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"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" is the benchmark reference in chemistry and chemical and life science engineering, covering inorganic and organic chemicals, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection, and much more.
The present article is part of the topic collection "Environmental Protection and Industrial Safety". It covers plant and process safety, focusing on hazardous materials and process conditions.
Pyrrolovesamicols - synthesis, structure and VAChT binding of two 4-fluorobenzoyl regioisomers
(2012)
This Letter describes the synthesis of two regioisomers of a new class of vesamicol analogs as possible
ligands for imaging the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in future PET studies. The two pyrrolovesamicols
(±)-6a and (±)-6b were synthesized by nucleophilic ring opening reaction of a tetrahydroindole epoxide
precursor with 4-phenylpiperidine. The reaction mechanism of the synthesis was studied by HPLC
and the molecular structures were determined by X-ray structure analysis. Unexpected low binding affinities
to VAChT (Κi = 312 ± 73 nM for (±)-6a and Κi = 7320 ± 1840 nM for (±)-6b) were determined by competitive
binding analysis using a cell line stably transfected with ratVAChT and (–)-[3H]vesamicol.
Chemically unstable gases - flammability of ethylene oxide mixtures in sterilization processes
(2008)
For the assessment of explosion hazards by industrial
sterilization processes with ethylene oxide (EO), the flammability
regions of 3-component systems EO/nitrogen/air, EO/carbon
dioxide/air and EO/water vapor/air were determined. The tests were
performed at temperatures of 20 °C and 100 °C and at pressures of
40 kPa and 100 kPa in accordance with the standard test method EN
1839-B.
The observed flammability regions are similar in shape and
typical for mixtures with ethylene oxide. According to the molecular
heat capacities the regions get larger with nitrogen and smaller with
carbon dioxide. They become larger with increasing pressure and
increasing temperature.
Using experimental data a semi-empirical model was created
that allows the calculation of flammability limits of process gases in
sterilization processes. Such process gases can consist of EO,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and air.
The model is based on the assumption that the adiabatic flame
temperatures along the boundary curves of a flammability region
have a certain temperature profile that is nearly independent of the
type of the inert gas. The adiabatic flame temperatures were
calculated by using the Gaseq Code.
Using a temperature profile calculated from only one
experimental system EO/inert gas/air it is possible to predict the
flammability limits of systems with other inert gases or of process
gases containing several inert gases.
The explosive properties of mixtures of aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and different alcohols (ROH) like 2-propanol (2-PropOH), 2-methyl-2-propanol (TBA), 2-methyl-2-butanol (TAA) and 2-methyl-2-pentanol (THA) were investigated. Among others, the potential hazard of such mixtures may be characterized by their ability to react by different mechanisms of an explosion in the condensed phase, e.g. the thermal explosion or the detonation. Accordingly, the mixtures were experimentally investigated either by heating them up under confinement in different autoclaves or by exposing them to a shock wave impact applying the steel tube test. The results are discussed and compared to literature data.
Designing pressure relief devices for three-phase systems consisting of solids, liquids and vapors requires an in-depth knowledge of the fluid dynamics and of the thermodynamic effects in the reactor. The behavior of foaming three-phase systems is, to date, still not well understood. In this research, these systems are systematically studied, taking the solid properties into account. Also, the applicability of two-phase pressure relief models to three-phase systems is investigated with the help of the simulation tool SAFIRE/Vent. The results obtained contribute significantly to the better design of pressure relief devices and to more accurate predictions of the three-phase venting behavior and the solid discharge.
A gas sensor system based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect in a 44 nm Au layer was studied. The usability of this sensor system was investigated for several analyte gases and gas mixtures which are interesting due to their flammability, toxicity or greenhouse effect. The SPR effect of gold was measured in nitrogen and compared with the gaseous alkane series which caused a shift of the position of the SPR effect. For in situ measurements, the phase shift Δ at the SPR angle (ψ minimum) in the analyte gas mixtures was measured for investigated gases in comparison with nitrogen. With this method, detection limits of different gases could be determined, which lie in a range interesting for safety engineering. Furthermore the aging effect of the gold layers which leads to loss in sensitivity of the sensor was investigated.
An ellipsometric gas sensor based on the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of ~ 43 nm thick gold layers was investigated. To protect the gold layer from contamination and to improve the detection limits, the gold layers were top-coated with 5–6 nm thick layers of organic a-C:H or with inorganic metal oxides TiO2 or ZrO2. The additional layers increased the long-term stability, whereas the metal oxide layers protect better than a-C:H. Furthermore, the additional layers decreased the detection limits by one order of magnitude in case of a-C:H and two orders of magnitude in case of the oxides. It could be shown that the detection limits also depend on the kind of preparation (sol–gel process or physical vapour deposition) of the additional layers.