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- SAXS (7)
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Pulse thermography of concrete structures is used in civil engineering for detecting voids, honeycombing and delamination. Quantitatively realistic numerical 3D simulation is difficult due to the arising boundary layer at the heated surface and unreliable information about material parameters and environmental conditions. We address both issues by a semi-analytic reformulation of the heat transport problem and by parameter identification. Numerical results are compared with measurements of a test specimen.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to characterize the frequency-dependent dielectric relaxation phenomena in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydration in concrete changing from fresh to hardened state. The study was experimented by measuring the changes of GPR A-scan waveforms over a period of 90 days, and processed the waveforms with short-time Fourier transform (STFT) in joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) domain rather than a conventional time or frequency domain alone. The signals of the direct wave traveled at the concrete surface and the reflected wave from an embedded steel bar were transformed with STFT, in which the changes of peak frequency over ages were tracked. The peak frequencies were found to increase with ages and the patterns were found to match closely with primarily the well-known OPC hydration process and secondarily, the evaporation effect. The close match is contributed to the simultaneous effects converting free to bound water over time, on both conventional OPC hydration and dielectric relaxation mechanisms.
The influence of humin preparations obtained from low-moor peat by the mechanochemical method on the changes in the microflora number and hydrocarbon composition in oil-polluted soils was studied. The intense growth of the microorganisms in number especially in the oil-polluted soil was observed upon the application of humin acids (at a concentration of 0.005 wt %) extracted from mechanically processed peat. In this case, the content of the extracted bitumoids decreased down to 40 wt %. The soil microflora stimulated by the humin preparations was shown to have highly destructive oil-oxidizing activity reflected in the indices of the hydrocarbon biodegradation. The mechanochemical activation of peat allows raising the efficiency of extracting the humic acids and can be a reason for increasing the availability of their individual components and parts of molecules, including micro- and macroelements that are used by microbial cells as sources of nutrition and energy.
In contrast to classical low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (LT-PEFCs), the membrane conductivity in high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFCs) (operating temperature ~ 160 °C) is based on proton transport within phosphorus-oxygen acids at different levels of hydration, orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) being the simplest example. We present for the first time in-situ synchrotron X-ray radiography measurements applied to a HT-PEFC to gain insight into the local composition of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) under dynamic operating conditions. Transmission changes during the radiographic measurements exhibit a clear influence of the formation of product water on the membrane composition.
The impact-echo method has been successfully applied to identify defects inside concrete. In addition, to detect ungrouted tendon ducts in a large concrete slab, a scanning impact-echo technique is developed. However, since resonant frequencies in the spectrum responsible for the travel paths via defects are only taken into account, the method could lead to erroneous results due to complicated spectra obtained in the tests. Consequently, Stack Imaging of spectral amplitudes Based on Impact-Echo (SIBIE) procedure has been developed to improve the data interpretation. Conventionally, SIBIE is applied to a single measurement data and a point information of defects is obtained at the area, where the impact test is performed. In this study, SIBIE is applied to scanning impact-echo data. Locations of ungrouted tendon ducts embedded in a large concrete specimen are investigated. In order to visualize the whole cross-section tested, the SIBIE analysis is modified, introducing an elliptical integration mode. It is demonstrated that ungrouted tendon ducts are successfully located by the modified SIBIE analysis, whereas results of the conventional B-scan analysis are not so good as the modified SIBIE analysis.
Improved large mesoporous ordered molecular sieves - Stabilization and acid/base functionalization
(2010)
The preparation of nanoporous materials with enhanced stability using an improved synthesis route using reactive inorganic silica and alumina species is reported. This way improved mesoporous molecular sieves were obtained. The synthesized aluminum substituted mesoporous molecular materials (Al-MMS) contain very large pores of 50200 Å size combined with an improved pore wall thickness. Increased wall thickness and Al substitution lead to an improved chemical stability against alkaline solution. The textural, structural and acid properties are investigated by physico-chemical methods. The catalytic performance acidic materials was tested in the benzoylation reaction; amino functionalized materials were studied in the base catalyzed Michael addition.
Thin metal-filled polyterafluoroethylene films with various metal concentration were produced by co-deposition in vacuum. Metal nanocluster size increased with metal concentration. Films were heated up to 300 degrees C, their optical spectra were recorded during heating. The changes in plasmon band shape and wavelength of the nanocluster ensemble during heating are not linearly related with metal concentration and heating temperature. This is caused by different thermal behavior of the complex processes, which are taking place in each of the two materials present in the film. The metal cluster size and optical properties of the whole ensemble can be purposefully formed by varying metal nature, its concentration and annealing temperature of the film. Nano- and micro-domains with properties different from original film were generated by focused excimer laser or electron beam. Gold-filled PTFE nano-structured films were used as substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering measurements of ultrathin film of Rhodamine 6G dye.
Synchrotron radiation-based microcomputed tomography (SR-µCT) has become a valuable tool in the
structural characterization of different types of materials, achieving volumetric details with micrometre
resolution. Biomedical research dealing with porous polymeric biomaterials is one of the research fields
which can benefit greatly from the use of SR-µCT. This study demonstrates that current experimental setups
at synchrotron beamlines achieve a sufficiently high resolution in order to visualize the positions of
individual cartilage cells cultivated on porous gelatine scaffolds made by a freeze-structuring technique.
Depending on the processing parameters, the pore morphology of the scaffolds investigated was changed
from large-pore sized but non-ordered structures to highly directional and fine pored. The cell-seeded
scaffolds were stained with a combined Au/Ag stain to enhance the absorption contrast in SR-µCT. While
only some cells showed enhanced absorption contrast, most cells did not show any difference in contrast
to the surrounding scaffold and were consequently not detectable using conventional greyscale threshold
methods. Therefore, using an image-based three-dimensional segmentation tool on the tomographic data
revealed a multitude of non-stained cells. In addition, the SR-µCT data were compared with data obtained
from scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and histology, while further
linking the initial cell density measured via a MTT assay to the pore size as determined by SR-µCT.
This review introduces multifunctional optical nanosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and demonstrates their application in live cells. The novel nanosensors have the potential to improve our understanding of cellular processes on the molecular level. The hybrid sensor consists of gold or silver nanoparticles with an attached reporter species. The sensor can be detected and imaged based on the SERS signature of the reporter. This results in several advantages, such as high spectral specificity, multiplex capabilities, improved contrast, and photostability. SERS sensors not only highlight cellular structures, based on enhanced Raman spectra of intrinsic cellular molecules measured in the local optical fields of the gold nanoparticles, they also provide molecular structural information on their cellular
environment. Moreover, the SERS signature of the reporter can deliver information on the local pH value inside a cell at subendosomal resolution. SERS sensors are suitable for one- and two-photon excitation.
Creep damage of single-crystal nickel base superalloys: mechanisms and effect on low cycle fatigue
(2010)
The main mechanisms of creep damage of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys are the loss of the interface coherency, coarsening of the γ / γ'-microstructure, precipitation of topologically closed packed phases and growth of porosity. This degradation deteriorates the mechanical properties such as yield stress, creep lifetime and especially low-cycle fatigue life, which can be reduced nearly by a factor of 10. The degradation kinetics during creep was characterised quantitatively on the superalloy CMSX-4. A new non-destructive testing technique was applied to cover a wide test parameter range with few specimens in a relatively short time: repeated load annealing of wedge shaped specimens.