4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2019 (162) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (73)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (37)
- Posterpräsentation (30)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (13)
- Buchkapitel (5)
- Dissertation (2)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
- Forschungsdatensatz (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (162) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Corrosion (14)
- Ink (9)
- MIC (9)
- Biocides (7)
- Methanogens (7)
- XRF (7)
- Inks (6)
- Reverse glass painting (6)
- Antimicrobial resistance (5)
- DRIFTS (5)
- Fungus (5)
- Manuscripts (5)
- Nano (5)
- OECD (5)
- Raman spectroscopy (5)
- ATR (4)
- Archaeometry (4)
- Biofilm (4)
- Cultural heritage (4)
- Evolution (4)
- Fertilzer (4)
- Guideline (4)
- Knufia petricola (4)
- Leaching (4)
- Microbiology (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (4)
- Olivine (4)
- Prüfrichtlinie (4)
- Weathering (4)
- Aerosol (3)
- Archaea (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Blast furnace sludge (3)
- Cascade impactor (3)
- Coptic (3)
- Corrosion products (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- Electric arc furnace dust (3)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (3)
- Material science (3)
- NanoSIMS (3)
- Non destructive analytical techniques (3)
- Papyrus (3)
- Phosphorus recovery (3)
- Raman Spectroscopy (3)
- Reflectography (3)
- Resistance evolution (3)
- TXRF (3)
- Termite (3)
- Zinc (3)
- 3D inspection (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Agronomic performance (2)
- Alite (2)
- Anobium punctatum (2)
- Arabic Recipes (2)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Black fungi (2)
- Carbide formation (2)
- Carbon feeding (2)
- Chemical analysis (2)
- Chinese paper (2)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Ectoine (2)
- Environmental Simulation (2)
- Environmental simulation (2)
- FIB/SEM (2)
- Fume (2)
- Genetics (2)
- Glass scanning (2)
- Immunity (2)
- Infrared spectroscopy (2)
- Iron-gall ink (2)
- Knufia (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (2)
- Methanogen (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microorganism (2)
- Nanomaterials (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Persian manuscripts (2)
- Persister cells (2)
- Phosphorus (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Plume (2)
- Portland Cement (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Pyrometallurgy (2)
- Recycling (2)
- Recycling fertilisers (2)
- Reduction process (2)
- Resistance (2)
- Restoration and conservation (2)
- Selective chlorination (2)
- Shale (2)
- Solar panel (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Stained glass (2)
- Steelmaking slag (2)
- Structured light scanning (2)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (2)
- Synthetic organic pigments (2)
- Tantalum (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Tricalcium-silicate (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (2)
- XANES (2)
- XANES spectroscopy (2)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D Printing (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Aerosol element alanysis (1)
- Aerosol element mass concentration (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Ambient aerosol (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytical methods (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antimicrobial (1)
- Apanteles carpatus (1)
- Arabic recipes (1)
- Architecture (1)
- BEMMA (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Biological Control (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Black Ink (1)
- Black fungus (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Botrytis (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- CDW processing (1)
- CRISPR dCas9 (1)
- CRM (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Carbon ink (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Cascade impector (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chicken manure (1)
- Chinese Paper (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Circular economy (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Co-combustion (1)
- Codicology (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colourants (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Controlled atmosphere (1)
- Controlled release fertilisers (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Crispr-Cas9 (1)
- DGT (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Drawing (1)
- Dyes (1)
- E$volution (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecotoxicity (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Element mass concetration (1)
- Emission (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental evaluation (1)
- Exergy (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fertilizer (1)
- Fibre analysis (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungi (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Geological formation (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Glass paints (1)
- Gold (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- HI-Tension (1)
- Halomonas elongata (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Halophilic (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herculaneum (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- Historic ink (1)
- Humboldt Codices (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- IEQ (1)
- ITS region (1)
- In situ (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Ink composition (1)
- Ink terminology (1)
- Inkwells (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Interdisciplinary (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Iron (1)
- Isoptera (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Jewish cultures (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- LCC (1)
- LIBS (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Lead (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lfe cycle assessment (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Light regulation (1)
- Light sensing (1)
- Low cost aerosol PM sensor (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Medieval-stained glass (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metal reducing bacteria (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Metals (1)
- Microbial (1)
- Microbial community modelling (1)
- Microbiologically Influrenced Corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mineral weathering (1)
- Model (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museum Pests (1)
- Museum insect pest (1)
- NAP-XPS (1)
- NDT (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- OIT (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Oil and gas industry (1)
- Oil and gas reservoir (1)
- Oilfield (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- P sink method (1)
- PAH (1)
- PM (1)
- Paper tinting (1)
