Filtern
Dokumenttyp
Schlagworte
- Explosion limits (2)
- Ignition criterion (2)
- Kenngrößen (2)
- Nichtatmosphärische Bedingungen (2)
- Non-atmospheric conditions (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Zündkriterium (2)
- Alternative Energieträger (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Characterization (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Es werden die Untersuchungsergebnisse für ein geeignetes Zündkriterium zur Bestimmung von Explosionsgrenzen bei nichtatmosphärischen Bedingungen vorgestellt. Dazu wurden für Anfangsdrücke bis 20 bar Zündversuche an den Explosionsgrenzen von CHL/Luft-, CaHg/Luft-, H2/Luft- und NHs/Luft-Gemischen in einem Autoklav mit Sichtscheibe durchgeführt. In der Auswertung wurden visuelle Zündkriterien und ein Druckschwellenkriterium miteinander verglichen. Weiterhin wurden Untersuchungen zum erforderlichen Mindesvolumen des Explosionsgefäßes in Abhängigkeit des Anfangsdrucks durchgeführt. Dazu wurden jeweils Zündversuche mit demselben Gemisch aus CH4 und Luft bei Anfangsdrücken bis 50 bar in Volumina zwischen 0,2 dm3 und 6,0 dm3 durchgeführt.
A controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter that is built by modifying the Standard apparatus with the addition of a controlled-atmosphere chamber offers a time- and cost-saving approach for reaction-to-fire testing in vitiation- and ventilation-controlled atmospheres. Due to the design of the added enclosure no mechanical changes on cone calorimeter’s Standard ductwork are required. This offers some advantages but also important limitations. The design has an open connection between the outlet of the added enclosure and the cone calorimeter’s exhaust hood. Therefore, sufficient ambient air from the laboratory surroundings is drawn into the System to introduce effects which have the potential to affect test results significantly.
A procedure which is is suitable to consider physical effects of the ambient air on the calculation of the heat release rate is presented as well as initial results of an application towards toxic potency assessment. Signs for Chemical effects of the ambient air such as post reactions are shown but subject of an ongoing work.
Sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen stellen die Grundlage für die Bewertung von Explosionsrisiken in der chemischen Industrie dar, sowie für die Klassifizierung von gefährlichen Stoffen und Gütern. Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen sind, wie Stoff konstanten (z. B. Dichte, Siedepunkt) abhängig von Druck und Temperatur. Im Gegensatz zu Stoffkonstanten sind sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen jedoch in unterschiedlichem Maße vom Bestimmungsverfahren abhängig. Einfluss können sowohl die Prüfapparatur (z. B. Zündgefäß, Zündquelle) als auch das Bestimmungsverfahren (vor allem das Kriterium) haben. Für die Anwendung im Explosionsschutz ist es erforderlich einheitliche und zuverlässige Werte für die Kenngrößen zu erhalten. Daher sind die Bestimmungsverfahren für Explosionskenngrößen in den meisten Fällen genormt. Sie sind in der Regel dem Geltungsbereich der europäischen Richtlinien 94/9/EG und 1999/92/EG zugeordnet. Wegen des Anwendungsbereiches der Richtlinien gelten bislang die meisten dieser genormten Bestimmungsverfahren (z. B. Explosionsgrenzen (EN 1839), Zündtemperatur (EN 14522)) nur für atmosphärische Bedingungen. Jedoch werden in der chemischen Industrie viele Prozesse mit anderen Oxidationsmitteln als Luft (z. B. reiner Sauerstoff, Distickstoffmonoxid) sowie bei höheren Drücken und Temperaturen durchgeführt.
The environmental impact assessment of materials is usually based on laboratory tests, mostly in combination with models describing the longterm fate of the substances of interest in the targeted environmental compartment. Thus, laboratory tests are the fundamental link to achieve appropriate assessment conclusions which makes it essential to generate consistent results. This just as applies to the leaching of cementitious materials. In Europe, the leaching behavior of monolithic building materials is tested in the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test following the specification CEN/TS 16637–2. An interlaboratory comparison on European level regarding this technical specification showed relatively high intra- and interlaboratory variations for the tested materials (monolithic copper slag and cement stabilized coal fly ash). Therefore the German Committee for Structural Concrete (DAfStb) framed a guideline to specify additional testing conditions for cementitious materials. To assess the possible improvement by this guidelines measures, a round robin test with 11 participants from Germany and the Netherlands was conducted. This work aims to provide insight into the factors to be considered in the testing of alkaline materials, including sample preparation, and highlights crucial procedures and their manifestation in the results. All evaluated parameters showed improved results compared to the earlier round robin test. The relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR) of the elements calcium, barium, antimony, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, which are the parameters evaluated in both round robin tests, were RSDr = 4%, 4%, 2%, 5%, 5%, and 5% respectively (4% in average) for this work, in comparison to the European round robin test with an average RSDr of 29% (17%, 17%, 20%, 40%, 36%, and 42%). The RSDR improved from 41% (30%, 36%, 29%, 57%, 40%, and 56%) to 14% (12%, 8%, 6%, 28%, 15%, and 12%). CO2 ingress during testing and the inaccuracy of eluate analytics for concentrations close to the determination limits were identified as the main sources of error.
Many industrial processes are run at non-atmospheric conditions (elevated temperatures and pressures, other oxidizers than air). To judge whether and if yes to what extent explosive gas(vapor)/air mixtures will occur or may be generated during malfunction it is necessary to know the safety characteristic data at the respective conditions. Safety characteristic data like Explosion limits, are depending on pressure, temperature and the oxidizer. Most of the determination methods are standardized for ambient conditions.
In order to obtain determination methods for non-atmospheric conditions, particularly for higher initial pressures, reliable ignition criteria were investigated. Ignition tests at the explosion Limits were carried out for mixtures of methane, propane, n-butane, n-hexane, hydrogen, ammonia and acetone in air at initial pressures up to 20 bar. The tests have been evaluated according to different ignition criteria: visual flame propagation, temperature and pressure rising. It could be shown that flame propagation and occasionally self-sustained combustion for several seconds occurred together with remarkable temperature rise, although the pressure rise was below 3%. The results showed that the combination of a pressure rise criterion of 2% and a temperature rise criterion of 100 K seems to be a suitable ignition criterion for the determination of explosion limits and limiting oxidizer concentration at higher initial pressures and elevated temperatures. The tests were carried out within the framework of a R&D project founded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology.
Optical polarimetry measurements of the orientational order of a discotic liquid crystal based on a pyrene derivative confined in parallelly aligned nanochannels of monolithic, mesoporous alumina, silica, and silicon as a function of temperature, channel radius (3–22 nm) and surface chemistry reveal a competition of radial and axial columnar orders. The evolution of the orientational order parameter of the confined systems is continuous, in contrast to the discontinuous transition in the bulk. For channel radii larger than 10 nm we suggest several, alternative defect structures, which are compatible both with the optical experiments on the collective molecular orientation presented here and with a translational, radial columnar order reported in previous diffraction studies. For smaller channel radii our observations can semi-quantitatively be described by a Landau–de Gennes model with a nematic shell of radially ordered columns (affected by elastic splay deformations) that coexists with an orientationally disordered, isotropic core. For these structures, the cylindrical phase boundaries are predicted to move from the channel walls to the channel centres upon cooling, and vice-versa upon heating, in accord with the pronounced cooling/heating hystereses observed and the scaling behavior of the transition temperatures with the channel diameter. The absence of experimental hints of a paranematic state is consistent with a biquadratic coupling of the splay deformations to the order parameter.