4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (443)
- Posterpräsentation (146)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (77)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (65)
- Buchkapitel (35)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (18)
- Forschungsbericht (17)
- Amtliche Bekanntmachung (13)
- Sonstiges (8)
- Dissertation (7)
Sprache
- Englisch (542)
- Deutsch (298)
- Spanisch (4)
- Französisch (2)
- Chinesisch (2)
- Italienisch (1)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (849) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Biocides (40)
- Deponie (32)
- Antimicrobial resistance (28)
- Nano (28)
- Recycling (28)
- Ink (25)
- MIC (22)
- Corrosion (21)
- Phosphor (21)
- Rostasche (20)
- Biofilms (19)
- Klärschlamm (19)
- OECD (19)
- XRF (19)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (17)
- Archaeometry (16)
- Bacteria (16)
- Leaching (16)
- VOC (16)
- Zulassungen (16)
- Anerkennungen (15)
- Evolution (15)
- PFAS (15)
- Richtlinien (15)
- Bauprodukte (14)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (14)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (14)
- Biofilm (13)
- Methanogens (13)
- Nanomaterial (13)
- Zulassung (13)
- Festlegungen (12)
- Inks (12)
- Emission (11)
- Fungus (11)
- Geokunststoffe (11)
- Manuscripts (11)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (11)
- Biocide (10)
- E. coli (10)
- Phosphorus recovery (10)
- Raman spectroscopy (10)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (10)
- Antimicrobial coating (9)
- Archäometrie (9)
- Klärschlammverordnung (9)
- Manuscript (9)
- Microbiology (9)
- Prüfrichtlinie (9)
- Resistance (9)
- Archaea (8)
- Bottom ash (8)
- CFK (8)
- Disinfection (8)
- Genetics (8)
- Humboldt Codices (8)
- NAP-XPS (8)
- Non-destructive testing (8)
- Papier (8)
- Persistence (8)
- Risk assessment (8)
- Sewage sludge (8)
- Standardization (8)
- Aerosol (7)
- Cascade impactor (7)
- Gichtgasschlamm (7)
- Holzschutz (7)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (7)
- Nanopartikel (7)
- PAK (7)
- Resistance evolution (7)
- Reverse glass painting (7)
- Soil (7)
- Tolerance (7)
- Umweltsimulation (7)
- XANES spectroscopy (7)
- BBodSchV (6)
- BEMMA (6)
- Black fungi (6)
- Coptic (6)
- Düngemittel (6)
- EN 16516 (6)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (6)
- Geogitter (6)
- Geruch (6)
- Glutaraldehyde (6)
- Hydraulic reactivity (6)
- Knufia petricola (6)
- Korrosion (6)
- Melanin (6)
- Mikroplastik (6)
- Museum (6)
- Phosphorus (6)
- Pyrometallurgy (6)
- Ringversuch (6)
- Termite (6)
- Weathering (6)
- Zeichenmaterialien (6)
- Alginate (5)
- Analytik (5)
- Anobium punctatum (5)
- Antibiotics (5)
- BOFS (5)
- Biocide tolerance (5)
- Biozide (5)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (5)
- Combustion ion chromatography (5)
- Construction products (5)
- Cultural heritage (5)
- DRIFTS (5)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (5)
- Elektroofenstaub (5)
- Environmental Simulation (5)
- Environmental evaluation (5)
- Ground water (5)
- Heterogeneity (5)
- ISO 16000-6 (5)
- Indoor air quality (5)
- Ink analyses (5)
- Iron-gall ink (5)
- Klärschlammasche (5)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (5)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (5)
- Lichtbogenofen (5)
- Lysimeter (5)
- Parchment (5)
- Pigments (5)
- Portland Cement (5)
- Pyrometallurgie (5)
- Reference material (5)
- Reflectography (5)
- Remediation (5)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (5)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (5)
- Single cell analysis (5)
- TXRF (5)
- Tantal (5)
- Termites (5)
- Test guideline (5)
- VVOCs (5)
- Verwertung (5)
- Volatile organic compounds (5)
- Wastewater (5)
- Zement (5)
- ZfP (5)
- Zink (5)
- ATR (4)
- Alite (4)
- Analytical method (4)
- Antimony (4)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (4)
- Bacterial adhesion (4)
- Bodenmaterial (4)
- Bundesoberbehörden (4)
- Cabonfasern (4)
- Carbon Fibers (4)
- Corrosion products (4)
- Cross-resistance (4)
- Dünger (4)
- ESEM (4)
- Ecotoxicity (4)
- Emission reference materials (4)
- Emissionen (4)
- Fertilizer (4)
- Gefahrgutregeln (4)
- Geosynthetics (4)
- Guideline (4)
- Gypsum (4)
- Hi-Tension (4)
- Horizontal gene transfer (4)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (4)
- Kulturgut (4)
- LD-Schlacke (4)
- Light (4)
- Makronährstoffe (4)
- Middle Ages (4)
- Mutation rate (4)
- Nanomaterials (4)
- Nanoparticle (4)
- Nassaufbereitung (4)
- Nitrogen (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (4)
- Nährstoffe (4)
- Olivine (4)
- Papyrus (4)
- Phosphat (4)
- Pigment (4)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (4)
- Scandium (4)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (4)
- Spectroscopy (4)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (4)
- Steelmaking slag (4)
- Tantalum (4)
- Transformation (4)
- UFP (4)
- VOC-emission (4)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (4)
- XANES (4)
- XPS (4)
- Zinc (4)
- Ökotoxizität (4)
- Abfallverbrennung (3)
- Aluminium (3)
- Anoxia (3)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (3)
- Antimicrobials (3)
- Antimikrobielle Resistenz (3)
- Antmikrobielle Oberflächen (3)
- Architecture (3)
- Baustoffrecycling (3)
- Beschleunigte Alterung (3)
- Biofilm formation (3)
- Black fungus (3)
- Blast furnace sludge (3)
- CDW processing (3)
- CIC (3)
- Cairo Genizah (3)
- Carbon steel (3)
- Carbonfaser (3)
- Chamber test (3)
- Chemical durability (3)
- DGT (3)
- DHN melanin (3)
- DIN (3)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (3)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- EOF (3)
- Ectoine (3)
- Electric Arc Furnace (3)
- Electric arc furnace dust (3)
- Emission reference material (3)
- Emissions (3)
- Environmental simulation (3)
- Ersatzbaustoff (3)
- Extremotolerance (3)
- FFF-3D-Printer (3)
- FIB/SEM (3)
- Fertilzer (3)
- Flow Model (3)
- Formaldehyd (3)
- Fungi (3)
- Geotextilien (3)
- Glass (3)
- Gypsum recycling (3)
- HP14 (3)
- Herculaneum (3)
- Immune gene family (3)
- Immunity (3)
- Ink analysis (3)
- LIPSS (3)
- Landwirtschaft (3)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (3)
- Leichtbau (3)
- Low melting (3)
- Luftschadstoffe (3)
- Mantelverordnung (3)
- Manuscript studies (3)
- Material science (3)
- Materials emissions test (3)
- Mechanochemical treatment (3)
- Methanogen (3)
- Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion (3)
- Modelling (3)
- Nanoparticles (3)
- Non destructive analytical techniques (3)
- Normung (3)
- Odour (3)
- PFC (3)
- Passive sampling (3)
- Perceived Intensity (3)
- Persian manuscripts (3)
- Phenotypic diversity (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Quality assurance (3)
- Raman Spectroscopy (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Red Mud (3)
- Reference materials (3)
- Robustness studies (3)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (3)
- Rotschlamm (3)
- Round robin test (3)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (3)
- Schadstofftransfer (3)
- Schutzschicht (3)
- Size (3)
- Sorption (3)
- Standardisierung (3)
- Steelmaking (3)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (3)
- TED-GC/MS (3)
- Thermochemisch (3)
- Ultrafine particles (3)
- Virus (3)
- Wood protection (3)
- XRF analysis (3)
- 3D printing (2)
- Abdichtungssystem (2)
- AbfKlärV (2)
- Abfallbehandlung (2)
- Abwasser (2)
- Abwasserbehandlung (2)
- Additive Fertigung (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Aerosole (2)
- Affinity chromatography (2)
- Agronomische Effizienz (2)
- Air exchange rate (2)
- Air quality monitoring (2)
- Alkalien (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Antibiotic resisitance (2)
- Antibodies (2)
- Antimicrobial (2)
- Antimon (2)
- Antiquity (2)
- Apanteles carpatus (2)
- Arabic Recipes (2)
- Ashdec (2)
- Bacterial adhesion tests (2)
- Bagasse (2)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (2)
- Bauxite Residue (2)
- Behördenklausurtagung (2)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (2)
- Bewitterung (2)
- Bio-weathering (2)
- Biocorrosion (2)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Biofilm growth (2)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (2)
- Biotechnology (2)
- Biozid (2)
- Blauer Engel (2)
- Böden (2)
- CEN (2)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (2)
- CSMC (2)
- Capsules (2)
- Carbide formation (2)
- Carbon feeding (2)
- Carbon ink (2)
- Carbon steel corrosion (2)
- Carbonfasern (2)
- Chemical analysis (2)
- Chemical characterization (2)
- Chinese paper (2)
- Chromium (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Circular economy (2)
- Clinker substitute (2)
- Construction Products (2)
- Corona (2)
- Corrosion evolution (2)
- Corynetes caeruleus (2)
- DSLT (2)
- Deponien (2)
- Deponietechnik (2)
- Desinfectant (2)
- Dichtungskontrollsystem (2)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (2)
- Diffusive sampling (2)
- Disinfectants (2)
- Disposal repository (2)
- Drawings (2)
- Dyes (2)
- E.coli (2)
- Electron microscopy (2)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (2)
- Element mass concentration (2)
- Elutionsverfahren (2)
- Elutionsverhalten (2)
- Emerging (2)
- Emission test chamber (2)
- Emission testing (2)
- Emissionskammer (2)
- Environmental condition (2)
- Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (2)
- European standard (2)
- Eusociality (2)
- FEM model (2)
- FTIR (2)
- Farbmittel (2)
- Filterstaub (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- Fume (2)
- Fungal biofilms (2)
- GAeF (2)
- Genetic engineering (2)
- Genomics (2)
- Geruchsmessung (2)
- Glasmalfarben (2)
- Groundwater (2)
- Group defence (2)
- Größenbestimmung (2)
- Gypsum fiberboards and synthetic gypsum (2)
- HAXPES (2)
- HDPE geomembrane (2)
- HI-Tension (2)
- Halomonas CRISPR Ectoine (2)
- Hydrogen (2)
- IAQ (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- IPM (2)
- ISO (2)
- In-situ analysis (2)
- Ink composition (2)
- Inkwells (2)
- Innenraum (2)
- Interdisciplinary (2)
- Interdisciplinary approach (2)
- Ir DNA staining approach (2)
- Iron (2)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (2)
- Knufia (2)
- Korynetes caeruleus (2)
- Kunststoffrasen (2)
- Kunststoffschweißen (2)
- LA-ICP-MS (2)
- Landfill liner (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (2)
- Leaching of waste materials (2)
- Leak detection (2)
- Leather (2)
- Leonardo da Vinci (2)
- Loading factor (2)
- Luft (2)
- Manuskripte (2)
- Material emissions (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Method development (2)
- Micro plastic (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbial (2)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microcolonial fungi (2)
- Microorganism (2)
- Microplastics (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Mixed ink (2)
- Modelling studies (2)
- Monoverbrennung (2)
- Monoverbrennungsanlage (2)
- Museum Pests (2)
- Nano particle (2)
- NanoSIMS (2)
- Nanofasern (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Non invasive analysis (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Nuclear waste (2)
- Optics (2)
- P-Recyclingdünger (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size (2)
- Particle size distribution (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Particles (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Partikel (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Perceived intensity (2)
- Permeable reactive barriers (2)
- Persister cells (2)
- Phopshorus recovery (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Plume (2)
- Pollutants (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Prozessmonitoring (2)
- RFA (2)
- Raman (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Recycling fertiliser (2)
