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Numerous externally loaded as well as self-restraint hot cracking test procedures have been developed over the years to evaluate soldidification crack phenomena. But the interpretation and the subsequent transfer of test results towards component weldments has still to be regarded as a decisive challenge. Some progress has been achieved by hypothesizing crack / no crack criteria referring to uniform and uniaxial loading of the solidification front during welding. But, as the present results show, solidification cracking significantly depends on the geometry of the solidification front, which has so far not been considered in the respective criteria. In this contribution, the position of solidification cracks is correlated with the positiondependent strain rates along the solidification front and with the positiondependent curvature of the weld pool. Especially at positions of high curvature, an increased rate of shrinkage can be predicted on the basis of a geometrical Rate of Feeding (ROF) Rate of Shrinkage (ROS) model, corresponding to the measured positions of the solidification cracks. The assumption of position-dependent strain and strain rates along the solidification front during Varestraint-Testing has been confirmed by means of numerical simulations.
Hot cracks as stress corrosion cracking initiation sites in laser welded corrosion resistant alloys
(2005)
Although hot cracks at weld surfaces of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) might provide access to respective aggressive media and thus, might provide the conditions for a local potential and pH drop, the interaction between hot cracking and corrosion phenomena has not been investigated up to the present. This particularly concerns the initiation of stress corrosion cracking inside such crevices.
As a first approach to clarify the influence of hot cracks on corrosion resistance, considering particularly stress corrosion cracking, hot crack afflicted laser welds of three different CRAs have been subjected to a series of different corrosion tests.
Besides the fact that the Drop Evaporation (DE) Test represents a more realistic procedure than standard immersion tests it turned out that hot cracks can obviously represent an initiation site of stress corrosion cracking in the austenitic stainless steel AISI 309 (German No. 1.4828). The susceptibility of such hot crack afflicted laser welds to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) significantly depends on temperature and chloride concentration of the test environment In comparison, the high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel AISI S 34565 (German No. 1.4565) did not exhibit any stress corrosion cracking associated with hot cracking. This material exhibited pitting corrosion and stress corrosion only in the base material. The Alloy 50 (German No. 2.4850), a Nickel based material, was susceptible to pitting corrosion, but showed no tendency towards stress corrosion cracking at all.