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- High temperature corrosion (12) (entfernen)
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The resistance of structural steels against corrosion in CO2-H2O and CO2-H2O-O2
atmospheres at temperatures above 550°C was observed with high magnification methods.
The test atmosphere is the basic composition of an oxyfuel coal combustion atmosphere. The
analytical information base was applied to develop reaction schemes for the oxidation of
steels. It was demonstrated that the formation of phases and the kinetics of oxidation reactions
in this atmospheres is affected by the formation of intermediate iron hydroxide and a high
carbon activity. In the temperature regime above 550°C the thermal equilibrium between H2O,
CO2 and Fe reacted and formed CO. CO triggers the formation of FeO and carbides and
increases the reaction kinetics. Porosity at the interface is established by gaseous phases
such as Fe(OH)2 or H2O. H2 formation is not limited to the steel - oxide interface but can occur
in the whole oxide scale. Examples of the experimental results were compared with a
thermodynamic approach. The objective of the work was to derive qualitative rules of the basic
corrosion reactions.
The most efficient construction materials for boiler water walls and superheaters in
steam power plants are ferritic and martensitic steels. In practical operation tubes are
simultaneously exposed to combustion gas and air/steam on their opposite surfaces. The
corrosion behaviour of ferritic-martensitic steels under such dual atmospheres is nondistinctive
and has therefore been investigated in a special designed test equipment between 500 and
620°C. The power plant conditions were simulated wi th a flowing and pressurised (80 bar)
combustion gas on the inner side of the tube which mainly consists of H2O and/or CO2. On the
outer side, the tube material was exposed to air. It was discovered that under similar
temperatures the oxides formed on the air side under dual atmosphere conditions were
significantly different to the oxide scales formed when the alloy was exposed to air only. It is
assumed that the anomalous corrosion behaviour during the dual atmosphere exposure is due
to the hydrogen transport through the bulk alloy from the combustion gas side to the air side.
The introduction of carbon capture technology into thermal power plants benefits from combustion of fuel and pure oxygen due to high partial pressures of CO2 in the flue gas. The consumption of energy for carbon capture devices and oxygen production plants has to be compensated by higher efficiencies of the power plant. Consequently IGCC plants with 80 bar reactors and high temperature turbine equipment, boilers with 700 °C steam raising units will be the next generation power plants. All plants have in common locally in the process gas compositions with high CO2 partial pressure and steam. In our test we applied a gas composition with 30% H2O and 70% CO2 an composition in between the water content of coal burned in pure oxygen and Methane-oxygen combustion. Additional gas fractions such as SO2 will be added in coming experiments. In this paper we discuss the attack of our model gas composition on different typical power plant construction steels with chromium contents in the range of 1 to 24%. The test conditions were annealing time up to 1000 h, 80 bar pressure, fast flowing gas and temperatures between 500 and 700°C depending on the maximum working temperature of the individual steel. Dependent on the test parameters and in particular the chromium content the oxide scale growth mechanism, the scale thickness, the scale microstructure and phase sequences differed. In particular we observe the growth of FeO at temperatures lower than 570°C which is the eutectic decomposition temperature in the Oxygen-iron phase diagram. Iron carbides are primarily formed in low alloyed steels near the oxide steel interface. The steels studied containing more then 9% chromium the growth of Fe3O4 and Fe-Cr-Spinel was typical. Co and W influenced the reaction in 9 - 12% Cr-steel. The attrition of Mn and other alloying additions was monitored. In no case a dense and protective Cr2O3 or an other Metal-Cr-oxide layer was observed. The oxide scale thickness increases strongly with temperature and decrease with raising chromium content. Data of oxide scale thickness up to corrosion time of 1000 h will be presented. A model will be presented, which deals with possible reactions paths during the corrosion processes in flowing CO2 and water. The steels can be arranged according the reaction with gas and their alloying elements such as Mn, Co and W. In the test environment the maximum working temperature of the steels decreased 50K compared to working temperature in current power plant environment.
Influence of pressure and chromium content on corrosion reactions at 600°C in a CO2-H2O atmosphere
(2008)
Comparative study on high temperature oxidation of T92 steel in dry and wet oxyfuel environments
(2015)
Fireside oxidation of T92 steel was studied after exposure times up to 1000 h in the temperature range of 580–650 °C in simulated dry (CO2–27 % N2–2 % O2–1 % SO2) and wet (CO2–20 % H2O–7 % N2–2 % O2–1 % SO2) oxyfuel environments. Water vapour addition to the oxyfuel gas substantially increased the oxidation rate. The oxide scales developed under wet environment contained more defects, resulting in higher access of oxidants to the substrate material and enhanced oxidation. In addition, the oxide scales had lower chromium enrichment in the inner layer as compared to that in the dry condition. The oxide scales consisted of hematite and magnetite in the outer layer and a mixture of (Fe, Cr)-spinel, sulphides and wustite in the inner layer. The sulphur distribution differed between the oxide scales developed in dry and wet oxyfuel environments. Sulphur was mainly concentrated in the inner layer and at the oxide/alloy interface. In contrast to the wet oxyfuel gas, very high sulphur concentration was measured in the inner oxide scale formed in the dry oxyfuel gas. Additionally, Fe-sulphide was formed at the interface of inner and outer oxide layer in the wet condition.