- Recycling fertilisers (2)
- Reduction process (2)
- Reductive amination (2)
- Regulations (2)
- Rembrandt (2)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (2)
- Risk assesment (2)
- SCALE (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Schadstoffaustrag (2)
- Schimmel (2)
- Schutzschichten (2)
- Secondary Recources (2)
- Secondary building materials (2)
- Selective chlorination (2)
- Sequenzielle Extraktion (2)
- Sewage sludge ash (2)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Single cell (2)
- Size distribution (2)
- Soil P species (2)
- Solar panel (2)
- Solubility (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Stress (2)
- Stress tolerance (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Sum parameter analysis (2)
- Sustainability (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Termite phylogeny (2)
- Test Guideline (2)
- Testguideline (2)
- Thermal extraction (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Tricalcium-silicate (2)
- Tricalciumsilikat (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Umwelt (2)
- Uptake rate (2)
- VIS (2)
- VOC Emissionen (2)
- VOC-Emission (2)
- VOC-Emissionen (2)
- Vitrinen (2)
- Wasserzeichen (2)
- Waste management (2)
- Waste treatment (2)
- Writing inks (2)
- X-Ray fluorescence analyses (2)
- Zeichnungen (2)
- Zementersatz (2)
- Zementklinker (2)
- Zinnschlacke (2)
- Zitronensäure (2)
- Zustimmungen (2)
- fungus (2)
- genetics (2)
- melanin (2)
- 13th century (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D inspection (1)
- A Greek palimpsest (1)
- AMR (1)
- AOF (1)
- ASAP-MS (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abdichtungssysteme (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Academia (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (1)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (1)
- Advanced Materials (1)
- Aerosol element alanysis (1)
- Aerosol element mass concentration (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- Aerosolforschung (1)
- Affinity extraction (1)
- Affinity support (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- Agarose (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Agronomic performance (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alit (1)
- Alite hydraulic reactivity (1)
- Alkali zinc borate glass (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Aluminum oxide (1)
- Amate (1)
- Ambient aerosol (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Ammoniak (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytical standards (1)
- Analytische Methode (1)
- Ancient INKS (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Anodization (1)
- Antagonism (1)
- Anti-microbial effects (1)
- Antiadhesive surfaces (1)
- Antibakterielle Oberflächen (1)
- Antibiotic (1)
- Antibody purification (1)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (1)
- Antimicrobial resistances (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Aquatische Toxizität (1)
- Arabic recipes (1)
- Archaeological provenance (1)
- Archaeometric studies (1)
- Architektur (1)
- Archéométrie (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis aaaa (1)
- Artificial ageing (1)
- Ascomycetes (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Aspergillus flavus (1)
- Astrobiology (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Aufbau von Festkörpern (1)
- Aufbereitungstechnik (1)
- Auslaugtest (1)
- Auslaugtests (1)
- Auslaugverfahren (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Auswaschverlauf (1)
- Auswaschversuche (1)
- Authentifizierung (1)
- Autoclave tests (1)
- Autoklaventest (1)
- BAM Data Store (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BEMMA Bewertung (1)
- BFR (1)
- BMU (1)
- BODIPY dye (1)
- BSA (1)
- Bacteria repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacteria-repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial growth (1)
- Bacterial infection (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Bankia sp (1)
- Basin (1)
- Bassanite (1)
- Bauhaus (1)
- Bauhaus Weimar (1)
- Bauprodukt (1)
- Bauproduktenverordnung (1)
- Bee (1)
- Bees (1)
- Begasung (1)
- Berliner Tuffsteinfassaden (1)
- Bestandserhaltung (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Betondickglasfenster des Glockenturms am Eiermannbau (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Bio-receptive (1)
- Bioactive glass (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biocides in the environment (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biodegradation (1)
- Biofilme (1)
- Bioilm (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Biological Control (1)
- Biological control (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Biologische Bekämpfung (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Biosphere (1)
- Biosphere-technosphere interaction (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotische/abiotische Faktoren (1)
- Black Ink (1)
- Blattodea (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Bodenbeläge (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Book production (1)
- Botrytis (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Brown-rot fungi (1)
- Building material (1)
- Building product (1)
- Building products (1)
- Byzantine manuscript (1)
- Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion (1)
- CFRP (1)
- COST (1)
- COST Action (1)
- COVID (1)
- CRISPR dCas9 (1)
- CRM (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Calcium sulfate (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Carbon Fibre (1)
- Carbonbeton (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Carrier (1)
- Cascade impector (1)
- Cast iron (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cell factory (1)
- Chamber measurement (1)
- Chamber-test (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemische Beständigkeit (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chicken manure (1)