- Parchment (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeable reactive barriers (1)
- Persian manuscript (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphorus recycling (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant growth test (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollutants (1)
- Polyethylene (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Pot experiment (1)
- Preferential binding (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Protective glazing (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- REACH (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Red chalk (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rice (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- SRB (1)
- Safety (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Sewage sludge (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Social (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Soil P species (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Stained glass windows (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Sugarcane bagasse (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termites (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Tineola bisselliella (1)
- Tinting (1)
- Tomography (1)
- UV-VIS Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VOC (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC Emissionen (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Waste treatment (1)
- Water (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood protection (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- XPS (1)
- XRF-, VIS- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- historic inks (1)
- melanin (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- qPCR (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (162)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (45)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (43)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (27)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (27)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (24)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (10)
- 6 Materialchemie (7)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (5)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (4)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (4)
- 9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren (4)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (3)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (3)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (3)
- 1.8 Umweltanalytik (2)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (2)
- 5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse (2)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (2)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (2)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (2)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (2)
- 1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik (1)
- 1.4 Prozessanalytik (1)
- 1.9 Chemische und optische Sensorik (1)
- 5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation (1)
- 5.2 Metallische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe (1)
- 8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren (1)
- 9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen (1)
- S Qualitätsinfrastruktur (1)
- S.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (73)
Black microcolonial fungi (MCF) are persistent inhabitants of rock surfaces in hostile desert environments. In these niches, MCF have evolved mineral-weathering and symbiotic capabilities as well as mechanisms to cope with multiple stresses such as solar irradiation, temperature extremes and low water activity. Due to their stress tolerance these ascomycetes are prominent in modern terrestrial ecosystems – like man-made material surfaces from roof to solar panels. MCF interactive capabilities support their facultative symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria and ensure their rock-weathering geochemical activity.
Using the rock-inhabiting fungus K. petricola A95 (Chaetothyriales), we developed transformation protocols and deleted genes responsible for production of the protective pigments melanins and carotenoids. To confirm that the mutant phenotypes were not due to hidden mutations, melanin synthesis was restored by complementing the mutants with the respective wild type genes. Strains of K. petricola carrying gene variants for fluorescent proteins EGFP and DsRed are available. We successfully labelled the cytoplasm, nuclei, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Targeted and ectopic integrations result in stable transformants suitable for further phenotypical characterization. As K. petricola is a non-pathogenic fungus with all characteristic features of MCF, including meristematic growth, melanized cell-walls, extracellular polymeric substances and extensive pigment production, our results will shed light on protective role of pigments during cell wall maturation and oxidative stress defence in rock-inhabiting MCF. Genes involved in environmental sensing or substrate and phototroph interactions are currently targeted. With the help of a mutant collection and fluorescently labelled K. petricola we will be able to investigate interactions of MCF with environmental stressors, mineral substrates, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts.
Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers.
The project ProMoAM is presented. The goal of the project is to evaluate which NDT techniques or combination of techniques is suited for in-situ quality assurance in additive manufacturing of metals. To this end, also 3d-data fusion and visualization techniques are applied. Additional ex-situ NDT-techniques are used as references for defect detection and quantification. Feasability studies for NDT-techniques that are presently not applicable for in-situ use are performed as well.
The presentation gives a brief overview of the whole project and the different involved NDT-techniques.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion is a multidisciplinary research area. To develop successful mitigation strategies, expertise from the industry and research institutes are essential. In Department 4.1, we developed an innovative laboratory flow model (Hi-Tension) that allows effective monitoring of MIC under both standard and non-standard conditions. The flow model allows flexibility with material selection, flow rates, temperature and other environmental parameters changes. Furthermore, the flow model allows integration of electrochemical measurements using microsensors, providing a comprehensive view of corrosion at the biofilm level. Currently, initial results indicate corrosion in the flow model is significantly higher than that of standard laboratory set ups, i.e. static incubations, particularly for methane-producing microorganisms.
