flow cell designed to ensure ultrahomogeneous flow and condition in its central area, where features, e.g., with trapping properties, can be incorporated. In comparison to static and macroflow chamber assays for biofilm studies, microfluidic chips allow in situ monitoring of biofilm formation under various flow regimes and have better environment control and smaller sample requirements.
Flow simulations and experiments with fluorescent particles were used to simulate bacteria flow in the platform cell for calculating flow velocity and direction at the microscale level. The combination of flow analysis and fluorescent strain injection in the cell showed that microtraps placed at the center of the channel were efficient in capturing bacteria at determined positions and to study how flow conditions, especially microvortices, can affect biofilm formation. The microfluidic platform exhibited improved performances in terms of homogeneity and robustness for in vitro biofilm formation. We anticipate the presented platform to be suitable for broad, versatile, and high-throughput biofilm studies at the microscale level.
The analysis of the presence and content of substances that are toxic to aquatic life in waste is essential for classification of waste with regard to hazard property (HP) 14 ‘ecotoxic’. For the determination of HP14 classified copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) compounds in various municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (IBA) and one fly ash (FA) from Germany we applied X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting. The analysis showed that approx. 50–70% of Cu in the IBA are Cu(I) compounds and elemental Cu(0), but these compounds were not equally distributed in the different IBA. In contrast, the majority (approx. 50–70%) of Zn in all IBA is elemental zinc, which originates from brass or other alloys and galvanized metals with a large content of zinc in the waste. The FA contain higher mass fraction on Zn and other toxic elements, but similar Cu and Zn species. Additional performed selective extraction at a pH of 4 with an organic acid of some IBA showed that the ecotoxic Zn fraction is mainly elemental zinc and zinc oxide. In contrast, for the ecotoxic Cu fraction within the IBA no specific compound could be identified. Furthermore, the XANES analysis showed that the HP14 properties of especially Cu in IBA is overestimated with current best-practice guidelines for sample processing for the current substance-related approach with the 0.1% cut-off rule for each substance. However, it should be considered whether it would not be better from an environmental point of view to take the ecotoxicologically leachable copper and zinc as a reference value.
Atmospheric deposition of particulate matter is an important indicator of air pollution and a significant factor in material surface fouling. The elemental composition of this nutrient-containing dust depends largely on the exposure region and time as well as on climate. Therefore, in this paper we report an analysis of atmospheric pollutions with a self-made low-cost bulk deposition sampler directed at sampling deposition via air transport and rainfall. We used the device in diverse environments - thus comparing an urban region, an area surrounded by forest and an area mainly dominated by agriculture. The total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) amounts were selected as indicator parameters and analyzed in a biweekly rhythm for three and a half and two years, respectively. The TOC value responded to particulate matter in the urban area, especially significant were the influences of the New Year's firework in urban and pollen in the rural forest area. In contrast, the TN value was more under the influence of the nitrogen emissions in the agriculture-dominated area. However, the TN value did not correlate with the NOx values in the urban area because the atmospheric nitrogen emissions in the city might originate from various emission sources. Summarizing, the TOC and TN values of the self-made low-cost bulk deposition sampler were in good agreement with environmental events of their immediate surrounding. Moreover, the selected containers and sampling procedures are universally applicable to monitor and analyze organic as well as inorganic parameters (e.g. metal ions) of atmospheric deposition.
The higher classification of termites requires substantial revision as the Neoisoptera, the most diverse termite lineage, comprise many paraphyletic and polyphyletic higher taxa. Here, we produce an updated termite classification using genomic-scale analyses. We reconstruct phylogenies under diverse substitution models with ultraconserved elements analyzed as concatenated matrices or within the multi-species coalescence framework. Our classification is further supported by analyses controlling for rogue loci and taxa, and topological tests. We show that the Neoisoptera are composed of seven family-level monophyletic lineages, including the Heterotermitidae Froggatt, Psammotermitidae Holmgren, and Termitogetonidae Holmgren, raised from subfamilial rank. The species-rich Termitidae are composed of 18 subfamily-level monophyletic lineages, including the new subfamilies Crepititermitinae, Cylindrotermitinae, Forficulitermitinae, Neocapritermitinae, Protohamitermitinae, and Promirotermitinae; and the revived Amitermitinae Kemner, Microcerotermitinae Holmgren, and Mirocapritermitinae Kemner. Building an updated taxonomic classification on the foundation of unambiguously supported monophyletic lineages makes it highly resilient to potential destabilization caused by the future availability of novel phylogenetic markers and methods. The taxonomic stability is further guaranteed by the modularity of the new termite classification, designed to accommodate as-yet undescribed species with uncertain affinities to the herein delimited monophyletic lineages in the form of new families or subfamilies.
AbstractEusocial insects, such as ants and termites, are characterized by high levels of coordinated social organization. This is contrasted by solitary insects that display more limited forms of collective behavior. It has been hypothesized that this gradient in sociobehavioral sophistication is positively correlated with chemical profile complexity, due to a potentially increased demand for diversity in chemical communication mechanisms in insects with higher levels of social complexity. However, this claim has rarely been assessed empirically. Here, we compare different levels of chemical and transcriptomic complexity in selected species of the order Blattodea that represent different levels of social organization, from solitary to eusocial. We primarily focus on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) complexity, since it has repeatedly been demonstrated that CHCs are key signaling molecules conveying a wide variety of chemical information in solitary as well as eusocial insects. We assessed CHC complexity and divergence between our studied taxa of different social complexity levels as well as the differentiation of their respective repertoires of CHC biosynthesis gene transcripts. Surprisingly, we did not find any consistent pattern of chemical complexity correlating with social complexity, nor did the overall chemical divergence or transcriptomic repertoire of CHC biosynthesis genes reflect on the levels of social organization. Our results challenge the assumption that increasing social complexity is generally reflected in more complex chemical profiles and point toward the need for a more cautious and differentiated view on correlating complexity on a chemical, genetic, and social level.
