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The presentation explains the term “safety” in a broader sense and leads to the need for a more risk-based understanding of safety. Based on this, the Monte Carlo simulation is used to show where the weak points of the ECE R 134 are and in which direction the GTR 13 could be optimized during the currently running phase 2. For this purpose, it is helpful to improve the currently operated tool for Monte Carlo simulation, for which BAM introduced the research idea “MoCaSiB”.
The presentation is divided in two parts, each evaluates a different aspect of safety.
It starts with the analysis of consequences resulting from worst case ruptures of gas cylinders. The number of harmed persons and fatalities dependent from the pressure-volume product and the kind of stored gas. In parallel, there is a national accepted rule for accepted failure rates depending from this pV-product created by BAM. When combining both aspects it become clear that the pressure-volume product can be used as a good indicator for consequences. At a level of about 120 MPa m3 the maximum consequence starts to become catastrophic character. This shows the reason why the representatives of DIN insisted in limiting relevant pV-limits for tubes and cylinders to 1 Mio. bar litres.
The second part gives a raff overview on the parameters influencing the acceptance rates of borderline basic populations. This is added by some slides giving an idea for the improvement of the minimum burst requirement and finally completed by a proposal for improved acceptance criteria for the burst test.
The basic idea is: an increased pV-product of tubes has the be reflected by an increased safety level.
Storage
(2018)
The whole conference focused on gaps in research concerning hydrogen and hydrogen safety. This presentation focus on storage aspects and shows the current gaps in research from the point of view of the authors. They have differences in background, from university via manufacturer and safety institute to hydrogen operating industry. The different purposes of storage are covered (onboard storage, stationary storage and transport of gases) as well as the different designs (steel to pure composite/plastic).
Dr Mair presents the competence centre “H2Safety@BAM”. He starts with a spectacular hydrogen accident on the Tempelhofer Feld (Berlin) in 1894, comes to the foundation of the competence centre in the context of the hydrogen strategies of Germany and the EU and explains their safety-focused orientation in order to create and maintain confidence in hydrogen technologies.
Beyond the long-term changes in energy supply, in Sept. 2022 there are enormous cost leaps in gas supply, which puts hydrogen as an energy carrier in a different light.
Based on this, he presents the structure of the Competence Centre with its 5 competence areas and the corresponding contact persons. This is underpinned by a slide on each of the work packages in the fields of competence.
At the end of the presentation, he explains the focus of the competence area "Component Testing, Component Safety and Approval", for which he is responsible. This is the question of cost reduction by using the whole potential of digitalisation in connection with the safety surveillance of the storage systems. The run of a fully digital system is of great importance for both, for the hydrogen supply of large consumers via road and rail and for storage systems in stationary plants. A robust and well-thought-out digitalisation in all levels of documentation will lead to a new quality in monitoring safety porperties, integration of new components and cost reduction.
This presentation provides the main issue of a probabilistic based safety assessment.
It shows the differences in terms of survival rate between some current deterministic standards and the probabilistic approach.
It deals with three test procedures: slow burst test, cycle test and fire engulfment test.
This presentation shows the most important steps for developing the probabilistic approach PA with a lot of detailed information on test results. It discusses the necessitiy of performing a slow burst test, to which amount degradation can be accepted and how these interacts with aspects of costs etc.
The application range of CPV (composite pressure vessels)
is multifaceted. But also the failure forms and the spectrum of measurement methods is manifold. On various, at BAM observed effects, it is shown why the micromechanical analysis of the composites is of such great interest for the prediction of aging effects of CPVs.
This presentation provides general data about BAM, the structure of department 3 and a short impression of the application of pressure vessels for hydrogen in stationary use, supply chain and onboard storage.
It guides to the actions of BAM as competent authority on this area and shows a lot different methods for testing operated at BAM. Based on this additional research has been detected as necessary for a competent tackling of the tasks as competent authority. After having mentioned several important research projects a figure is presented that compares the development of regulations with relevant re-actions of BAM. The outcome was a concept of a risk based definition of accepted failure rates in combination with probability-oriented safety assessment over entire service life.
The second aspect raised at INERIS is the issue of advising the BMVI concerning pressure vessels for hydrogen. Since the pressure is high for saving material consumption and weight there is still high interest in changing regulatory requirements. Therefor we developed an approach for the display of minimum requirements of regulations in diagrams (sample performance charts; SPC) and the probabilistic analysis for these deterministic requirements. This is done by Monte-Carlo simulation and the analysis of acceptance rate and survival rate of basic populations all over the SPC.
This finally provide same knowledge of non-approvable but safe ranges of parameters and even approvable but non-safe constellations. In addition, this analysis allows to optimise deterministic requirements in regulations to the intended level of safety for approved populations of pressure vessels, which is shown on the example of the GTR#13.
This presentation explains how the evaluation of technical requirements in regulations effects safety level. This shown by using the Monte-Carlo experiment consequently.
The first step is to explain how deterministic requirements and how probabilistic requirements work. Then the statistical behaviour of the generally unknown basic population can be described and that his behaviour is independent from the regulatory approach. Subsequently, the concept of evaluating sample test results with respect to deterministic requirements is explained. The item “acceptance rate” of the basic population that is behind each sample and behind each individuum in a sample is defined. On this collective understanding, the differences in evaluation between the probabilistic approach PA and the most important RC&S are discussed. Some areas are validated in contradictorily. Then the parameters for acceptance of burst strength in the UN-GTR#13 are varied and opens the door for an accurate improvement of acceptance criteria. Finally, the special aspects of degradation in load cycle testing are shown. There, two aspects must be differentiated, the current reliability and its degradation by ongoing load cycles. This is a convincing argument against the very common opinion, which means that the number of hydraulically tested load cycles pro-vides a figure for the number of acceptable filling cycles.