4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (75)
- Posterpräsentation (24)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (17)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (7)
- Sonstiges (5)
- Forschungsbericht (4)
- Monografie (1)
- Buchkapitel (1)
- Forschungsdatensatz (1)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (135) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Nano (28)
- OECD (19)
- Nanomaterial (13)
- Bauprodukte (11)
- Prüfrichtlinie (9)
- Emission (8)
- VOC (8)
- Nanopartikel (7)
- BEMMA (6)
- EN 16516 (6)
- Geruch (6)
- Aerosol (5)
- Cascade impactor (5)
- ISO 16000-6 (5)
- Museum (5)
- Test guideline (5)
- Umweltsimulation (5)
- VVOCs (5)
- Volatile organic compounds (5)
- Analytical method (4)
- Bundesoberbehörden (4)
- Emissionen (4)
- Guideline (4)
- Nanomaterials (4)
- Nanoparticle (4)
- UFP (4)
- Architecture (3)
- Chemical durability (3)
- Construction products (3)
- ESEM (3)
- FFF-3D-Printer (3)
- Formaldehyd (3)
- Glass (3)
- Low melting (3)
- Luftschadstoffe (3)
- Perceived Intensity (3)
- Reference material (3)
- Reference materials (3)
- Size (3)
- TXRF (3)
- VOC-emission (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Additive Fertigung (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Aerosole (2)
- Affinity chromatography (2)
- Air exchange rate (2)
- Analytik (2)
- Antibodies (2)
- Behördenklausurtagung (2)
- Bewitterung (2)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (2)
- Capsules (2)
- Chamber test (2)
- Chemical analysis (2)
- Chemical characterization (2)
- Corona (2)
- Corrosion (2)
- Electron microscopy (2)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (2)
- Emission reference material (2)
- Emissions (2)
- Emissionskammer (2)
- Environmental simulation (2)
- European standard (2)
- FEM model (2)
- Fume (2)
- GAeF (2)
- Geruchsmessung (2)
- Glasmalfarben (2)
- Glutaraldehyde (2)
- Größenbestimmung (2)
- Innenraum (2)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (2)
- LA-ICP-MS (2)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (2)
- Loading factor (2)
- Luft (2)
- Material emissions (2)
- Nano particle (2)
- Nanofasern (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size (2)
- Particle size distribution (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Partikel (2)
- Plume (2)
- Pollutants (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Prozessmonitoring (2)
- Reductive amination (2)
- Round robin test (2)
- Schadstoffaustrag (2)
- Size distribution (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Test Guideline (2)
- Testguideline (2)
- Thermal extraction (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- VOC Emissionen (2)
- VOC-Emissionen (2)
- Vitrinen (2)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Advanced Materials (1)
- Aerosol element alanysis (1)
- Aerosol element mass concentration (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- Aerosolforschung (1)
- Affinity extraction (1)
- Affinity support (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Air quality monitoring (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alkali zinc borate glass (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Aluminum oxide (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Ammoniak (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytische Methode (1)
- Anodization (1)
- Antibody purification (1)
- Architektur (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis aaaa (1)
- BAM Data Store (1)
- BEMMA Bewertung (1)
- BFR (1)
- BMU (1)
- BODIPY dye (1)
- BSA (1)
- Bauproduktenverordnung (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bioactive glass (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Blauer Engel (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Bodenbeläge (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Building product (1)
- Building products (1)
- Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion (1)
- COVID (1)
- CRM (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Carrier (1)
- Chamber measurement (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemische Beständigkeit (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Consumer article (1)
- Consumer articles (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Core/shell nanoparticle (1)
- Covid (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- DIN EN 717-1 (1)
- DMAS (1)
- Damage repair (1)
- Diffusive sampling (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Dispergierung von Glaspartikeln (1)
- Dispersion of glass particle (1)
- Display case (1)
- Downstream processing (1)
- Druck (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EN 717-1 (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Effective uptake rate (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic lab notebook (ELN) (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Emerging Contaminants (1)
- Emission Test Chamber (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission chamber testing (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission reference materials (1)
- Emission test chamber (1)
- Emission test chamber procedure (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emissionsmessungen (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Exposure risk (1)
- Fiber (1)
- Fibre (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorometric sensing (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Fungus (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Glas (1)
- Glasanalyse (1)
- Größe (1)
