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Polymer foil additives trigger the formation of snail trails in photovoltaic modules
- After several months of operation, many photovoltaic (PV) modules develop a discolouration defect called snail trails which appear as irregular dark traces across the cells. These traces are caused by silver nanoparticles accumulating within the encapsulation foil directly above the grid finger. In this work we systematically investigate combinations of encapsulation and back-sheet foils with respect to their susceptibility for snail trails. We can show that certain additive compositions within the encapsulation and back sheet foils are critical for the formation of the discolouring silver nanoparticles. We suggest a reaction model explaining the formation of snail trails from a chemical point of view. This fundamental understanding allows the rapid testing of foils for their snail trail sensitivity as well as the special design of resistant foils.
Autor*innen: | S. Meyer, S. Timmel, M. Gläser, Ulrike BraunORCiD, Volker WachtendorfORCiD, C. Hagendorf |
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Dokumenttyp: | Zeitschriftenartikel |
Veröffentlichungsform: | Verlagsliteratur |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch): | Solar energy materials & solar cells |
Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung: | 2014 |
Verlag: | Elsevier B.V. |
Verlagsort: | Amsterdam [u.a.] |
Jahrgang/Band: | 130 |
Erste Seite: | 64 |
Letzte Seite: | 70 |
Freie Schlagwörter: | Additives; Back-sheet foil; Encapsulation foil; Silver nanoparticles; Snail trails |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.06.028 |
ISSN: | 0927-0248 |
Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments: | Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access") |
Datum der Freischaltung: | 20.02.2016 |
Referierte Publikation: | Ja |
Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation: | 28.08.2014 |