- Chinese Paper (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Co-combustion (1)
- Coastal protection (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Codex Miscellaneus (1)
- Codicology (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colourants (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (1)
- Compatible solute (1)
- Comsumer good samples (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Conditioning layer (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction and demolition waste (1)
- Consumer article (1)
- Consumer articles (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Contaminant transfer (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Controllable gene expression (1)
- Controlled atmosphere (1)
- Controlled release fertilisers (1)
- Copper (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptic studies (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Core/shell nanoparticle (1)
- Corrosion environment (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Covid (1)
- Cribellate spiders (1)
- Crispr-Cas9 (1)
- Crispr/Cas9 (1)
- Cryptoendolithic black fungus (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cultural Entomology (1)
- Cultural Heritage (1)
- Culuative energy demand (1)
- DGT-Methode (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- DIN EN 350 (1)
- DIN EN 717-1 (1)
- DMAS (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA barcode (1)
- Damage repair (1)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (1)
- Density separation (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Desiccation (1)
- Design of experiments (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Development (1)
- Dichtesortierung (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Disease (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Dispergierung von Glaspartikeln (1)
- Dispersion of carbon pigments (1)
- Dispersion of glass particle (1)
- Display case (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Domestikation (1)
- Downstream processing (1)
- Drawing (1)
- Druck (1)
- Dry treatment (1)
- Durability (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- E$volution (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EN 717-1 (1)
- EOF/AOF (1)
- EPS (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Early european inks (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecotoxicity testing (1)
- Edible insects (1)
- Effective uptake rate (1)
- Efflux (1)
- Eisengallustinte (1)
- Electrochemical remediation (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic lab notebook (ELN) (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Element mass concetration (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Eluatwerte (1)
- Emerging Contaminants (1)
- Emission Test Chamber (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission chamber testing (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission test chamber procedure (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emissionsfunktionen (1)
- Emissionsmessungen (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Encre (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (1)
- Essential oils (1)
- Europa (1)
- European research area (1)
- Exergy (1)
- Experimental evolution (1)
- Exposure risk (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extraktionen (1)
- Extraktionsversuche (1)
- Extrazelluläre Polysaccharide (1)
- Extreme environments (1)
- Extremophilic fungi (1)
- FFF-3D printing (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- FTIR-, XRF-, VIS- espectroscopia (1)
- Fakes (1)
- Farbenlehre (1)
- Fassaden (1)
- Fassadenfarbe (1)
- Fassadenfarben (1)
- Façade (1)
- Feeding behaviour (1)
- Femtosecond laser processing (1)
- Fiber (1)
- Fibre (1)
- Fibre analysis (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Flame-retardant (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Flotation (1)
- Flow chamber system (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Flow-System (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Fluor XANES (1)
- Fluorescent proteins (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Fluorometric sensing (1)
- Flügel (1)
- Food safety (1)
- Force distance curve (1)
- Forgery (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Forschungsförderung (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Foward genetics (1)
- Fractional factorial (1)
- Fragmented manuscripts (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Freisetzung und Transfer von Schadstoffen (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungicidal property (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- Fälschungserkennung (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Gas storage (1)
- Gebindekonservierung (1)
- Gebührenverordnung (1)
- Gene network (1)
- Genetic tools (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genetisches Barcoding (1)
- Genizah du Caire (1)
- Genome editing (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Geological formation (1)
- Gesteinskorrosion (1)
- Gesteinskörnungen (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gipsabfälle (1)
- Gipsrecycling (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Glas (1)
- Glasanalyse (1)
- Glass paints (1)
- Glass scanning (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Gleichwertigkeit Messverfahren (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold mit Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- Gothic incursions (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Gray mold fungus (1)
- Green pesticide (1)
- Greenhouse gas accounting (1)
- Greenhouse gas balance (1)
- Greenhouse gas mitigation (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Größe (1)
- Gut microbiota (1)
- Gütezeichen (1)
