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The known flame-retardant synergism between phosphorus-based additives and metal oxides, already used for petroleum-based plastics, has been extended to bio-based materials. The pyrolysis and the flame-retardancy properties of aluminium phosphinate (AlPi) in combination with nanometric iron oxide and antimony oxide on a poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PHBV/PBAT) blend were investigated. Better fire retardancy, ascribed to increases in intermediate char, favoured improvements in the UL 94 classification. Both the phosphorus and the nanofiller components participate simultaneously in the flame-retardancy mechanism: the first acting as flame inhibition in the gas phase, and the second promoting cross-linking in the solid phase. Redox reactions between iron oxide and the phosphinate additive were confirmed by XRD analysis and provided further evidence of the activity of metal compounds.
In this work, a series of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative salts containing phosphorus and nitrogen were synthesized, and their effects on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) were investigated. Studies have shown that the addition of DOPO derivatives will increase the tensile strength, compression set, and compression hardness of FPUF, but it will lead to a decrease in elongation at break. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the initial decomposition temperature of FPUF containing DOPO derivatives was reduecd, but the char reside was significantly improved. A series of combustion tests indicated that the addition of DOPO derivative salts can improve the flame retardancy of FPUF, of which 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide dicyandiamide salt (D-DICY) exhibited the best flame retardancy. When the load of D-DICY was 20 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of foam reached 24.5%, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were decreased by 55.7% and 52.9%, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the gas phase combustion products and the char residue of the condensed phase, the possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed.