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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Ultrasound propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropic materials is difficult to examine because of the directional dependency of elastic properties. Simulation tools play an important role in developing advanced reliable ultrasonic testing techniques for the inspection of anisotropic materials particularly austenitic cladded materials and dissimilar welds. A 2-D Ray tracing method is developed for evaluating ray path, amplitude and travel time for three wave modes namely quasi longitudinal wave (qP), quasi shear vertical wave (qSV) and shear horizontal waves (SH) in anisotropic materials such as austenitic cladded materials. The inhomogenity in the anisotropic material is represented by discretizing the anisotropic region into several homogeneous layers. The ray paths are traced during its propagation through the various interfaces between those layers. At each interface the problem of reflection and refraction is solved. The ray amplitudes are computed by taking into account the directivity and phase relations. Ray divergence variation and ray transmission coefficients at each refraction boundary are considered. The Ray tracing results for ultrasonic field profiles in austenitic cladded materials are validated quantitatively by 2-D Elastodynamic Finite Integration Technique (EFIT) results and by the experiments.
Progress in acoustical defect sizing NDT methods for the inspection of power-plant components
(2012)
The demand of improved NDT methods with proper visualization and sizing
capabilities is a persistent trend in maintenance and manufacturing quality inspection.
Especially when dealing with high quality standards in conjunction with safety-critical
components in the sector of energy and transportation quantitative NDT techniques are
vital to provide reliable quality control systems and a corresponding deeper insight into
the component structure for a further fracture-mechanical estimation. The paper thus
focuses the progress of the defect sizing capabilities of modern Ultrasonic Testing
(UT). In Ultrasonic Testing the SAFT-algorithm (Synthetic Aperture Focusing
Technique) currently experiences a renaissance. The method is based on combining the
data of different transducer positions with their corresponding varied propagating time
and it is currently applied in several industrial applications. SAFT enhances the SNR
and the spatial resolution and is thus a valuable tool when it comes to improved
defect detection and sizing. A tomographic-like data mapping is illustrated on several
examples, where adapted phased array systems were used for the inspection of turbine
components and also for a cladded mock-up of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel. In a
statistical investigation we also performed a comparison with other defect sizing
methods like TOFD (Time of flight diffraction).
The Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) is an algorithm applied in non-destructive ultrasonic testing which provides an image of flaws within a specimen. The image is reconstructed from A-scans measured at different positions. Reliable evaluation of the images obtained by the SAFT-algorithm, however, depends on the representation of the reconstructed data, which is initially given in terms of positive and negative local values only. A suitable way of processing this data for evaluation is to calculate the envelope, which can be achieved by means of the analytic signal. The extension of this concept to the multidimensional case is neither trivial nor unique and although extensive work on this subject has been carried out in the past, a correct envelope calculation in multidimensional data remains difficult since it depends on an additional condition, namely the separability of the signal. In this paper, the concept of analytic signals with single-quadrant spectra is applied to process 2-dimensional data obtained by the SAFT-algorithm. Furthermore, we present a procedure to overcome the limitations of that approach by selecting local magnitude values from a number of rotated frames after evaluating the signals separability in each frame, which is briefly validated against synthetic and experimental data.
In this paper, a numerical approach for the computation of dispersion relations for three-dimensional waveguides with arbitrary cross-section is proposed. The formulation is based on the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM). It is an extension of the approach previously derived for plate structures. It is shown that the wavenumbers of guided waves in a waveguide can be obtained as the eigenvalues of the Z matrix, which is well known in the SBFEM. The Hamiltonian properties of this matrix are utilized to derive an efficient way to compute the group velocities of propagating waves as eigenvalue derivatives. The cross-section of the waveguide is discretized using higher-order spectral elements. It is discussed in detail how symmetry axes can be utilized to reduce computational costs. In order to sort the solutions at different frequencies, a mode-tracking algorithm is proposed, based on the Padé expansion.
In diesem Beitrag wird die numerische Modellierung und deren messtechnische Validierung der elastischen Wellenausbreitung in austenitischen Schweißnähten vorgestellt. Die Ultraschallprüfung von austenitischen Schweißverbindungen war und ist immer noch eine der schwierigsten Aufgaben der ZfP. Für eine optimierte Prüfkonfiguration ist es notwendig, verschiedene Prüfparameter wie Einschallwinkel, Prüfkopfposition und -Orientierung richtig einzustellen. Um die beste Anordnung zu ermitteln, wurde die Schallausbreitung in den austenitischen Schweißnähten mit verschiedenen Verfahren wie elastische finite Integrationstechnik (EFIT) und Raytracing simuliert. Mit Hilfe der Simulationsergebnisse wurde die verwendete Gruppenstrahlerprüftechnik optimiert. Es wurden zahlreiche Untersuchungen an anisotropen Testkörpern in V-Durchschallung und an bezüglich der Schweißnaht transversal orientierten Rissen durchgefühlt. Die Ergebnisse der auf Raytracing bzw. EFIT basierenden Simulationstools wurden untereinander und auch mit den Messergebnissen verglichen.