The materials in oxyfuel power plant will be subjected to CO2– and SO2–rich gases on the fireside. The oxidation behaviour of two 9–12 % Cr steels T92 and VM12 was studied under dry oxyfuel environment in the temperature range of 580–650 °C for up to 1,000 h. The oxide structure and morphology were analyzed using various experimental techniques. A complex temperature dependence of oxidation rate is observed for both T92 and VM12 whereby the oxidation rate decreased with increasing temperature. This is attributed to increased Cr-enrichment in the inner scale with increasing temperature. T92 and VM12 alloys are also susceptible to carburization in an oxyfuel environment.
Comprehensive insights into the early stages of corrosion mechanisms provide fundamental knowledge to further understand and model long time material behaviour. The present work studies the early stages of combined oxidation and sulphidation of ferritic model alloys for time scales up to 250 h at 650 °C to observe the influence of chromium during the corrosion under SO2. Model alloys were used to focus on the reaction of the intended elements: Fe, Cr, S, and O. Pure iron simultaneously forms magnetite and iron sulphide in an early stage of corrosion, covered by a pure oxide layer after 100 h. Iron with 13 wt% Cr shows hematite and mixed Fe-Cr-oxides first, before sulphides nucleate in the inner corrosion zone. With increasing ageing time a magnetite layer is observed below the hematite layer. Quantitative phase fractions of all corrosion products observed were determined from cross section images. Characterization of the Fe13Cr corrosion scale by FIB revealed a highly porous structure in the inner corrosion zone where Cr-rich (Fe, Cr)-sulphides are present, and caused the scale to spall easily.
Technically relevant P92 steel (9% Cr) was coated with a micron-thick porous alumina layer prepared by sol-gel technique and treated with flue gas (60 CO2-30 H2O-2 O2-1 SO2-7 N2 (mole fraction in %)) at 650 ° to mimic an oxyfuelcombustion process. Local defects in the coating were marked using focused ion beam (FIB) technique and were inspected after exposition to hot flue gas atmosphere at 300, 800, and 1300 h, respectively. Local defects like agglomerated alumina sol particles tend to spall off from the coating uncovering the underlying dense chromia scale. Re-coating was found to restore the protection ability from oxidation when repeatedly treated with hot flue gas. Cracks and voids did not promote the local oxidation due to the formation of crystalline Mn/S/O species within and on top of the coating. The protective character of the steel-coating system is a result of (i) the fast formation of a dense chromia scale at the surface of sol-gel alumina-coated P92 steel bars in combination with (ii) the porous alumina coating acting as diffusion barrier, but also as diffusion partner in addition with (iii) fast Mn outward diffusion capturing the S species from flue gas.
This work presents the microstructure and chemical composition of oxide scales created on Ni – base coating after corrosion experiments in aggressive gases and ashes. The Inconel 686 coating applied on the low carbon steel 13CrMo4-5 was performed by a CO2 laser cladding process. The experiments were carried out in oxidizing gas atmospheres containing O2, COx, SOx. The second Variation of corrosion experiments were performed in a reducing atmosphere with ashes containing elements such as: Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, Al etc. After 240 h and 1.000 h corrosion experiments the oxide scales on the substrate and overlay were created in both cases.
The sulfur compounds were found on the top of the coating surface (EPMA) and also higher contents of silica compounds were revealed on specimens covered by ashes during the experiments. The microstructure and chemical composition of the clad and scales were investigated by means of a light microscope and an electron microscope (SEM)equipped with an EDS detector.
Insights into early damage mechanisms during high-temperature gas corrosion provide important aspects for the prediction of the long-term stability of hightemperature materials exposed to a hot and corrosive environment. The current work presents a real time study concerning the combined oxidation and sulfidation of ferritic model alloys in a hot SO2 containing atmosphere using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction. The applied high temperature reactor allows the transmittance of high energetic X-rays in order to collect X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample surface in situ during the reaction with the reactive environment. The results revealed that the first phases crystallizing on iron with 2 wt% chromium and with 9 wt% chromium are oxides. The aging experiments at T = 650° C with 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar were followed in situ and caused an external mixed oxide-sulfide layer on top of iron with 2 wt% chromium. On the higher alloyed material the external scale consists of iron oxides and the inner scale of mixed (Fe,Cr)-oxides and chromium-sulfides. The oxide content continuously increases parallel to an increase of the sulfide amount. Thus, the initially formed (Fe,Cr)-oxides do not have a protective character and support the transport of sulfur through the growing oxide scale.