- Historic buildings (1)
- Human plasma (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- IAQ (1)
- ICP-MS (1)
- IEQ (1)
- ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies (1)
- Igg (1)
- Immunoglobulins (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Indoor emission (1)
- Innenraumluftqualität (1)
- Innenraumluftqualtität (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- LCC (1)
- Lapis lazuli (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Linker (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Metallic silver precipitates (1)
- Metals (1)
- Methoden (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mobile anodisation (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Multigassensorik (1)
- Museumsvitrine (1)
- Museumsvitrinen (1)
- NDT (1)
- NFDI (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano@BAM (1)
- NanoPlattform (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Niedrig schmelzend (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- Odour (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Olivine (1)
- OpenBIS (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optische Tomografie (1)
- PBFSM (1)
- PGAA (1)
- PIXE (1)
- PP (1)
- PS (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Partikeldurchmesser (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Periodate oxidation (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Phase separation (1)
- Phosphonic acids (1)
- Phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Pigment analyses (1)
- Plastic biofilm (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polypropylen (1)
- Polystyrol (1)
- Printing (1)
- ProMoAM (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein a (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Protein immobilization (1)
- Protein quantification (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Prüfkammer (1)
- Prürfrichtlinie (1)
- Purification (1)
- QA/QC (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- REACH (1)
- RFA (1)
- Radon (1)
- Recycling (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Reference data (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference procedures (1)
- Release kinetics (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Ringversuch (1)
- SARS (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- SMPS (1)
- SOP (1)
- Sapphire (1)
- Schadgase (1)
- Schutzverglasung (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Silver diffusion (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spielzeug (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Standardarbeitsanweisungen (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- TEM (1)
- TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition (1)
- Tantal (1)
- Test method (1)
- Thermal Desorption (1)
- Thermal Extraction (1)
- Thermal desorption (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- Ultrafine particles (1)
- Uptake rate (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Volatile organic compound (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Workflows (1)
- XRF (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- openBIS (1)
- Äquivalenzdurchmesser (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (135) (entfernen)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (75)
Mit dem Fokus auf eine saubere Innenraumluft wird darauf eingegangen, welche Emissionen aus Materialien und Produkten es gibt und wie sie nach Art und Flüchtigkeit definiert sind und wie sie gemessen werden. Im weiteren wird dargestellt, was und wie viel aus Materialien und Produkten emittieren kann und wie die Emissionen zu bewerten sind. Hierbei wird auch auf besonders emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte eingegangen.
Nach 1850 wurde zur weiteren Herabsetzung der Einbrenntemperatur von Glasmalfarben Borax (Na2B4O7 · 10 H2O) zugesetzt. Das Verhältnis war nun 1 Teil SiO2, 3 Teile PbO und 0,5 Teile Borax. Der analytische Nachweis von Bor in eingebrannten Malschichten war bisher jedoch nicht möglich.Daher wurden in Laborversuchen Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Borax auf Modellgläser aufgetragen, eingebrannt und anschließend unter simulierten Umweltbedingungen zeitraffend im Klimaschrank bewittert.
Mit Hilfe von elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen können Malschichten charakterisiert werden und somit Hinweise auf mögliche Schadensursachen liefern. Erste Versuche zum Nachweis von Bor erfolgten mit Hilfe von LIBS-Messungen (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) an im Labor hergestellten Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Boraxgehalt.
Nach 1850 wurde zur weiteren Herabsetzung der Einbrenntemperatur von Glasmalfarben Borax (Na2B4O7 · 10 H2O) zugesetzt. Das Verhältnis war nun 1 Teil SiO2, 3 Teile PbO und 0,5 Teile Borax. Der analytische Nachweis von Bor in eingebrannten Malschichten war bisher jedoch nicht möglich.
In Laborversuchen wurden Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Borax auf Modellgläser aufgetragen, eingebrannt und anschließend unter simulierten Umweltbedingungen zeitraffend im Klimaschrank bewittert. Mit Hilfe von elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen können Malschichten charakterisiert werden und somit Hinweise auf mögliche Schadensursachen liefern. Der Nachweis von Bor erfolgte mit Hilfe von LIBS-Messungen (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) an im Labor hergestellten Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Boraxgehalt.
Initial situation:
Aluminum is an often-used building material in modern architecture, not only for construction but as well for facades and decorative elements. In the 1950th and 1960th, after World War II, many buildings in Germany were constructed with aluminum or contain elements of colored anodized aluminum. In the last years a larger number of these buildings are increasingly in the sight of conservation works including the aluminum parts such as window frames or facade coverings.
Damaged Aluminum Surfaces:
Common damages are a change of color or gloss changes through weathering processes, drill holes or marks due to later modifications, scratches in the anodized layer due to extensive wear e.g. at handrails or door handles.
To repair damaged aluminum surfaces, there are usually two options: smaller damaged areas are repaired by using a touch-up pen. In case of larger damages, the complete re-anodization is necessary. This includes to de-anodize the surface with cleaning and grinding the whole aluminum object. Both possibilities are disadvantageous for the objects. The touch-up pen often does not match the color of the original surface together with an insufficient corrosion protection for outdoors. While the newly anodized surface differs in color and gloss from the originally applied color.
Research Approach:
The whole procedure contrasts with the principal approach in conservation which aims to intervene as less as possible, in case of the conservation of an object. To fulfill this approach in a more appropriate way the research project focuses on a mobile and partial application for colored, anodized aluminum parts.
To anodize aluminum the application of an electrolyte onto the surface together with sufficient voltage and current is necessary. Generally diluted sulfuric acid is used as electrolyte. Different possibilities are examined to enable the mobile application of the electrolyte, e. g. the application by producing a gel matrix or like in electroplating by pen or brush wrapped with a fleece fabric.
Experimental part:
First experiments are conducted to examine the structure of the anodized layer in relation with proper cleaning, anodization time with applied voltage and current and the coloring process. The aim was to reduce the preparation procedure and the anodization time as much as possible to facilitate the mobile application.
Examinations with Keyence microscope, Eddy current testing and REM are performed to characterize the layers. The results are shown in table 1. A clear connection between proper cleaning, anodization time, voltage and amperage and the achieved thickness of the anodized layer is significant. Cracks in the layer show that raising the voltage and amperage results in thicker layers but as well in a crumbled and less stable anodized surface.
Gel preparation:
In addition to the anodization process with a liquid e.g. sulfuric acid a gel application is tested to prevent the electrolyte from rinsing down during the mobile application. For this purpose, several gel-forming agents are tested together with their stability in acid systems. It was observed, that the consistency of the gels varies dependent of the time.
Conductivity:
The conductivity of sulfuric acid combined with different gel-systems was measured and compared in order to predict the possible growth of layers during anodic oxidation process.
Further steps:
Determination and optimization of application parameters like voltage, amperage and anodization-time to build up a preferably stable and sufficient thick anodized layer. Examination of gel preparation to guarantee a stable product, enforcing with textile tape for easy application.
Ziel des Projektes war es, schwermetallfreie Schmelzfarben für den Einsatz auf einem Digitaldrucker zu entwickeln. Dafür sollten die Glasfarben, bei Temperaturen unter 630°C verarbeitbar und deren Eigenschaften kompatibel mit denen von Floatgläsern sein. Zudem sollte die aufgeschmolzene Farbe transparent und im Außenbereich eingesetzt beständig sein. Weiterhin mussten die Farben eine Partikelkorngröße kleiner als 20µm besitzen, um die Druckköpfe des Digitaldruckers nicht zu verstopfen. Gute Dispergierbarkeit, thixotropes Verhalten und eine schnelle Trocknung waren weitere Voraussetzungen. Die Ersetzung von PbO durch ZnO und Bi2O3 wurde getestet und zeigte positive Ergebnisse. Ein geeigneter Mahl-und Dispergierprozess wurde entwickelt. Bei der Firma „glas&räume“ wurden die Musterfarben getestet und zeigten ein gutes Druckverhalten. Bedingt durch das Tintenstrahlverfahren erreicht der Farbauftrag keine 100%ige Transparenz. Trotzdem erscheint die transparente keramische Schmelzfarbe im Vergleich zur Verwendung von opaker Schmelzfarbe tatsächlich völlig transparent. Der Unterschied ist signifikant und öffnet so ein neues Kapitel im keramischen Digitaldruck.