- H2-Abbau (1)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (1)
- HR-GF-MAS (1)
- Halomonas elongata (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Halophilic (1)
- Hausbock (1)
- Hausbockkäfer (1)
- Headspace GC-MS (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- Herteogeneous phenotypes (1)
- Heterologous expression (1)
- Heterologous gene expression (1)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (1)
- High salinity (1)
- Hinterglasmalerei (1)
- Historic buildings (1)
- Historic ink (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Holzschutz, (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Holzwurm (1)
- Household waste (1)
- Human plasma (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- IEQ (1)
- IPM in museums (1)
- ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies (1)
- ISO22196 (1)
- Igg (1)
- Illness-induced anorexia (1)
- Illuminated manuscripts (1)
- Immunoglobulins (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Implants (1)
- In situ (1)
- In-vivo mutagenesis (1)
- Incineration bottom ash (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Indoor emission (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Industrielles Abwasser (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial attachment (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Ink fingerprint (1)
- Ink terminology (1)
- Innenraumluftqualität (1)
- Innenraumluftqualtität (1)
- Insektenmonitoring (1)
- Instrumental analysis of ink (1)
- Integrated Museum Pest Management (IMPM) (1)
- Iodine (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Isothiazolinone (1)
- Jewish cultures (1)
- Jig (1)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1)
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (1)
- Kandelaber des Ensembles am Charlottenburger Tor (1)
- Kleidermotte (1)
- Klimaneutralität (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammdüngung (1)
- Kontamination (1)
- Kontamination von H2 (1)
- Korynaetes caeruleus (1)
- Kraftstoffabbau (1)
- Kraftstoffbehälter (1)
- Kristallsystem (1)
- Kulturelle Entomologie (1)
- Kulturguterhaltung (1)
- Kumulierter Energieaufwand (1)
- Kunstrasen (1)
- Kunststoff-Dränelement (1)
- Kunststoffsportbeläge (1)
- Kunsttechnologie (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LCA (1)
- LCC (1)
- LIBS (1)
- Lake Cadagno (1)
- Landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser processing (1)
- Laser structuring (1)
- Laser-Materialbearbeitung (1)
- Laser-induced pariodic surface structures (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structueres (LIPPS) (1)
- Lead (1)
- Lead books (1)
- Lebensmittelindustrie (1)
- Lfe cycle assessment (1)
- Library pests (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Light regulation (1)
- Light sensing (1)
- Light-induced stress (1)
- Lightning talk (1)
- Lightweighting (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Limnoria spp (1)
- Linker (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low cost aerosol PM sensor (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Lysimeter, Antimony (1)
- MDG ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- MIC Island (1)
- MIC projekt (1)
- MSWI Bottom Ash (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- Manuscript making (1)
- Manuscripta Americana, Techialoyan (1)
- Manuscrits (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Marble (1)
- Marine borers (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Mass spectroscopy (1)
- Material Analysis (1)
- Material analysis (1)
- Material degradation (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Material recycling (1)
- Material surface colonisation (1)
- Materialkreislauf (1)
- Materials (1)
- Materials emissions testing (1)
- Materials flow (1)
- Mathematical modelling (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Medieval-stained glass (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Metal organic frameworks (1)
- Metal reducing bacteria (1)
- Metallic silver precipitates (1)
- Metallkorrosion (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Metals (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogenesis (1)
- Methode (1)
- Methoden (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microbial community modelling (1)
- Microbial survival mechanisms (1)
- Microbiologically Influrenced Corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microdroplet generator (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikrobiell (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- Mineral weathering (1)
- Mircobially influcenced corrosion (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- Mobile anodisation (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Model (1)
- Model organism (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modern painting (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Moriscos (1)
- Moyen-âge (1)
- Multigassensorik (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Municipal solid waste (1)
- Museum insect pest (1)
- Museum pests (1)
- Museumsschädling (1)
- Museumsschädlinge (1)
- Museumsvitrine (1)
- Museumsvitrinen (1)
- Mutagenesis (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- NDT (1)
- NFDI (1)
- NIR reflectography (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano characterization (1)
- Nano metal fluorides (1)
- Nano@BAM (1)
- NanoPlattform (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Near ambient pressure XPS (1)
- Neozoon (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- Neutralammoniumcitrat (1)
- Neutralammoniumnitrat (1)
- Niedrig schmelzend (1)
- Niobium (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Non destructive (1)
- Non-destructive test (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Norm (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- Novelle BBodSchV (1)
- Nuclear waste disposal (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Oil and gas reservoir (1)
