Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (20)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (12)
- Vortrag (11)
- Dissertation (5)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (3)
- Posterpräsentation (3)
- Buchkapitel (2)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
Schlagworte
- CFD (57) (entfernen)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (10)
- 2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern (8)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (6)
- 7.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (5)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (3)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (2)
- 2.2 Prozesssimulation (1)
- 2.4 Prüfung und Bewertung von Explosivstoffen/Pyrotechnik (1)
- 2.5 Konformitätsbewertung Explosivstoffe/Pyrotechnik (1)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (1)
Für den Transport flüssiger Gefahrguter im Luftverkehr werden unter anderem Kunststoffverpackungen verwendet, die Leckagen aufweisen oder Permeation unterliegen können. Aufgrund der vorhandenen Belüftungsbedingungen ist eine Ansammlung entzündlicher oder gesundheitsschädlicher Gase im Frachtraum von Flugzeugen denkbar. Die Überschreitung ausreichender Konzentrationen solcher Gase kann zu einer Gefährdung führen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Kabinenluftströmungen und der Stofftransport von Gefahrgut in Flugzeugfrachträumen mittels CFD untersucht. Zunächst erfolgt die Entwicklung eines geeigneten numerischen Modells auf der Grundlage eines generischen Frachtraums mit typischen Merkmalen.
Die verwendeten realitätsnahen Randbedingungen entsprechen aktuellen Flugzeugmustern. Das numerische Modell wird mittels experimenteller Modellversuche im Maßstab 1/10 validiert. Das Strömungsfeld im Frachtraummodell wird mittels eines LDA-Systems vermessen. Das validierte numerische Modell wird sowohl für Simulationen im Maßstab 1/10 als auch im Maßstab 1/1 verwendet. Anhand der drei Validierungskriterien Symmetrie, Verlaufe und Beträge der betrachteten Strömungsgrößen und einer LDA-Spektralanalyse wird insgesamt eine gute qualitative und quantitative Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Simulation ermittelt. Eine systematische Untersuchung zeigt den Einfluss relevanter Parameter auf das Strömungsfeld und den Stofftransport. Zunächst werden die Einlassreynoldszahl und der Einlassturbulenzgrad sowie die Wandrauigkeit und Wandunebenheit bewertet. Für kleine Reynoldszahlen werden hohe Konzentrationen und für größere Reynoldszahlen werden deutlich geringeren Konzentrationen von Gefahrgut ermittelt. Anhand einer Variation in vier Schritten wird der Einfluss des Einlassmassenstromverhältnisses aus Luft und Gefahrgut bewertet. Erst für Werte von <1000 lasst sich ein signifikanter Einfluss feststellen. Es werden die Stoffe Toluol und n-Hexan beispielhaft für brennbare Gefahrgüter der Klasse 3 verwendet. Der Einfluss der Position und Gestalt verschiedener Einlassquellen wird an vier realitätsnahen Quellentypen bewertet.
Anhand vier verschiedener Transportszenarien wird die Ausbreitung von Gefahrgut im Modellmaßstab untersucht. Die Szenarien unterscheiden sich durch die Art der Belüftung und durch die Dauer des Gefahrgutaustritts. Szenarien mit aktiver Frachtraumbelüftung sind als eher unkritisch zu beurteilen. Die betrachteten Szenarien ohne aktive Frachtraumbelüftung sind als gefährlich einzustufen. Insbesondere das Szenario mit zeitlich unbegrenztem Gefahrgutmassenstrom erreicht kritische Konzentrationswerte und eine kritische Ausdehnung der Gefahrgutansammlung im Frachtraum. Diese Ergebnisse werden anhand zweier Szenarien im Maßstab 1/1 bestätigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag, das Verständnis der Strömungs- und Stofftransportvorgange im Flugzeugfrachtraum beim Transport von Gefahrgütern im Luftverkehr zu erweitern, um Risiken im Luftverkehr zu identifizieren. Die Allgemeingültigkeit und die Übertragbarkeit der Erkenntnisse auf Flugzeugmuster und Flugszenarien mit komplexeren Details sind zu prüfen.
Major accidents in the process industry often lead to the release of light or dense gases, which can mean a thread to employees, local residents or to the environment. Possible scenarios are therefore analyzed and evaluated in advance for approval issues. There is a trend, where simple empirical models are being replaced with more complex numerical models. Gaussian dispersion models or models based on dimensional analysis approaches are for example, increasingly replaced by CFD simulations. The main reason for this is the potentially higher accuracy. However, usually scenarios using sharp parameter values are calculated, since comprehensive consideration of parameter distributions via Monte Carlo or Latin Hypercube Sampling fails due to the numerical effort. This includes the risk that the influence of uncertainties on the simulation results is not taken into account. Response surface methods offer an alternative, with which the CFD problem can be mapped onto an algebraic surrogate model. If this is sufficiently precise, parameter sampling can also be carried out with the surrogate as well, as shown in some publications. Previous investigations only demonstrated the basic principle using trivial dispersion models. In this paper two realistic CFD simulations from the plant safety area are considered: VOC emissions from a storage tank and near-ground dense gas emissions. The entire procedure of response surface determination and parameter studies was automated and parallelized for high-performance-computing, and is carried out on the underlying CFD grids. For the CFD simulations as well as for all visualizations, the commercial software ANSYS CFX and the open source software OpenFOAM were used. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the method using industry-relevant applications as well as to show how this can be used in practical engineering applications. The quality of surrogate modeling, the numerical effort and advantages that can result from the procedure are discussed as well as advantages which may result from taking parameter uncertainties into account in safety studies.