Sintered bioactive glass scaffolds of defined shape and porosity, e.g. made via additive manufacturing, must provide sufficient bioactivity and sinterability. As higher bioactivity is often linked to high corrosion and crystallization tendency, a certain compromise between sintering ability and bioactivity is therefore required. Groh et al. developed a fluoride-containing bioactive glass (F3), which allows fiber drawing and shows a bioactivity well comparable to that of Bioglass®45S5.
To study whether and to what extent the sinterability of F3 glass powder is controlled by particle size, coarse and fine F3 glass powders (300-310µm and 0-32µm) were prepared by crushing, sieving and milling. Sintering, degassing and phase transformation during heating were studied with heating microscopy, vacuum hot extraction (VHE), DTA, XRD, and SEM.
For the coarse glass powder, sintering proceeds slowly and is limited by surface crystallization of primary Na2CaSi2O6 crystals. Although the crystallization onset of Na2CaSi2O6 is shifted to lower temperature, full densification is attained for the fine powder. This finding indicate that certain porosity might be tuned via particle size variation. Above 900°C, intensive foaming is evident for the fine powder. VHE studies revealed that carbon species are the main foaming source.
Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and reproducible emission rates were obtained.
The properties of nanomaterials are influenced not only by their chemical composition but also by physical properties (such as size, geometry and crystal structure). For the reliable determination and assessment of behaviour and effects of nanomaterials as well as for the determination of the exposure of humans and environment a comprehensive physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is essential. This is an important prerequisite to identify them as nanomaterials and to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials.
In 2006, the OECD launched a sponsorship program for the testing of nanomaterials in which 11 nanomaterials were thoroughly investigated using a variety of methods. The aim of the project was, among other things, to find out where problems occur and where there are gaps in the measurement and test procedures and where are changes required. An important outcome of the sponsorship program was the finding that the OECD Test Guidelines should in several cases be extended to the specific needs in testing of nanomaterials. The existing standardized test methods of the OECD for physical-chemical characterization have not been developed for nanomaterials in particular. A high demand for an extension of the test guidelines was identified. Germany complied with the OECD's request in 2017 and has agreed to extend the “Test Guideline on Particle Size Distribution / Fiber Length and Diameter Distributions Test Guideline” for Manufactured Nanomaterials (MN). UBA commissioned BAM and BAuA with the preparation of the Test Guideline. The aim of the project is the development of a harmonized test protocol for a valid and reproducible determination of particle size and size distribution which is one of the most relevant physical-chemical properties for MNs.
Different measuring methods provide different results for the size distribution of the particles. This is caused by the different measuring principles of the methods. Each method measures a specific parameter that ultimately determines particle size. First, the measured quantity differs for each method (Scattered light intensity, 2D image / projection, electric mobility, etc.). Second, the calculated diameters of the MN may differ (Feret Diameter, Area Projection, Mobility Diameter, Aerodynamic Diameter, Hydrodynamic Diameter). Third, a measuring method provides a size distribution which is measured either mass-based, surface-based or number-based. A conversion between the results requires additional parameters and thus possibly increases the measurement error.
In addition to the technical differences, the individual parameters are strongly influenced by the structure and material of the nanoparticles. For example, a surface functionalization can lead to very different results in the size distribution. The suitability of measurement methods differs with the material of the MN. As a result, two very different results can be measured for the particle size distribution using two different methods, which are nevertheless both correct. Several large projects in recent years therefore concluded that nanomaterials should be characterized by at least two complementary method. Imaging techniques are regarded as one of these methods for the characterization, the complementary methods are supposed to be statistical methods.
The different results for the size distribution of nanomaterials become problematic for the registration of new MN. A comparable and reproducible size distribution is a prerequisite for a standardized registration. In the future, the particle size distribution in the EU will also decide on the classification of a substance as a nanomaterial or as a non-nanomaterial. Especially in borderline cases, a standardized and comparable measurement methodology is therefore essential.