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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (6)
Copper, magnetite and graphite particles were mixed in order to observe their impact on the coefficient of friction (CoF) during pin-on-disc tests and on the tribofilm formation after testing. Pure magnetite powder provided a value of CoF of 0.4. Magnetite-copper mixtures tested at 400 °C revealed lower CoF values (~0.4) than those at room temperature (~0.6). Magnetite-graphite and magnetite-graphite-copper mixtures presented lower CoF values (~0.3). All systems formed a magnetite-based tribofilm and patches of metallic copper were found on the tribosurfaces of the mixtures containing copper. Carbon layers and graphite nanoinclusions were observed in the graphite mixtures. The incorporation of zirconia particles, a by-product of ball milling mixing, prevented the selective transfer of graphite and copper to the tribosurfaces of some of the samples.
The primary crystallite size of titania powder relates to its properties in a number of applications. Transmission electron microscopy was used in this interlaboratory comparison (ILC) to measure primary crystallite size and shape distributions for a commercial aggregated titania powder. Data of four size descriptors and two shape descriptors were evaluated across nine laboratories. Data repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated by analysis of variance. One-third of the laboratory pairs had similar size descriptor data, but 83% of the pairs had similar aspect ratio data. Scale descriptor distributions were generally unimodal and were well-described by lognormal reference models. Shape descriptor distributions were multi-modal but data visualization plots demonstrated that the Weibull distribution was preferred to the normal distribution. For the equivalent circular diameter size descriptor, measurement uncertainties of the lognormal distribution scale and width parameters were 9.5% and 22%, respectively. For the aspect ratio shape descriptor, the measurement uncertainties of the Weibull distribution scale and width parameters were 7.0% and 26%, respectively. Both measurement uncertainty estimates and data visualizations should be used to analyze size and shape distributions of particles on the nanoscale.
Nanoscale building blocks impart added functionalities to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The integration of silicon nanowires with MEMS-based sensors leading to miniaturization with improved sensitivity and higher noise immunity is one example highlighting the advantages of this multiscale approach. The accelerated pace of research in this area gives rise to an urgent need for batch-compatible solutions for scaling to nano. To address this challenge, a monolithic fabrication approach of silicon nanowires with 10-lm-thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS is developed in this work. A two-step Si etching approach is adopted, where the first step creates a shallow surface protrusion and the second step releases it in the form of a nanowire. It is during this second deep etching step that MEMS—with at least a 2-order-of-magnitude scale difference - is formed as well. The technique provides a pathway for preserving the lithographic resolution and transforming it into a very high mechanical precision in the assembly of micro- and nanoscales with an extreme topography. Validation of the success of integration is carried out via in situ actuation of MEMS inside an electron microscope loading the nanowire up to its fracture. The technique yields nanowires on the top surface of MEMS, thereby providing ease of access for the purposes of carrying out surface processes such as doping and contact formation as well as in situ observation. As the first study demonstrating such monolithic integration in thick SOI, the work presents a pathway for scaling down to nano for future MEMS combining multiple scales.
Low-cycle fatigue experiments under combined axial-torsional loading have been carried out on alloy 800 H tubular specimens at room temperature. In comparison with proportional loading, an extra cyclic hardening effect produced by nonproportional loading was observed. The microstructure study highlights the fact that the dislocation arrangement under proportional loading is significantly different from that under nonproportional loading. Mechanical twinning was found in specimens cycled under axial loading and nonproportional loading. It is suggested that mechanical twinning depends not only on shear stress but also on normal stress on the plane of maximum shearing. The extra hardening can be interpreted in terms of the deformation microstructure. Fatigue cracking was initiated generally at the specimen surfaces along the plane of maximum shearing, but under nonproportional loading cracks were found also in the bulk of the specimens. Transcrystalline crack propagation was observed in the specimens after proportional and nonproportional LCF tests.
The need for a better understanding of nanoparticleprotein interactions and the mechanisms governing the resulting colloidal stability has been emphasised in recent years. In the present contribution, the short and long term colloidal stability of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and silica–poly(ethylene glycol) nanohybrids (Sil–PEG) have been scrutinised in a protein model system. Well-defined silica nanoparticles are rapidly covered by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and form small clusters after 20 min while large agglomerates are detected after 10 h depending on both particle size and nanoparticle–protein ratio. Oppositely, Sil–PEG hybrids present suppressive protein adsorption and enhanced short and long term colloidal stability in protein solution. No critical agglomeration was found for either system in the absence of protein, proving that instability found for SNPs must arise as a consequence of protein adsorption and not to high ionic environment. Analysis of the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) structure factor indicates a short-range attractive potential between particles in the silica-BSA system, which is in good agreement with a protein bridging agglomeration mechanism. The results presented here point out the importance of the nanoparticle surface properties on the ability to adsorb proteins and how the induced or depressed adsorption may potentially drive the resulting colloidal stability.