Microbial modelling of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (ME) using iron
(2019)
Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA) are commonly found in the oil and gas environments. The formation of hydrogen sulfide (HS-) is particularly concerning for the petroleum industry due to its corrosiveness. However, the activities of SRB are limited to the concentration of sulfate present in the environment, whereas methanogens can utilize substrates such as H¬2 for methanogenesis. MA is commonly found in sulfate-free environments, such as deep sediments, and are known to form interspecies electron transfer relationships with SRB. Recently, SRB and MA capable of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) by using elemental iron as a direct electron source (EMIC) have gained increased attention. On the iron surface, EMIC-SRB can outcompete EMIC-MA in the presence of sulfate, but this changes as sulfate depletes. The formation of FeS on the metal surface can be further utilized by MA for methanogenesis as it provides a conductive path. However, the possible kinetics involved of the overall process are currently unknown.
We obtained a co-culture of EMIC-SRB and EMIC-MA to investigate the growth rates and electrical potential changes under different environmental conditions, including changes in pH, temperature and salinity. Results indicate that under neutral conditions and using iron as the sole substrate, methane production (up to 5 mM) starts after sulfate was depleted. Electrochemical measurements will be conducted on the co-culture under different conditions to determine the changes in the electrical potential in correlation with the sulfate and methane concentration. Fluorescence and electron microscope images of the biofilm structure will be used to visualize cell distribution and morphology. This study embarks the first step of understanding the relationship between EMIC-SRB and EMIC-MA. Such knowledge is important for the field of microbial electrophysiology and can be further explored for industrial applications.
Biocide mitigation strategies of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in the oil and gas industry have been primarily used to eliminate the growths of sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM). However, methanogenic Archaea (MA) can also be highly corrosive by using iron as an electron source for methanogenesis. Because of the fundamental physiological differences between archaea and bacteria, responses of MA towards SRM-specific biocides cannot be deduced using SRM. Due to the lack of information available on the effect of biocides on corrosive MA, we selected THPS, glutaraldehyde, nitrate and perchlorate to compare against corrosive SRM.
Preliminary results showed that at low concentrations of THPS (0-10 ppm), growth of MA was not affected, methane production and corrosion rates (0.1 mm/yr) were comparable between the different THPS concentrations. On the contrary, the SRM strain showed decreased corrosion rates (0.18 mm/yr to 0.03 mm/yr) with increasing THPS concentrations. Further corrosion tests including electrochemical measurements of different biocides on the growth of MA and SRM will be conducted. Such knowledge not only provide important insights on the physiological response of MA to biocides but also contribute to more effective mitigation strategies that can be both economic and environmentally beneficial.
Flow-back and produced waters from shale gas and shale oil fields contain high ammonium, which can be formed by methanogenic degradation of methylamines into methane and ammonium. Methylamines are added to fracturing fluid to prevent clay swelling or can originate from metabolism of the osmolyte triglycinebetaine (GB).
We analyzed field samples from a shale gas reservoir in the Duvernay Formation and from a shale oil reservoir in the Bakken formation in Canada to determine the origin of high ammonium. Fresh waters used to make fracturing fluid, early flow-back waters, and late flow back waters from the shale gas reservoir had increasing salinity of 0.01, 0.58, and 2.66 Meq of NaCl, respectively. Microbial community analyses reflected this fresh water to saline transition with halophilic taxa including Halomonas, Halanaerobium, and Methanohalophilus being increasingly present. Early and late flow-back waters had high ammonium concentrations of 32 and 15 mM, respectively.
Such high concentrations had also been found in the Bakken produced waters.
Enrichment cultures of Bakken produced waters in medium containing mono, di-, or trimethylamine, or triglycinebetaine (GB) converted these substrates into ammonium (up to 20 mM) and methane. The methylotrophic methanogen Methanohalophilus, which uses methylamines for its energy metabolism and uses GB as an osmolyte, was a dominant community member in these enrichments. Halanaerobium was also a dominant community member that metabolizes GB into trimethylamine, which is then metabolized further by Methanohalophilus. However, the micromolar concentrations of GB measured in shale reservoirs make them an unlikely source for the 1,000-fold higher ammonium concentrations in flow-back waters. This ammonium either originates directly from the reservoir or is formed from methylamines, which originate from the reservoir, or are added during the hydraulic fracturing process. These methylamines are then converted into ammonium and methane by halophilic methylotrophic methanogens, such as Methanohalophilus, present in flow-back waters.