- Oilfield (1)
- On-Line Analyse (1)
- On-line analysis (1)
- OpenBIS (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Optical properties of ink (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optische Tomografie (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organo fluorine analysis (1)
- Osmophobic effect (1)
- P-Recyclate (1)
- P-Rückgewinnung (1)
- P-Senken (1)
- P-recovery (1)
- PAH (1)
- PBFSM (1)
- PE-HD (1)
- PFAS analysis (1)
- PFAS analytics (1)
- PM (1)
- PP (1)
- PS (1)
- Paints (1)
- Palaeography (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Paper (1)
- Paper sizings (1)
- Paper tinting (1)
- Paratext (1)
- Parerga (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Partikeldurchmesser (1)
- Partikeln (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (1)
- Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) (1)
- Performance comparison (1)
- Pergament (1)
- Pergamonmuseums (1)
- Periodate oxidation (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Persian historical recipes (1)
- Persian manuscript (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phase separation (1)
- Phosphonic acids (1)
- Phosphor-Rückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorbestimmung (1)
- Phosphorus recycling (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Photoperception (1)
- Photoreceptors (1)
- Phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Physical and optical characteristics (1)
- Pilz (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plant growth test (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Plant-availability (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plastic biofilm (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Poficiency test (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Polyfluorinated alcohol (PFOH) (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer Matrix Composites (1)
- Polymer foils (1)
- Polypropylen (1)
- Polystyrol (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Poster presentation (1)
- Pot experiment (1)
- Prallzerkleinerungsverfahren (1)
- Preferential binding (1)
- Preferential exclusion (1)
- Preis- Leistungsverzeichnis (1)
- Preservation (1)
- Printing (1)
- ProMoAM (1)
- Process control (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Proficiency Test (1)
- Projekte (1)
- Protective glazing (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein a (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Protein immobilization (1)
- Protein quantification (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prüfkammer (1)
- Prürfrichtlinie (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Purification (1)
- Push-out Test (1)
- QA/QC (1)
- Quality assurance/quality control (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Qumranrollen (1)
- RAMAN (1)
- REACH (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiografische Untersuchung (1)
- Radon (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Reactive oxygen species (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Recyclingdüngemittel (1)
- Red chalk (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Reductive iron assimilation (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Reference data (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference procedures (1)
- Regelwerk (1)
- Reifenabrieb (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Release kinetics (1)
- Religion (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Ressourceneffizienz (1)
- Ressourcenschonung (1)
- Restoration and conservation (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Reverse painting on glass (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Ringversuch P-Gehalt in Klärschlamm (1)
- Risikobewertung (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Rock-inhabiting black fungi (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungi (1)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (1)
- Rötel (1)
- Rückgewinnung (1)
- SARS (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SEM-EDS (1)
- SERS (1)
- SMPS (1)
- SOP (1)
- SPE extraction (1)
- SRB (1)
- Sapphire (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Schadgase (1)
- Schlacke (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer (1)
- Schutzverglasung (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Schädling (1)
- Scythica Vindobonensia, (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Secondary resources (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sekundärgipse (1)
- Sekundärrohstoff (1)
- Selection (1)
- Selektion (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Separate collection (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Setzmaschine (1)
- Sewage extraction (1)
- Sewage sludge incineration (1)
- Shale (1)
- Siderophore (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Silver diffusion (1)
- Simulation of materials degradation (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Sizing (1)
- Small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Smartphone (1)
- Social (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Soil extraction (1)
- Soil-like material (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Solar parks (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Spectral imaging (1)
- Speziierungsanalyse (1)
- Spielzeug (1)
- Sportböden (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Stained glass (1)
- Stained glass windows (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Stainless steel (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stalwerksschlacke (1)
- Standardarbeitsanweisungen (1)
- Standardized test and quantification procedure (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Stoffstromanalyse (1)
- Structural color (1)
- Structured light scanning (1)
