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UV-Crosslinkable itaconic copolymers are developed to provide new multifunctional materials for coatings which combine crosslinkable functionalities and the possibility to immobilize enzymes. The polymer-immobilized enzymes were used for water treatment to decompose persistent organic molecules. Introduction of suitable comonomers allows tailoring the mechanical and chemical properties for special applications. Copolymers containing MMA and itaconic anhydride were chosen because of the formation of long-term stable anhydride functionalities. These anhydride functionalities are employed to attach enzymes covalently. 4-Benzoylphenyl methacrylate is used as comonomer for UV-initiated crosslinking. Terpolymers are successfully obtained by radical copolymerization in solution. The copolymers are compared to poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) [P(EMA)] often used with respect to enzyme immobilization, activity and hydrolytic stability. The hydrolysis stability of the copolymers against water is studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Thin films are prepared on glass substrates in a layer-by-layer procedure by spin-coating. The layer formation is monitored by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. UV-crosslinking of the copolymer films is performed taking the optimal irradiation dose that avoids polymer degradation. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy verifies the coupling reaction between amino groups of the enzyme and the anhydride groups on the surface of the crosslinked polymer film. The syringaldazine (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde azine) test and 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay demonstrate that the immobilized enzymes maintain their activities. The functional copolymers showed a significant effect in reduction of persistent organic pollutants in contaminated waste water.
Gadolinium disulfide was prepared by high-pressure synthesis at 8 GPa and 1173 K. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P121/a1 (No. 14) with lattice parameters a = 7.879(1) Å; b = 3.936(1) Å, c = 7.926(1) Å and β = 90.08(1)°. The crystal structure is a twofold superstructure of the aristotype ZrSSi and consists of puckered cationic [GdS]+ double slabs that are sandwiched by planar sulfur sheets containing S22– dumbbells. The thermal decomposition of GdS2 proceeds via the sulfur-deficient polysulfides GdS1.9, GdS1.85 and GdS1.77 and eventually results in the sesquisulfide Gd2S3. GdS2 is a paramagnetic semiconductor which orders antiferromagnetically at TN = 7.7(1) K. A metamagnetic transition is observed in the magnetically ordered state.
Scanning Kelvin probe and photoemission electron microscopy of organic source-drain structures
(2004)
BACKGROUND:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
OBJECTIVE:
This single centre cross-section study aimed to grade the severity of pneumonia by bed-side lung ultrasound (LUS).
METHODS:
A scoring system discriminates 5 levels of lung opacities: A-lines (0 points),≥3 B-line (1 point), coalescent B-lines (2 points), marked pleural disruptions (3 points), consolidations (4 points). LUS (convex 1–5 MHz probe) was performed at 6 defined regions for each hemithorax either in supine or prone position. A lung aeration score (LAS, maximum 4 points) was allocated for each patient by calculating the arithmetic mean of the examined lung areas. Score levels were correlated with ventilation parameters and laboratory markers.
RESULTS:
LAS of 20 patients with ARDS reached from 2.58 to 3.83 and was highest in the lateral right lobe (Mean 3.67). Ferritin levels (Mean 1885μg/l; r = 0.467; p = 0.051) showed moderate correlation in spearman roh calculation. PaCO2 level (Mean 46.75 mmHg; r = 0.632; p = 0.005) correlated significantly with LAS, while duration of ventilation, Horovitz index, CRP, LDH and IL-6 did not.
CONCUSIONS:
The proposed LAS describes severity of lung opacities in COVID-19 patients and correlates with CO2 retention in patients with ARDS.
Photovoltaik- und Windenergieanlagen spielen eine Schlüsselrolle für eine klimagerechte Energieversorgung. Zukünftig werden sie einen Großteil des Energiebedarfs decken – auch in den Sektoren Wärme und Verkehr. Studien zeigen: Für Klimaneutralität 2045 muss die Ausbaugeschwindigkeit auf das Drei- bis Vierfache der letzten Jahre erhöht werden. Komplexe und langwierige Planungs- und Genehmigungsverfahren, zu wenig ausgewiesene Flächen und eine unzureichende Bürgerbeteiligung hemmen jedoch den Ausbau.
Das Impulspapier „Vorschläge für einen klimagerechten Ausbau der Photovoltaik und Windenergie“ einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe des Akademienprojekts Energiesysteme der Zukunft (ESYS) nennt zwölf Handlungsoptionen, um Hemmnisse abzubauen und die Ausbaugeschwindigkeit auf die erforderlichen 15 bis 25 Gigawatt pro Jahr zu beschleunigen.
n order to optimize organic field effect transistors (OFETs), the characterisation of active-layer surfaces in terms of their roughness, chemical composition and distribution of surface potentials is important. We report on high-resolution microscopic mapping of organic source-drain structures with P3HT as the semiconductor by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). It was shown that PEEM is able to characterise the surface morphology (roughness), the chemical homogeneity and the composition of organic structures. The two-dimensional mapping of surface potentials by SKPM with applied source-drain voltages is shown to be an important ingredient of OFETs failure mode analysis.