Treatment and reusing of hazardous wastes have become significant issues of modern societies. Blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) are such typical wastes, because they usually contain high amounts of undesirable elements such as zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb).
These elements can cause operational problems in reusing of BFS and EAFD. In this study, the Ferro Duo GmbH and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing have investigated a novel approach for eliminating and/or recovering Zn and Pb from both wastes. Applied was a selective chlorination and volatilization of Zn and Pb as chlorides at temperatures between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Both product obtained, Zn and Pb in the form of ZnCl2 and PbCl2 and the purified solid mineral compound are attractive materials for further use. Hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride were used as chlorination agents. Exceptionally high Zn and Pb removal efficiencies of >99.5 % could be achieved with both chlorination agents, whereby iron(II) chloride exhibited better performance.
Column leaching tests are frequently used and accepted for investigation of release of hazardous substances from solid materials. Independent of differences due to the field of application or national regulations, column tests assume that local equilibrium is established in the experiment which facilitates transfer of results to field conditions. In the process of harmonization and standardization within Europe the question on the influence of flow rate and grain size distribution on the local equilibrium was raised. Thus, a set of experiments using two different masonry materials with varying grain size distribution and flow rate were conducted including stop/flow experiments. Results are compared to a numerical model which takes intraparticle pore diffusion-controlled release of Mo and V into the percolating water into account. Due to the relatively high intraparticle porosity of the materials (24–29%) data and model indicate that initially equilibrium-state conditions prevail followed by rapidly decreasing concentrations. The model fits data for Mo and V reasonably well; however, after the initial decline of concentrations (at L/S > 2) extended tailing is observed especially of elements occurring as oxides, which is not captured by the model.
Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We are presenting here the first results of a preliminary analysis, which aimed at identifying scrolls whose ink contains metals.
Z02 is one of the three technically supporting projects at the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC). In collaboration with the other two service projects, Z01 and Z03, it aims at bridging the gap between humanities and natural sciences and technology. To that purpose, we set up a laboratory with a range of high-end instruments, most of them mobile, allowing thorough non-destructive analysis of manuscripts. In addition to working on constantly improving the laboratory and the methods of analysis, a substantial part of our activities is dedicated to service, by supporting different research projects conducted at the centre. In this talk, we will present our equipment and the possibilities offered by the different techniques available regarding the different kinds of missions: typology and classification of inks, provenance studies, recovery of faded inscriptions and palimpsests, reconstruction of the history of manuscripts, authentication and dating. We will give a brief overview of our past and ongoing activities in the frame of the second phase of the CSMC. Finally, a selection of three projects will be presented in greater detail to highlight the possibilities of our laboratory and the diversity of missions which can be carried out.
Tempeh is a common food in Indonesia, produced by fungal fermentation of soybeans using Rhizopus sp., as well as Aspergillus oryzae, for inoculation. Analogously, for economic reasons, mixtures of maize and soybeans are used for the production of so-called tempeh-like products. For maize, a contamination with the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) has been frequently reported. ZEN is a mycotoxin which is known to be metabolized by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Consequently, this study focused on the ZEN transformation during tempeh fermentation. Five fungal strains of the genera Rhizopus and Aspergillus, isolated from fresh Indonesian tempeh and authentic Indonesian inocula, were utilized for tempeh manufacturing from a maize/soybean mixture (30:70) at laboratory-scale. Furthermore, comparable tempeh-like products obtained from Indonesian markets were analyzed. Results from the HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that ZEN is intensely transformed into its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZEL), ZEN-14-sulfate, alpha-ZEL-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside, and ZEN-16-glucoside in tempeh production. alpha-ZEL, being significantly more toxic than ZEN, was the main metabolite in most of the Rhizopus incubations, while in Aspergillus oryzae fermentations ZEN-14-sulfate was predominantly formed. Additionally, two of the 14 authentic samples were contaminated with ZEN, alpha-ZEL and ZEN-14-sulfate, and in two further samples, ZEN and alpha-ZEL, were determined. Consequently, tempeh fermentation of ZEN-contaminated maize/soybean mixture may lead to toxification of the food item by formation of the reductive ZEN metabolite, alpha-ZEL, under model as well as authentic conditions.
