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Conventional simultaneous thermal analysis, capillary-coupled TGMS, in situ and ex situ Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as chemical analysis have been used for the investigation of the first decomposition step of the mixed valence chloroferrate (dmpipzH2)6[Fe(II)Cl4]2[Fe(III)Cl4]2[Fe(II)Cl5][Fe(III)Cl6]. Under argon at ca. 200°C, an almost complete reduction proceeds in a solid state reaction forming Fe(II). It is accompanied by the release of HCl and, to a minor degree, carbon containing species. A multi-phase product with at least two chloroferrate species, coke, and C,H,N-containing polymers is formed. Binuclear iron complexes, such as (dmpipzH)2[Fe(II)2Cl6], and small amounts of (dmpipzH)[Fe(III)Cl4] have been proposed to be the major and minor component of the product mixture, respectively.
Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) defined -Al2O3 has been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES). The Au 4f7/2 orbital is used for static charge referencing. This feature originates from well-defined and chemically inert 20 nm highly dispersed gold particles deposited on the sample surface. The particles, with a narrow particle size distribution, were obtained from a highly purified colloidal solution (sodium concentration below 1 mg/l). This procedure allows a determination of gold-referenced XPS and XAES data sets. ©2001 American Vacuum Society.
A model regarding the generation of acidity in binary metal fluorides has been proposed and its validity has been examined for several binary fluoride systems with the general compositions MF3/M'F3 and MF2/M'F3. In accordance with this hypothesis, the binary systems (CrF3/AlF3, CrF3/FeF3 and AlF3/VF3) do not show acidities larger than the sum of the acidities of the component fluorides. The hypothesis predicts the generation of Lewis acidity when MF2 is the major component (host) and generation of Brønsted acidity when MF3 acts as the host for the MF2/M'F3. The experimental results (surface acidity and catalytic activity) confirmed the predictions made from this hypothesis for binary combinations MgF2/ M'F3 (M'=Cr, Al, Fe, V). The application of this model is discussed in terms of other parameters: ionic radii and the fluoride affinity of the metal fluorides involved.
The dismutation of CHClF2 to CHF3 and CHCl3 was used to probe the effect of γ-Al2O3 fluorination on fluorine-against-chlorine (Cl/F) exchange reactions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy were employed to probe the modifications at the surface of γ-Al2O3 accompanying the initial stages of fluorination. The results suggest that fluorine uptake by γ-Al2O3 starts initially at the surface of the oxide particles, with the formation of a fluorine species that is characterised by a single bond and a high effective charge q. Catalytic Cl/F-exchange is only observed after accumulation of higher fluorine concentrations, for which insertion of fluorine into the sub-surface region of the oxide crystallites has commenced. Quantitative XPS shows that the fluorination level must exceed approximately 10 atom% of the anions to achieve catalytic activity. The spectroscopic evidence suggests that the formation of aluminium oxofluorides is sufficient to provide catalytic activity. The presence of an AlF3 phase is not a condition for the observation of catalytic activity, even though defect-rich AlF3 is ultimately the endpoint of the fluorination process and is itself a Cl/F exchange catalyst.
The 57Fe-Moessbauer spectrum of (dmpipzH2)2[FeIII(H2O)2Cl4][FeIII Cl4]Cl2 (1) consists of two doublets caused by a strongly distorted octahedral and a non-distorted tetrahedral component. Both (dmpipzH2)[FeIIIBr4]2 (2) and (trienH2)[FeIIIBr4]Br (3) show only one doublet indicating a more strongly distorted iron(III) species for 2 and a less-distorted one in the case of 3. For all compounds investigated, the ESR spectra reveal the existence of ground states with predominant antiferromagnetic coupling. The Néel temperatures amount to <4.2 K for 1, 4 K for 3 and 48 K for 2. In the case of 2, both the Moessbauer and the ESR spectra reveal the formation of exchange-coupled {FeBr4} units which has been attributed to a significant cation influence. The fine structure of residual paramagnetic [FeBr4]- subunits remaining in the crystalline matrix could be directly determined. Temperature dependent AC and DC susceptibility measurements of 2 and 3 confirmed the results.
Static TOF-SIMS results strongly underpin earlier conclusions from ESCA, XANES, and tracer studies that the accumulation of fluorine and chlorine at the surface of chromia by a heterogeneous reaction with a chlorofluorocarbon compound results in the formation of mixed chromium oxide halide species and not in the nucleation of CrCl3 and/or CrF3 phases.
Highly dispersed vanadium-doped metal oxides such as VOx/ZrO2, VOx/SiO2 and VOx/TiO2/SiO2 with vanadium contents between 0 and 25 mole% were prepared by special bulk preparation methods (coprecipitation and solgel, followed by freeze-drying). Bulk and surface properties of the obtained mixed oxide solid solutions were thoroughly investigated by different analytical methods (Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, TPD, H2-TPR, oxygen isotope measurements etc.). Moreover, the catalytic behaviour of the oxides was studied for the example of the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane to propylene. Independent of the preparation method, the catalytic behaviour of vanadium-doped ZrO2 and TiO2 phases is very similar. Both metal oxide solid solutions are very active in propane ODH whereas the catalytic activity of VOx/SiO2 is relatively low. On the other hand, the reduction of the catalytic activity is accompanied by an improved selectivity for the formation of propylene. The correlation between the catalytic activity and the acidity of the oxide systems is discussed. Oxidation experiments with 18O2 clearly show that the ODH reaction occurs according to the Marsvan Krevelen mechanism.
The dismutation of CCl2F2 was used to probe the effect of halogenation of chromia by Cl/F exchange reactions to find out the difference between the halogenated inactive and active catalysts. The heterogeneous reactions were performed in a continuous flow Ni reactor and also under simulated reaction conditions in a reactor where after the reaction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) analyses are possible without air exposure of the catalyst, i.e., under so-called "in situ" conditions. The Cr(III) 2p XP spectra, which revealed multiplet splitting features and satellite emission, were used for chemical analysis by using a simple evaluation procedure which neglects this inherent complexity. Chemical analysis was also applied by using chemical state plots for Cr 3s in order to cross-check Cr 2p related results. Both ex and in situ XPS show that as soon as Cr2O3 is exposed to CCl2F2 at 390°C fluorination as well as chlorination takes place at the catalyst surface. When the XPS surface composition reaches approximately 4 at. % fluorination and 6 at. % chlorination, maximum catalytic activity was obtained. Application of longer reaction times did not change significantly the obtained surface composition of the activated chromia. The fluorination and chlorination of chromia was further investigated by various HF and HCl treatments. The activated chromia samples and the Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, CrF2OH, CrF3·H2O, α-CrF3, β-CrF3, and CrCl3 reference samples with well-known chemical structures were also characterized by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS), pyridine-FTIR, wet chemical (F and Cl) analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and surface area (BET) analysis. The results suggest that the formation of chromium oxide chloride fluoride species, e.g., chromium oxide halides, at the surface is sufficient to provide catalytic activity. The presence of any CrF3 and/or CrCl3 phases on the activated chromia samples was not found.
Cr3+-doped MgF2 systems are synthesised by a novel non-aqueous soft chemistry route using different Cr precursors and varying Cr loading. These systems have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, TPD of ammonia, FT-IR pyridine adsorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and tested for their catalytic activity in dismutation of CCl2F2 and CF3CHClF. Catalysts synthesised starting from CrO3 or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 showed better catalytic activity than those prepared with CrCl3. FT-IR pyridine adsorption studies reveal that the catalytic activity is highly correlated with the Lewis acid strength. In TPD of NH3 catalysts prepared from CrO3 and (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2, precursors showed a similar behaviour, different from that of catalysts prepared from CrCl3.
Cr3+-doped MgF2 systems are synthesised by a novel non-aqueous soft chemistry route using different Cr precursors and varying Cr loading. These systems have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, TPD of ammonia, FT-IR pyridine adsorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and tested for their catalytic activity in dismutation of CCl2F2 and CF3CHClF. Catalysts synthesised starting from CrO3 or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 showed better catalytic activity than those prepared with CrCl3. FT-IR pyridine adsorption studies reveal that the catalytic activity is highly correlated with the Lewis acid strength. In TPD of NH3 catalysts prepared from CrO3 and (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2, precursors showed a similar behaviour, different from that of catalysts prepared from CrCl3.
A series of crystalline aluminum hydroxy fluorides in cubic pyrochlore structure AlFx(OH)3-x·H2O with variable F-content x were investigated by solid-state NMR by applying different magnetic fields up to 21.1 T. Distinguishable octahedral species AlFx(OH)6-x (x = 1-6) were identified in the crystalline aluminum hydroxy fluorides. The subsequent analysis of the highfield 27Al MAS NMR data allows the derivation of the trend analysis graphs giving correlations between the 27Al chemical shifts and the quadrupolar frequencies and the F-content x in AlFx(OH)6-x. Clear trends were obtained for both, which are, along with the 19F MAS chemical-shift trend analysis presented earlier, valuable tools for the interpretation of MAS NMR spectra of amorphous AlFx(OX)3-x compounds (X = H, alkyl). Following the dehydration of the pyrochlores by solid-state NMR eventually reveals a remarkable influence of the incorporated solvent molecules (H2O) on the 19F chemical shift. On that basis, a new chemical-shift trend analysis for 19F chemical shifts in correlation with x in AlFx(OH)6-x units for proton-poor substances (in the Al, F, O, H system) was determined. By using this correlation, high-surface AlF3 has a mean bulk Al:F ratio similar to that found for ACF, namely, AlF2.8(O/OH)0.2.
Dielectric, anti-reflective or high reflective systems consist of low and high refractive index layers. Common systems are oxides. The preparation of low refractive index MgF2-films of optical quality by means of an anhydrous low temperature solgel synthesis is presented. The MgF2-sol is prepared by spin-coating on silicon and glass substrates. Various film thicknesses between 20 nm and 435 nm have been deposited. It has been shown that the thickness increase is proportional to the number of coating steps. The deposited MgF2-films consist of 10 nm to 20 nm large nanoparticles and have smooth surfaces with an average roughness (Ra) of (1.7 ± 0.3) nm. The optical constants n and k of the films are in agreement with the literature data of bulk-MgF2.
Thin films of MgF2 have been deposited on silicon wafers in optical quality with a novel sol-gel deposition process at temperatures as low as 100 °C. The properties of the fluoride layers are compared to bulk MgF2 with respect to the optical constants. By employing spectroscopic mapping ellipsometry, the uniformity of the thickness of fluoride layers is confirmed to be within acceptable limits for optical applications. The optical constants are close to the bulk data. High-quality low-index films of suitable and homogeneous thickness have already been produced on a laboratory scale.
A comprehensive spectroscopic characterization of all known crystalline AlF3 phases (α-, β-, η-, κ-, θ-AlF3) is presented for the first time in this study. Beside their X-ray diffraction powder patterns, which were already published in the literature, 27Al and 19F MAS NMR, FT IR and XPS spectroscopic techniques were applied for all phases in a consistent manner. For all phases prepared the utilization of 27Al satellite transition (SATRAS) NMR allowed to determine the quadrupolar parameters of the aluminium sites including their distributions.
In addition, η-AlF3 was isolated with high phase purity and characterized following a new preparation path different from those known so far in the literature.