In this contribution a simulation tool is developed to compute the energy skewing angles and energy coefficients
for the reflected and refracted plane waves in following general cases: (1) reflection and refraction
of plane elastic waves at an interface between isotropic and transversely isotropic solid, (2) reflection
and refraction of plane elastic waves at an interface between transversely isotropic and isotropic solid, (3)
reflection and refraction of plane elastic waves at an interface between two general transversely isotropic
solid and (4) reflection of plane elastic waves from a stress free boundary of a transversely isotropic solid.
Computational results for analytically evaluated acoustic wave energy skewing angles and energy reflection
and transmission coefficients in acoustically anisotropic materials such as austenitic steel materials
exhibiting columnar grain orientation are presented. The obtained results show that the acoustic energy
skewing angles and coefficients in austenitic steel materials strongly depend upon the columnar grain
orientation and are less influenced by the grain orientations which are parallel and perpendicular to the
interface.
Thermoacoustic generation of airborne ultrasound using carbon materials at the micro- and nanoscale
(2011)
Lamb waves travel in plates and hollow cylinders over large distances and propagate with multiple mode shapes. Therefore the waves can be used for integrity tests of large scale structures. Each propagating wave mode has a unique dispersive character and a frequency dependent vibration pattern. Therefore, by interacting with flaws each mode is assumed to generate an individual reflection pattern depending on the flaw type, flaw orientation and size. To extract this information a frequency as well as wave number dependent mode excitation is required ensuring a single mode excitation. The challenge, however, is to control the selective mode excitation electronically to allow a sequence of consecutive tests with different wave modes to collect the data. A method is proposed using phased array wedge transducers with fluid coupling for normal force excitation of Lamb wave modes. The excitation principle is investigated analytically on plates by modelling the wave generation in the wedge and the coupling between wedge and structure. The analytical results of the excitation principle are validated by corresponding experiments where the field patterns on the wedge surface and on the plate were scanned using a laser vibrometer. The directivity of the radiated field is investigated together with the direction dependent analysis of the mode content.
In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Erzeugung von Luftultraschall vorgestellt, der auf dem thermoakustischen Prinzip beruht. Mikro- und nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien werden dabei mit einem harmonischen Wechselstrom gespeist und erfahren durch ohmsche Verluste eine Temperaturänderung, die sich auf das umgebende Fluid überträgt. Daraus resultieren Druckmodulationen, und es wird eine ausbreitungsfähige Schallwelle erzeugt. Dabei tritt Frequenzverdopplung gegenüber der Anregungsfrequenz auf. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der entscheidende Parameter für die Effizienz der Methode, d.h. für ein möglichst großes Verhältnis von Schalldruck zu eingebrachter Leistung, die Wärmekapazität pro Flächeneinheit ist. Da dieser Quotient für Kohlenstoffmaterialien sehr klein sein kann, erlaubt das thermoakustische Prinzip hier die effiziente Erzeugung von Luftultraschall. Schalldruckmessungen an verschiedenen Materialproben wurden bis 100 kHz mit einem Mikrofon durchgeführt, oberhalb von 100 kHz wurde eine laservibrometrische Schnellemessung eingesetzt. In experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde die Schallerzeugung in Abhängigkeit der Materialeigenschaften analysiert und systematisiert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden mit numerischen und analytischen Berechnungsergebnissen verglichen.
This contribution describes a computationally efficient ray tracing algorithm for evaluating transducer generated ultrasonic wave fields in anisotropic materials such as austenitic cladded and austenitic weld components. According to this algorithm, ray paths are traced during its propagation through various layers of the material and at each Interface the problem of reflection and transmission is solved. The presented algorithm evaluates the transducer generated ultrasonic fields accurately by taking in to account the directivity, divergence, density of rays, phase relations as well as transmission coefficients. The ray tracing algorithm is able to calculate the ultrasonic wave fields generated by a point source as well as a finite dimension transducer. The simulation results are compared quantitatively with the results obtained from Elastodynamic Finite Integration Technique (EFIT) on several configurations generally occuring in the ultrasonic non destructive testing of anisotropic materials. The excellent agreement between both models confirms the validity of the presented ray tracing algorithm. Finally, the ray tracing model results are also validated by means of experiments.