Wild bees are important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops and they are threatened by several environmental stressors including emerging pathogens. Honey bees have been suggested as a potential source of pathogen spillover. One prevalent pathogen that has recently emerged as a honey bee disease is the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. While the impacts of N. ceranae in honey bees are well documented, virtually nothing is known about its effects in solitary wild bees.
The solitary mason bee Osmia bicornis is a common pollinator in orchards and amenable to Commercial management. Here, we experimentally exposed larvae of O. bicornis to food contaminated with N. ceranae and document spore presence during larval development. We measured mortality, growth parameters, and timing of pupation in a semi-field experiment. Hatched individuals were assessed for physiological state including fat body mass, wing muscle mass, and body size. We recorded higher mortality in the viable-spore-exposed group but could only detect a low number of Spores among the individuals of this treatment. Viable-spore-treated individuals with higher head capsule width had a delayed pupation start. No impact on the physiological status could be detected in hatched imagines. Although we did not find overt evidence of O. bicornis infection, our findings indicate that exposure of larvae to viable N. ceranae spores could affect bee development.
The properties of nanomaterials are influenced not only by their chemical composition but also by physical properties (such as size, geometry and crystal structure). For the reliable determination and assessment of behaviour and effects of nanomaterials as well as for the determination of the exposure of humans and environment a comprehensive physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is essential. This is an important prerequisite to identify them as nanomaterials and to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials.
In 2006, the OECD launched a sponsorship program for the testing of nanomaterials in which 11 nanomaterials were thoroughly investigated using a variety of methods. The aim of the project was, among other things, to find out where problems occur and where there are gaps in the measurement and test procedures and where are changes required. An important outcome of the sponsorship program was the finding that the OECD Test Guidelines should in several cases be extended to the specific needs in testing of nanomaterials. The existing standardized test methods of the OECD for physical-chemical characterization have not been developed for nanomaterials in particular. A high demand for an extension of the test guidelines was identified. Germany complied with the OECD's request in 2017 and has agreed to extend the “Test Guideline on Particle Size Distribution / Fiber Length and Diameter Distributions Test Guideline” for Manufactured Nanomaterials (MN). UBA commissioned BAM and BAuA with the preparation of the Test Guideline. The aim of the project is the development of a harmonized test protocol for a valid and reproducible determination of particle size and size distribution which is one of the most relevant physical-chemical properties for MNs.
Different measuring methods provide different results for the size distribution of the particles. This is caused by the different measuring principles of the methods. Each method measures a specific parameter that ultimately determines particle size. First, the measured quantity differs for each method (Scattered light intensity, 2D image / projection, electric mobility, etc.). Second, the calculated diameters of the MN may differ (Feret Diameter, Area Projection, Mobility Diameter, Aerodynamic Diameter, Hydrodynamic Diameter). Third, a measuring method provides a size distribution which is measured either mass-based, surface-based or number-based. A conversion between the results requires additional parameters and thus possibly increases the measurement error.
In addition to the technical differences, the individual parameters are strongly influenced by the structure and material of the nanoparticles. For example, a surface functionalization can lead to very different results in the size distribution. The suitability of measurement methods differs with the material of the MN. As a result, two very different results can be measured for the particle size distribution using two different methods, which are nevertheless both correct. Several large projects in recent years therefore concluded that nanomaterials should be characterized by at least two complementary method. Imaging techniques are regarded as one of these methods for the characterization, the complementary methods are supposed to be statistical methods.
The different results for the size distribution of nanomaterials become problematic for the registration of new MN. A comparable and reproducible size distribution is a prerequisite for a standardized registration. In the future, the particle size distribution in the EU will also decide on the classification of a substance as a nanomaterial or as a non-nanomaterial. Especially in borderline cases, a standardized and comparable measurement methodology is therefore essential.
