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- Electrochemical noise (3)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cold metal transfer (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Corrosion monitoring (1)
- Corrosion testing (1)
- Critical pitting temperature (1)
- Elektrochemie (1)
- Elektrochemisches Rauschen (1)
- KorroPad (1)
Investigation on defect morphology and corrosion behaviour of TiMgN hard coatings on steel substrate
(2014)
Nitride hard coatings, such as Titanium nitride and chromium nitride coatings are widely used for applications focussing on wear protection and decorative purposes. Also these coatings are often applied on low alloyed steel substrates. The inevitable contact of the coated components with the environment through pores and coating defects bears the danger of corrosion of the steel substrate followed by further delamination of the coating and a loss of function of the component. A new attempt to increase the corrosion behaviour of those physically deposited hard coating systems is the implementation of magnesium. The positive effect of magnesium could be verified already electrochemically. Performed experiments on TiMgN have shown that corrosion resistance could drastically improved with increasing Mg content of the TiMgN up to 30 at% compared to steel substrates with applied titanium nitride hard coatings. Besides the clarification of the electrochemical and phenomenological effect of the magnesium on the corrosion behaviour, an additional aim of this work is the investigation of the coating defects, defect morphologies and their influence on the local corrosion behaviour. For this the incorporation of the magnesium and its effects on the coating material, the influence of coating growth related defects and the effect of the coating structure on the corrosion behaviour should be experimental examined by using innovative surface and material analysis methods such as FIB and TEM. Furthermore the evolution of the coating defects should be investigated by combing confocal microscopy with a new developed exposure test method using the electrochemical indication test KorroPad. The function of the KorroPad test, which was developed and patented [1] at the BAM for the detection of corrosion sensitive steel surfaces by indicating dissolution of iron ions [1], allows the detection and identification of critical coating defects for further microscopic investigation. Additional to that the KorroPad test simulates an accelerated exposure test by simultaneous absence of the disadvantages of typical short time exposure test like salt spray tests. Thus it allows a monitoring and analysis of the evolution of the critical coating defects and their influence on the local corrosion behaviour and the overall corrosion mechanisms. The results of this work should contribute to the development of new hard coatings with improved corrosion protection properties and also to a better understanding of the corrosion mechanisms of coated steel substrates.
Claddings of different nickel based alloys were generated on a mild Steel (S235JR) and a stainless steel type 304 by Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). This welding procedure possesses a low degree of mixing between the Substrate and cladding material. Thus it improves the corrosion behaviour of the claddings. The aim of our investigations was to examine the effect of the welding parameters: energy per unit length, shielding gas and finishing surface treatment on the pitting corrosion behaviour of the claddings.
However, under Standard test conditions nickel based alloys are often resistant to pitting corrosion. Moreover these test methods are inaccurate and require a large period of time resulting from the iterative progress to determine the critical pitting temperature (CPT). A potentiostatic test method was modified using a high concentrated CaCI2-solution and a conventional three electrode measuring cell. The pitting corrosion behaviour is calculated from current noise charges. During the test the course of corrosion is detected online by the evaluation of electrochemical noise Signals while a continuous increase of temperature by a defined heating rate is realised.
Thus a critical pitting temperature can be estimated by only one attempt. Furthermore the deviation of the measured CPT is very low compared to Standard tests using gravimetrical and microscopic evaluation. That enables to figure out the influence of the welding parameters in an exact way.
In the last years, new approaches for the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of stainless steels were developed which allow short term corrosion testing with increased information content. This work analyses the extensive influence of heat treatment on microstructure and the resulting corrosion resistance of the martensitic stainless steels 1.4034 and 1.4021 with advanced methods. Different heat treatments at various austenitization temperatures up to 1100°C and the effect of different cooling rates were evaluated; the last has not yet been studied in literature at all. The resulting corrosion behaviour in relation to the different carbon content in the two used alloys and the applied heat treatment will be presented and discussed. The applied methods of investigation were conventional evaluation of the critical pitting corrosion potential (PP), modified electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (mEPR) and the "KorroPad" (KP) technique. The performance of modified EPR and its interpretation were optimized to provide additional information about the general passivation ability and the extent of chromium depletion as result of applied heat treatment. The aim using PP and KP was the correlation between the Parameters of the mEPR with the changes in the pitting corrosion resistance. Furthermore the results will demonstrate the functionality and usability of the short term corrosion test methods mEPR and KP in order to increase their acceptance within the scientific community. The results indicate a surprisingly large influence of both austenitization temperature and cooling rate on the corrosion resistance within all three used test methods, which can explain the different corrosion behaviour of martensitic stainless steels in earlier investigations.
Evaluation and Screening of the pre-treatment states of Mg-alloys using Electrochemical Noise
(2009)
A successful application of magnesium alloys as light structural materials and for special applications,
such as in the medical sector, depends significantly on their corrosion properties. Since the use of
well-chosen surface coating systems can optimize these properties, many efforts are going in this
direction. In general, any coating process must be seen in a close connection to the pre-treatment of
the alloy surface, particularly for magnesium alloys.
The pre-treatment is required to prepare the optimal surface for a coating system, in which adhesion
and dissolution behaviour are the central properties. In the case of magnesium alloys this means a
well-controlled removal of the casting or rolling skin, which would be prone to corrosion and poor
adhesion. Additionally, in most cases the surface morphology should be smooth. An investigation of
different pickling solutions and pickling parameters showed a wide range of effectiveness (i.e., the
resulting mass loss and surface morphology). Another important and often underestimated fact is the
comparatively strong tendency of magnesium to react with the atmosphere. For that reason, after a
completed pickling and cleaning treatment the condition of the surrounding atmosphere and the time
prior to coating of the surface should be taken into account because of the formation of different
reaction layers. These layers have an effect on adhesion and the corrosion properties of the coating
system as a whole. For a documentation of the influence of different atmospheres and the timedependence
of the surface activity the measurement of the electrochemical noise is the preferred
technique. This is because it shows instantaneously the actual activity, even in the absence of external
excitation. The influence of different pre-treatments as well as exposure conditions and duration was
investigated using electrochemical noise measurements as a screening method. As a result the pretreatment
which is an important part of the coating process could be considerably improved.