Final report of research activities at BAM concerning large scale fireballs of organic peroxides (OP). New models for OP fireball diameter, duration, height and Surface Emmissive Power (SEP) are proposed and discussed based on a large number of large-scale and small-scale experiments using Di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP) as a liquid OP and heptane as a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Finally, CFD simulations are used to predict the fireball parameters: diameter, duration, height and SEP. Also the impact on the German storage regulations for organic peroxides are discussed.
Amuay accident 2012 is one of similar accidents happened in Buncefield (2005), Jaipur and Puerto Rico (2009), respectively. Since experimental reproduction of such accidents is not always possible numerical simulations help a lot to understand the scenarios on qualitative basis. In this work the accident is reproduced with a CFD model which takes into account the heaviness of the gas (LPG), wind and gravity driven spread. The leak was reported to be located near a number of spherical tanks. The ignition source was presumably the running vehicles on a nearby street. A part of the refinery containing the locations of leakage and ignition was considered as computational domain. The road is located at the eastern boarder. The area contains different tanks, whose height was estimated due to a lack of available data. The diameter was extrapolated from the available image data. Further, a grid of walls is located between a number of tanks. The total domain has a size of 750 m x 400 m x 50 m. An unstructured mesh was created using tetrahedral elements with prism layers at the ground to improve mesh quality in the boundary layer. The mesh has a total number of 775 686 cells.
This thesis addresses numerical simulations of self-compacting concrete (SCC) castings and suggests a novel modelling approach that treats reinforcement zones in a formwork as porous media.
As a relatively new field in concrete technology, numerical simulations of fresh concrete flow can be a promising aid to optimise casting processes and to avoid on-site casting incidents by predicting the flow behaviour of concrete during the casting process. The simulations of fresh concrete flow generally involve complex mathematical modelling and time-consuming computations. In case of a casting prediction, the simulation time is additionally significantly increased because each reinforcement bar occurring in succession has to be considered one by one. This is particularly problematic when simulating SCC casting, since this type of concrete is typically used for heavily reinforced structural members. However, the wide use of numerical tools for casting prediction in practice is possible only if the tools are user-friendly and simulations are time-saving.
In order to shorten simulation time and to come closer to a practical tool for casting prediction, instead to model steel bars one by one, this thesis suggests to model zones with arrays of steel bars as porous media. Consequently, one models the flow of SCC through a reinforcement zone as a free-surface flow of a non-Newtonian fluid, propagating through the medium. By defining characteristic parameters of the porous medium, the influence on the flow and the changed (apparent) behaviour of concrete in the porous matrix can be predicted. This enables modelling of any reinforcement network as a porous zone and thus significantly simplifies and fastens simulations of reinforced components’ castings.
Within the thesis, a computational model for SCC flow through reinforced sections was developed. This model couples a fluid dynamics model for fresh concrete and the macroscopic approach for the influence of the porous medium (formed by the rebars) on the flow. The model is implemented into a Computational Fluid Dynamics software and validated on numerical and experimental studies, among which is a large-scale laboratory casting of a highly reinforced beam. The apparent rheology of concrete within the arrays of steel bars is studied and a methodology to determine unknown input parameters for the porous medium is suggested. Normative tables defining characteristic porous medium parameters as a function of the topology of the rebar zone for different reinforcement cases are generated. Finally, the major contribution of this work is the resulting numerical package, consisting of the numerical solver and the parameter library. The thesis concludes on the ability of the porous medium analogy technique to reliably predict the concrete casting behaviour, while being significantly easier to use and far less time consuming than existing tools.
The paper addresses numerical modelling of fresh self-compacting concrete. In the previous studies, a numerical tool for casting prediction is built based on the assumption that fresh concrete behaves as a yield-stress fluid and treating zones with rebars as porous media. The present contribution discusses the determination of material parameters, which are required as an input for numerical simulations of casting processes.
Flame temperature (T), surface emissive power (SEP) of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) pool fires (d = 1 m, 6.1 m, 30 m) are investigated by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation and compared with experimental results.
Time averaged flame temperatures of T = 1320 K, T = 1298 K and T = 1281 K are obtained. Surface emissive power (SEP) of 55 kW=m2, 130 kW=m2 and 230 kW=m2 are predicted.