Knufia petricola is a black fungus that colonizes sun-exposed surfaces as extreme and oligotrophic environments. As ecologically important heterotrophs and biofilm-formers on human-made surfaces, black fungi form one of the most resistant groups of biodeteriorating organisms. Due to its moderate growth rate in axenic culture and available protocols for its transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, K. petricola is used for studying the morpho-physiological adaptations shared by extremophilic and extremotolerant black fungi. In this study, the bacteria-derived tetracycline (TET)-dependent promoter (Tet-on) system was implemented to enable controllable gene expression in K. petricola. The functionality i.e., the dose-dependent inducibility of TET-regulated constructs was investigated by using GFP fluorescence, pigment synthesis(melanin and carotenoids) and restored uracil prototrophy as reporters. The newly generated cloning vectors containing the Tet-on construct, and the validated sites in the K. petricola genome for color-selectable or neutral insertion of expression constructs complete the reverse genetics toolbox. One or multiple genes can be expressed on demand from different genomic loci or from a single construct by using 2A self-cleaving peptides, e.g., for localizing proteins and protein complexes in the K. petricola cell or for using K. petricola as host for the expression of heterologous genes.
Cryomyces antarcticus, a melanized cryptoendolithic fungus endemic to Antarctica, can tolerate environmental conditions as severe as those in space. Particularly, its ability to withstand ionizing radiation has been attributed to the presence of thick and highly melanized cell walls, which—according to a previous investigation—may contain both 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and L‐3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) melanin. The genes putatively involved in the synthesis of DHN melanin were identified in the genome of C. antarcticus. Most important is capks1 encoding a non‐reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) and being the ortholog of the functionally characterized kppks1 from the rock‐inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola. The co‐expression of CaPKS1 or KpPKS1 with a 4′‐phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the formation of a yellowish pigment, suggesting that CaPKS1 is the enzyme providing the precursor for DHN melanin. To dissect the composition and function of the melanin layer in the outer cell wall of C. antarcticus, non‐melanized mutants were generated by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing. Notwithstanding its slow growth (up to months), three independent non‐melanized Δcapks1 mutants were obtained. The mutants exhibited growth similar to the wild type and a light pinkish pigmentation, which is presumably due to carotenoids. Interestingly, visible light had an adverse effect on growth of both melanized wild‐type and non‐melanized Δcapks1 strains. Further evidence that light can pass the melanized cell walls derives from a mutant expressing a H2B‐GFP fusion protein, which can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the study reports on the first genetic manipulation of C. antarcticus, resulting in non‐melanized mutants and demonstrating that the melanin is rather of the DHN type. These mutants will allow to elucidate the relevance of melanization for surviving extreme conditions found in the natural habitat as well as in space.
Aschen und Schlacken aus der thermischen Abfallbehandlung stellen mit rund 25% Massenanteil die größte Reststofffraktion dar. In Deutschland fallen pro Jahr rund 6 Millionen Tonnen an. Während sich die Verwertung der metallischen Anteile problemlos gestaltet, werden an die mineralische Fraktion Anforderungen bezüglich der möglichen Freisetzung von Schwermetallen sowie Chlorid und Sulfat gestellt. In der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung sind für Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung zwei Materialklassen mit unterschiedlich hohen Anforderungen an die Umweltverträglichkeit definiert. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob mit Abtrennung der Feinfraktion von 0–2mm die höhere Materialklasse HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. Im Ergebnis wurde eine Verbesserung des Auslaugverhaltens erzielt, doch nicht in dem Maß, dass eine Qualität nach HMVA-1 erreicht wird. Rostaschen halten aber die Anforderungen zur Deponierung auf einer DK I-Deponie sowie die Anforderungen zur Verwertung gemäß HMVA-2 sicher ein.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a significant collection of plastic introduced by human activities, provides an ideal environment to study bacterial lifestyles on plastic substrates. We proposed that bacteria colonizing the floating plastic debris would develop strategies to deal with the ultravioletexposed substrate, such as the production of antioxidant pigments. We observed a variety of pigmentation in 67 strains that were directly cultivated from plastic pieces sampled from the Garbage Patch. The genomic analysis of four representative strains, each distinct in taxonomy, revealed multiple pathways for carotenoid production. These pathways include those that produce
less common carotenoids and a cluster of photosynthetic genes. This
cluster appears to originate from a potentially new species of the Rhodobacteraceae family. This represents the first report of an aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacterium from plastic biofilms. Spectral analysis showed that the bacteria actively produce carotenoids, such as betacarotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, and bacteriochlorophyll a. Furthermore, we discovered that the genetic ability to synthesize carotenoids is more common in plastic biofilms than in the surrounding water communities. Our findings suggest that plastic biofilms could be an overlooked source of bacteria-produced carotenoids, including rare forms. It also suggests that photoreactive molecules might play a crucial role in bacterial biofilm communities in surface water.
The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous.