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Subjecting a thin NiTi specimen to uniaxial tension often leads to a localized martensitic transformation: macroscopic transformation bands form and propagate through the specimen, separating it into regions of fully transformed martensite and original austenite. In the present study, the alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique is used to analyze the change in electrical resistance of ultra-fine grained NiTi wires subjected to a broad range of thermo-mechanical load cases: (i) uniaxial tensile straining at constant temperatures (pseudoelastic deformation); (ii) cooling and heating through the transformation range at constant load (actuator load case); (iii) a combination of mechanical and thermal loading. We monitor the ACPD signals in several zones along the gauge length of specimens, and we demonstrate that a localized type of transformation is a generic feature of pseudoelastic as well as of shape memory deformation. Moreover, the ACPD signals allow to differentiate between temperature-induced martensite (formed during cooling at no or relatively small loads), stress-induced martensite, and reoriented martensite (formed under load at low temperatures).
Lamb waves travel in plates and hollow cylinders over large distances and propagate with multiple mode shapes. Therefore the waves can be used for integrity tests of large scale structures. Each propagating wave mode has a unique dispersive character and a frequency dependent vibration pattern. Therefore, by interacting with flaws each mode is assumed to generate an individual reflection pattern depending on the flaw type, flaw orientation and size. To extract this information a frequency as well as wave number dependent mode excitation is required ensuring a single mode excitation. The challenge, however, is to control the selective mode excitation electronically to allow a sequence of consecutive tests with different wave modes to collect the data. A method is proposed using phased array wedge transducers with fluid coupling for normal force excitation of Lamb wave modes. The excitation principle is investigated analytically on plates by modelling the wave generation in the wedge and the coupling between wedge and structure. The analytical results of the excitation principle are validated by corresponding experiments where the field patterns on the wedge surface and on the plate were scanned using a laser vibrometer. The directivity of the radiated field is investigated together with the direction dependent analysis of the mode content.
Die Ressourcenverknappung und steigende Preise rücken nachhaltiges Wirtschaften und die Wiederverwertung von Abfällen in den Blickpunkt der Forschung. Bauabfälle sind in Deutschland – mit 72,4 Mio.t im Jahr 2004 – der größte Abfallstrom. Es wird ein Überblick über den Stand der Technik zur Aufarbeitung und Verwertung von Bauabfällen gegeben und die Anforderungen an Bauabfälle, die als Sekundärrohstoff eingesetzt werden sollen, diskutiert. Die Forschung im Baustoffrecycling bezieht sich sowohl auf neue Aufbereitungstechniken als auch auf die Charakterisierung der Recyclingmaterialien sowie auf deren Einfluss auf die Betonqualität. Die Eignung und Verwertung von Bauabfällen als Sekundärrohstoffe für Baustoffe wird anhand ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzungen mit Hilfe von ternären Diagrammen diskutiert.----------------------------------------------------------------------
An overview about quantity of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and a state of the art of the reuse is given. The technology is described, which is applied for the processing of CDW in a stationary plant. The requirements on recycled aggregates, which shall be used in road construction or in manufacturing of concrete, can be divided in such related to the material and physical properties and such related to the environmental properties. The rules give guidance on the composition with the aim of excluding the constituents with unfavourable features. The environmental standards which yet in discussion are give threshold of the leachable components in recycled aggregates. The material potential of building waste is discussed. Information on the chemical composition of recycled materials is compared with the composition of pure materials. With the aid of ternary charts such building materials are identified, in which the recycled materials can be used as recycled feedstock.
Analysis of Kikuchi band contrast reversal in electron backscatter diffraction patterns of silicon
(2010)
We analyze the contrast reversal of Kikuchi bands that can be seen in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns under specific experimental conditions. The observed effect can be reproduced using dynamical electron diffraction calculations. Two crucial contributions are identified to be at work: First, the incident beam creates a depth distribution of incoherently backscattered electrons which depends on the incidence angle of the beam. Second, the localized inelastic scattering in the outgoing path leads to pronounced anomalous absorption effects for electrons at grazing emission angles, as these electrons have to go through the largest amount of material. We use simple model depth distributions to account for the incident beam effect, and we assume art exit angle dependent effective crystal thickness in the dynamical electron diffraction calculations. Very good agreement is obtained with experimental observations for silicon at 20 key primary beam energy.
Reinforced concrete bridge decks are exposed to several types of deterioration processes: corrosion, alkali silica reaction, carbonation, shrinkage, freeze thaw actions, and so forth. The most commonly found problem is corrosion-induced bridge deck delamination. Previous studies have shown that surveys of bridges relying on a single nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technology provide limited information about the condition of concrete bridge decks. To overcome limitations of individual technologies, a complementary approach using several NDE technologies should be used in bridge deck evaluation. The presented approach utilizes a suite of NDE technologies, namely, impact echo (IE), ultrasonic surface waves (USW), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), half-cell potential (HCP), and electrical resistivity (ER). The suite of NDE technologies was implemented in the evaluation of bridge decks on nine bridges in Iowa. The NDE was complemented by ground-truth measurements on the cores extracted from all nine bridge decks. Condition assessment with the five NDE technologies has clearly shown their advantages and limitations. For example, the GPR surveys provided assessment of concrete deterioration at relatively high speeds of data collection. In contrast, IE provided high accuracy in detection and characterization of delaminations in the deck but at a lower testing speed. HCP and ER tests provided assessment of the likelihood of corrosion, whereas the USW test provided accurate assessment of the effects of deterioration processes and defects on mechanical properties, primarily the degradation of the elastic modulus. Most important, the survey showed the advantages of use of multimodal NDE surveys in the comprehensiveness of condition assessment of concrete bridge decks.
Commercially available linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LASs) are a mixture of various homologues and isomers, leading to 20 major species. In this work we investigated the commercial product by liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (LC-SPE-NMR/MS). The commercial product was separated into 17 fractions by liquid chromatography (LC). After chromatographic separation, 5% of the flow was split to a mass spectrometer (MS) while 95% was send to post-column solid phase extraction cartridges for enrichment of the analytes (LC-SPE). After elution from the SPE-cartridges a NMR-spectrometer equipped with a cryo-probe was used for the characterisation of the different LASs species. For the first time H-1-1D and H-H-COSY spectra for 14 LASs species out of 20 major isomers are presented, whereas the 6 remaining species are detected as mixtures in 3 H-1-1D and H-H-COSY spectra. These data were used to correlate the chromatographic retention of the LASs isomers to the substitution pattern of the alkyl chain.
The paper describes past and present efforts in modeling of laser-induced plasma and overviews plasma diagnostics carried out by pump-probe techniques. Besides general information on existing plasma models, the emphasis is given to models relevant to spectrochemical analysis, i.e. models of radiating plasma. Special attention is paid to collisional-radiative (CR) and collisional-dominated (CD) plasma models where radiative processes play an important role. Also, calibration-free (CF) models are considered which may endow with the possibility for standardless spectroscopic analysis. In the diagnostic part, only methods based on the use of additional diagnostic tools (auxiliary lasers, optics, and probes) are described omitting those based on plasma own radiation. A short review is provided on image-based diagnostics (shadowgraphy, schlieren, and interferometry), absorption and fluorescence, Langmuir probe, and less frequently used cavity ringdown and Thomson scattering methods.