The investigation of physical properties and chemical composition generates data important for answering cultural-historical questions that cannot be solved by historical and philological methods alone. Due to technological developments, technical diagnostics in art and culture are in ever-greater demand in such fields of transdisciplinary research. Natural sciences play auxiliary role in the studies of manuscripts. The success of their contribution depends strongly on the formulation of the question, the choice of the methods to obtain the requested answer, and appropriate reference databases. First, report was given on the measurements performed on local raw materials, such as, plants, minerals and animals, which constitute the reference session. Then, the first results of the scientific analysis of several fragments from the Malian manuscript collections were present.
Rice is staple food of nearly half the world’s population. Rice yields must therefore increase to feed ever larger populations. By colonising rice and other plants, Herbaspirillum spp. stimulate plant growthand productivity. However the molecular factors involved are largely unknown. To further explore this interaction, the transcription profiles of Nipponbare rice roots inoculated with Herbaspirillum seropedicae were determined by RNA-seq. Mapping the 104 million reads against the Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare genome produced 65 million unique mapped reads that represented 13,840 transcripts each with at least two-times coverage. About 7.4% (1,014) genes were differentially regulated and of these 255 changed expression levels more than two times. Several of the repressed genes encoded proteins related to plant defence (e.g. a putative probenazole inducible protein), plant disease resistance as well as enzymes involved in flavonoid and isoprenoid synthesis. Genes related to the synthesis and efflux of phytosiderophores (PS) and transport of PS-iron complexes were induced by the bacteria. These data suggest that the bacterium represses the rice defence system while concomitantly activating iron uptake. Transcripts of H. seropedicae were also detected amongst which transcripts of genes involved in nitrogen fixation, cell motility and cell wall synthesis were the most expressed.
Simple particulate matter sensors are gaining popularity due to their low price, easy handling and good temporal resolution. In this presentation, we report on the performance of a Sharp optical PM sensor GP2Y1010AU0F, which costs less than 15 €.
The sensor is built around an infrared emitting diode (ILED) and a phototransistor detecting the light scattered from the aerosol particle. An electronic circuit shapes the detected light in a pulsed signal. The manufacturer advises sampling the output signal 280 microseconds after the ILED pulse. The measured output voltage is an indicator of dust concentration.
We have built two identical simple PM monitoring devices using Raspberry Pi 3 computer interfacing the PM sensor with Microchip’s MCP3002 ADC via SPI. The ADC is capable of more than 100 ksamples/s at 10-bit resolution. The Rpi3 was pulsing the sensor at 10Hz, digitizing and saving the data and sending the results wirelessly.
Sensor’s output pulse shape was sampled with 10 microsecond time steps and saved, thus making offline analysis possible. A time jitter of output pulses can be observed and suggests a peak fitting as a better approach to the signal readout compared to the single sampling at a fixed time after pulse triggering We compared both methods.
Termitidae comprises 80% of all termite species that play dominant decomposer roles in Tropical cosystems. Two major events during Termite evolution were the loss of cellulolytic gut protozoans in the ancestor of Termitidae and the subsequent gain in the termitid subfamily Macrotermitinae of fungal symbionts cultivated externally in ‘‘combs’’ constructed within the nest. How these symbiotic transitions occurred remains unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial data previously suggested that Macrotermitinae is the earliest branching termitid lineage, followed soon after by Sphaerotermitinae, which cultivates bacterial symbionts on combs inside its nests. This has led to the hypothesis that comb building was an important evolutionary step in the loss of gut protozoa in ancestral termitids. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of 55 termite species and reconstructed phylogenetic trees from up to 4,065 orthologous genes of 68 species. We found strong support for a novel sister-group relationship between the bacterial comb-building Sphaerotermitinae and fungus comb-building Macrotermitinae.
This key finding indicates that comb building is a derived trait within Termitidae and that the creation of a comb-like ‘‘external rumen’’ involving bacteria or fungi may not have driven the loss of protozoa from ancestral termitids, as previously hypothesized.
Instead, associations with gut prokaryotic symbionts, combined with dietary shifts from wood to other plant-based substrates, may have played a more important role in this symbiotic transition. Our phylogenetic tree provides a platform for future studies of comparative termite evolution and the evolution of symbiosis in this taxon.