- Sub-4nm particles (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Subaerial biofilms (1)
- Sugarcane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter analyis (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Superhydrophilic surface (1)
- Superhydrophobic surface (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface functionalization (1)
- Surfacewaters (1)
- Synchotron (1)
- Synchrotron-XPS (1)
- Synthetic organic pigments (1)
- TEM (1)
- TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Tauchtest (1)
- Technologietransfer (1)
- Temperature and humidity (1)
- Teredo sp (1)
- Termite control (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Termiten (1)
- Test method (1)
- Test strip (1)
- Teststreifen (1)
- Testverfahren (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Textilschädling (1)
- Thermal Desorption (1)
- Thermal Extraction (1)
- Thermal desorption (1)
- Thermal imaging (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermische Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Thermochemische Prozesse (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Tinting (1)
- ToF SIMS (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Torah (1)
- Torah Scrolls (1)
- Trait-based ecology (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Transport modeling (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Typology of Inks (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- UV tolerance (1)
- UV-VIS Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrakurzpuls-Laser (1)
- Ultrashort PFAS (1)
- Ultrashort laser processing (1)
- Umweltbewertung (1)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (1)
- Ungleichgewicht (1)
- Unterirdische Speicher (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Uranium mining (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VIS- Spektroskopie (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Velocimetry (1)
- Vererbung (1)
- Versuchskampagne (1)
- Verwertung Bodenmaterial (1)
- Vienna manuscript (1)
- Virulence (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Volatile organic compound (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- Vorsorgewerte (1)
- Vues des Cordillères (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Wasserbau (1)
- Wasserstofflagerung (1)
- Wasserstoffplasma (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- Wiederholbarkeit (1)
- Wiederverwertung (1)
- Wirksamkeit (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Workflows (1)
- Writing Ink (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray based techniques (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- X-rays (1)
- XANES-Spektroskopie (1)
- XRF Analysis (1)
- XRF-, FTIR-, VIS-espectroscopía (1)
- XRF-, VIS- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- XRF-, VIS- spectroscopy (1)
- Xestobium rufovillosum (1)
- Zeichnung (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zentrifugalsortierer (1)
- Zeolite (1)
- Zertifikate (1)
- Zinnschlacken (1)
- biocide tolerance (1)
- black fungi (1)
- black fungus (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- disinfection (1)
- evolution (1)
- fs-laser processing (1)
- genomics (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- historic inks (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- ink (1)
- light (1)
- multi scale testing (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- openBIS (1)
- papyrus (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant pathogen (1)
- signaling (1)
- thermochemische Behandlung (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
- virulence (1)
- Äquivalenzdurchmesser (1)
- Ökobilanz (1)
- Ökotoxtests (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (849) (entfernen)
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were classified as a group of highly concerning chemicals over the last decades. Because of the high persistence of PFAS, their previous use led to contamination of the environment and human population. Due to ongoing use and incomplete remediation or destruction methods, the PFAS background in the environment is growing continuously.
The presence of ultrashort PFAS (with ≤3 carbon atoms) in the environment is often overlooked despite their contributions to PFAS levels. These compounds may directly contaminate the environment and arise from degradation of polyfluorinated compounds as well as incomplete PFAS destruction in certain industrial processes. Nonetheless, few approaches for targeted analysis of ultrashort PFASs have been developed, except for trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Beside liquid (LC-MS/MS), supercritical fluid (SFC-MS/MS), and ion chromatography (IC-MS)-based systems, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a promising method for detection and quantification of ultrashort PFAS.
The goal of this study was to develop a simple headspace GC-MS method for the quantification of ultrashort perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and polyfluorinated alcohols (PFOHs) in water samples. In contrast to PFOHs, functionalization of PFCAs was required for quantification. This was done by esterification with methanol at 80 °C, which can be carried out directly in the headspace GC-MS system.
Moreover, several parameters were optimized to achieve a low limit of quantification (LOQ) for the analytes used: i) The ratio of the aqueous solution, methanol, and available gas phase within the analysis vessel, ii) the concentration of additional acid in esterification mixtures of PFCAs, iii) shaking frequency and iv) shaking time before analysis. After optimizing the procedure, we were able to quantify ultrashort PFCAs and PFOHs. Thus, our developed headspace GC-MS method has the potential to be used as an alternative target analysis for ultrashort-chain PFCAs and PFOHs in various water samples (groundwater, wastewater).
Introduction: Effective disinfection is crucial to maintain hygiene and to prevent the spread of infections. Phenotypic heterogeneity in disinfection survival (i.e. tolerance) may result in failure of disinfection, which in turn may foster the evolution of resistance to both disinfectants and antibiotics. However, the consequences of phenotypic heterogeneity for disinfection outcome and resistance evolution are not well understood. Goal: This study investigates the impact of phenotypic heterogeneity on the survival and evolution of Escherichia coli during disinfection with six commonly used substances. Furthermore, the consequences of evolved disinfectant tolerance for antibiotic resistance evolution are studied. Materials & Methods: The extent of population heterogeneity during disinfection is derived by determining time-kill kinetics and analysis with mathematical modelling. The link between population heterogeneity and evolvability of disinfectant tolerance was assessed by laboratory evolution experiments under periodic disinfection. The ability of disinfectant tolerant strains to evolve antibiotic resistance is assessed by serial transfer experiments with increasing concentrations of different antibiotics and by whole genome sequencing. Results: Multi-modal time-kill kinetics in three of the six disinfectants suggest the presence of disinfectant-tolerant subpopulations (i.e. persister cells). Importantly, the ability and extent to evolve population-wide tolerance under periodic disinfection is related with the presence of persister cells and the level of phenotypic heterogeneity during disinfection. Interestingly, the probability of high-level resistance evolution to certain antibiotics is attenuated in disinfectant tolerant strains as compared to the sensitive ancestor. Whole-genome sequencing reveals epistatic interactions between disinfectant tolerance and antibiotic resistance mutations, preventing access to canonical evolutionary paths to resistance. Summary: Our findings suggest that phenotypic heterogeneity can facilitate disinfection survival and the evolution of population wide tolerance, which can impact future antibiotic resistance evolution.
Bakterielle Biofilme stellen in medizinischen und industriellen Bereichen ein ernsthaftes Problem dar. Eine der größten gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen liegt in der zunehmenden Resistenz von Bakterien gegen Biozide, die bei antimikrobiellen Behandlungen eingesetzt werden, z.B. durch übermäßigen Einsatz in Medizin, Industrie und Landwirtschaft oder durch Reinigung und Desinfektion in Privathaushalten. Daher sind neue effiziente bakterienabweisende Strategien, die den Einsatz von Bioziden vermeiden, dringend erforderlich.
Ein vielversprechender Weg zur Erzielung bakterienabweisender Oberflächen liegt in der berührungslosen und aseptischen großflächigen Laserbearbeitung von technischen Oberflächen. Maßgeschneiderte Oberflächentexturen, ermöglicht durch verschiedene Laserbearbeitungsstrategien, die zu topographischen Skalen im Bereich von Nanometern bis Mikrometern führen, können eine Lösung für diese Herausforderung darstellen.
In dem Vortrag wird ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Technik bei der subtraktiven Texturierung von Laseroberflächen zur Kontrolle der Biofilmbildung bei verschiedenen Bakterienstämmen und in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen gegeben. Auf der Grundlage spezifischer Eigenschaften von Bakterien und laserbearbeiteten Oberflächen werden die Herausforderungen antimikrobieller Oberflächendesigns erörtert und zukünftige Richtungen aufgezeigt.
Im Rahmen eines vom Umweltbundesamt geförderten Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob die Abtrennung der Feinfraktion (0-2 mm) eine Verbesserung der umweltrelevanten Eigenschaften bewirkt und somit HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. In Deutschland wird die Rostasche durch Nassentschlackungssysteme aus dem Feuerraum ausgetragen. Durch den Kontakt mit Wasser setzen direkt hydraulische Reaktionen ein, die eine vollständige Abtrennung der Feinfraktion unmöglich machen. Das wurde bereits in den 1990er Jahren erkannt und führte zur Entwicklung des ABB InRec Verfahrens mit Trockenentaschung als ersten Verfahrensschritt. Auch damals war das Ziel eine möglichst inerte Rostasche für die Verwertung zu erzeugen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Schweiz Trockenentaschungssystem installiert, hier vor allem um die Rückgewinnung von elementaren Metallen auch in der Feinfraktion zu verbessern. Welche Potenziale sich dabei erschließen lassen, wurde in einem anderen UBA-Projekt untersucht. Im Rahmen unserer Arbeiten wurde versuchsweise trockene Rostasche an einer Anlage in Süddeutschland genommen und im Labor untersucht. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse zum Auslaugverhalten und zur Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (Ökotoxizität) vorgestellt.
Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (IBA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA erforderlich. Informationen über über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für IBA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der IBA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequentiellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der IBA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass IBA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist.