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Artykuł ma na celu analizę wybranych spektakli Angéliki Liddell, współczesnej hiszpańskiej dramaturżki, reżyserki i aktorki teatralnej poprzez teorię psychoanalityczną Ericha Fromma. Głównym konceptem, który wydaje się być kluczowy dla dogłębnego zrozumienia wymowy Liddellowskich sztuk, jest koncept nekrofilii, czyli umiłowania zniszczenia, śmierci i rozkładu, w przeciwieństwie do biofilii, orientacji życiowej nakierowanej na wzrost i syntezę. Sztuką, która jest rozpatrywana szczególnie dogłębnie pod kątem charakteru nekrofilijnego jest >Rok Ryszarda<, wystawiona w 2005 roku wariacja na temat >Króla Ryszarda III< Szekspira. Motywy, jakie pojawiają się w tym przedstawieniu, będą powracały w kolejnych tekstach wychodzących spod pióra Liddell, takich jak >Co zrobię z tym mieczem? Wokół problemu Prawa i Piękna< czy „Liebestod – zapach krwi stoi mi wciąż przed oczami – Juan Belmonte<. We wszystkich tych sztukach znajdziemy centralną figurę, która na skutek fizycznej deformacji wykluczona jest ze świata miłości, a więc skazana na samotność. Samotność ta wywołuje ogromny lęk i agresję, która popycha bohatera do wejścia ze światem w więź sadystyczną, bazującą na kontroli. Jednak jak zauważyła Simone Weil, najdoskonalszym przejawem siły, najpełniejszą formą kontroli jest zabicie obiektu, toteż ostatecznie bohaterowie Liddell pławią się w krwi, zaś ona sama próbuje przedstawić widzowi akty najbardziej odrażającej przemocy jako rytuały, które mogą nam pomóc w odnalezieniu trascendencji. Jej pesymistyczna i z punktu widzenia psychologicznego wypaczona koncepcja miłości, wedle której zawsze ostatecznie zabija się to, co się kocha, stoi w jaskrawej sprzeczności z biofilijną etyką Fromma, dla którego, jak przytaczamy w artykule, miłość do troska, odpowiedzialność poszanowanie i poznanie. Ostatecznie w artykule podkreśla się psychopatologiczny charakter Liddellowskiej ideologii, zwracając uwagę na konieczność oceny dzieła sztuki nie tylko przez pryzmat estetyki, ale także etyki, społecznego wpływu dzieła.
Podjęty w monografii temat charakteryzuje się uniwersalnością, albowiem problematyka wojny i pokoju jest stale aktualna i niezmiernie znacząca. Co więcej, o uniwersalności tematu świadczy i to, że wojna, jako destrukcyjne zjawisko społeczne, nie została jak dotychczas wyeliminowana z przestrzeni społeczno-politycznej. Stąd dyskurs naukowy nad genezą kolektywnej agresywności może stanowić nowy impuls w debacie zarówno naukowej i politycznej, jak i medialnej ze Wstępu.
Zum Geleit
(2022)
Introduction: Despite struggling to establish itself as an autonomous profession, occupational therapy remains extensively regulated and controlled by discursive authorities inside and outside the discipline. After overcoming the profession’s reformist ideals, the military governance that supported its rapid expansion morphed into civil institutions but both were based on similar grounds: occupational therapists should obey a strict set of rules while disobedience and dissent are consistently repressed or silenced. Objective: The objective of this article is to deconstruct dominant (consensual) discourses that shape the status quo in occupational therapy and envision alternative paths for the development of the discipline. Method: Drawing on the work of Erich Fromm and Jacques Rancière, we propose a (critical) theoretical analysis of the concepts of disobedience and dissensus as they apply to occupational therapists. Results: The concepts of disobedience (Fromm) and dissensus (Rancière) can be used to revisit the consensus shaped by discursive authorities inside and outside occupational therapy and expose the political nature of such processes. We argue that remaining oppressive forces similar to those of a warfare regime persist in regulating occupational therapy practice and knowledge by enacting a form of >disciplinary propaganda.< Rather than threatening the development of the discipline, disobedience and dissensus constitute critical responses to disrupt dominant discourses and give rise to healthier concepts. Conclusion: The use of politically charged terms such as disobedience or dissensus can be seen as controversial and unsettling for a profession like occupational therapy but we believe they are necessary for the future of our discipline.
Victor Serge, Erich Fromm y Herbert Marcuse provided some of the first interpretations of Nazi and Soviet totalitarianism. A special feature of their work in early 1940 was to link Marxist and psychoanalytical concepts to understand the rationality underlying Nazism and Stalinism. At the same time, they formulated proposals to renew socialism in a democratic sense. These three authors posited that, beyond political repression and bureaucratic control, totalitarian rule was implemented through a powerful ideological apparatus that had taken root in the individual and collective subconscious. Moreover, they considered that the importance of intellectual work was linked to the psychological mechanisms that sustained the totalitarian phenomenon with the aim of eradicating it.
A partir de las tesis elaboradas por el psicólogo social Erich Fromm (1977) respecto a los marcos de orientación y devoción que guían parte del comportamiento humano en sociedad, se cons- truye un sistema teórico-metodológico cuyo objeto de estudio, categorías, subcategorías y ejes temáticos derivan en un instrumento denominado: >Cuestionario sobre marcos de orientación ética de estudiantes de la UNED<, el cual se utiliza en el proyecto de investigación de la Cátedra de Teología titulado: >En qué creen los jóvenes? Marcos de orientación ética de estudiantes de la UNED<. Interesa que este instrumento sea una herramienta válida para sondear la orientación ética de la población con que se trabaja en ese proyecto y constituya, además, un aporte novedoso en el área de la investigación social en torno a temáticas similares. Palabras clave: Orientaciones éticas, Erich Fromm, investigación social, estudiantes universitarios.
In dieser Arbeit sollen anhand des Freiheitsbegriffes die Zwänge der modernen Gesellschaften beschrieben werden. Da der Begriff der Freiheit ein weitläufiges Themenspektrum umfasst, beschränkt sie sich auf die Theorien von Erich Fromm, Amartya Sen und Ulrich Thielemann. In ihren Überlegungen beschäftigt sich die Autorin mit verschiedenen Anknüpfungspunkten zum Freiheitsbegriff, hierbei stehen die Wirkungsweisen menschlichen Handelns im Vordergrund. Insbesondere soll die Freiheit in der modernen Gesellschaft, im Hinblick auf die wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen und den sich daraus ergebenden Sachzwängen beleuchtet werden. Dazu beschreibt die Autorin zu Beginn die Charakteristiken einer modernen Gesellschaft, um ein grundlegendes Verständnis zu schaffen, auf welchen Gesellschaftstyp sich die folgenden Überlegungen beziehen. Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung des Freiheitsbegriffs soll die Freiheit in der modernen Gesellschaft behandelt werden, und zwar wie jene Freiheit unter den Bedingungen wirtschaftlicher und politischer Einflüsse zu betrachten ist. Aus diesen Einflüssen ergeben sich Konsequenzen, die sowohl die äußere wie auch die innere Freiheit beeinträchtigen. Welche Positionen die Politik, unter den Bedingungen der freien Marktwirtschaft einnimmt, wird anschließend thematisiert. Im anschließenden Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich die Autorin zunächst mit dem Begriff Sachzwang, um nachfolgend die Instanzlosigkeit der Marktwirtschaft zu verdeutlichen. Aus dieser Instanzlosigkeit resultiert eine veränderte Wahrnehmung, welche den Sachzwang als natürliche Gegebenheit erscheinen lässt, doch in Wahrheit stehen Personen beziehungsweise Personenkreise hinter den Sachzwängen, welche es zu identifizieren gilt. Aus all den Verknüpfungen ergibt sich dann die allgemeine Frage nach der Lebensqualität in der Zwangslage und nach den wahrhaftigen Bedürfnissen der Menschen. Die Problemlösungen als Ausblick sollen vor allem den Bogen zur Freiheit zurückspannen, denn nachdem der Begriff der Freiheit zu Beginn viele Fragen aufwirft, scheint abschließend die Freiheit auch diese Fragen beantworten zu wollen. [Eurobuch.com]
The author tells the history of his relationship with Malcolm Pines, and uses it in order to describe the latter’s personality and thinking, as well as to trace the influence that he has had on his thinking and practice. The focus of the discussion is on Malcolm’s understanding of the socio-political context of mental processes, including the creation of psychoanalysis by Freud, and the inner politics of psychoanalytical and group-analytical institutions. Malcolm is described as a revolutionary character, in Fromm’s terms. The article is a celebration of Pines’ life and contributions, as he reaches the age of 85.
Razumijevanje otuđenog čovjeka koji u povijesnom razvoju stječe sve više slobode, ali se u suvremenom društvu sve više osjeća izolirano od prirode i drugih ljudi, povezuje se u djelima Gaje Petrovića, istaknutog praksisovca, s univerzalnim humanističkim opredjeljenjima i dinamičkom psihologijom. Kada svoju pozornost usmjerava na Ericha Fromma i njegovog čovjeka za sebe, traži odgovore na pitanja što je u Frommovu shvaćanju posebno zanimljivo za tadašnju i buduću filozofiju. Zanima ga Frommovo istraživanje korijena bijega od slobode u čovjekovoj prirodi i suvremenom društvu, ali i mogućnosti oslobađanja čovjeka od tereta kojeg je postavio sam sebi. Pojmovi ljudska priroda i alijenacija Gaji Petroviću služe za produbljenje i proširenje filozofskih promišljanja o čovjeku, kako bi ponudio rješenje osnovnih problema egzistencije i društvenih odnosa. Jedna od zajedničkih točki susreta Gaje Petrovića i Ericha Fromma jest i raskorak između čovjekove biti i stvarne, praktične egzistencije. U središtu njihove filozofije je čovjek, njegova priroda i proturječnosti s kojima se suočava kao stvaralačko biće prakse. Zajedničko im je i pitanje treba li i kako ponovno koristiti dosege praktičnog uma i/ili nastaviti tamo gdje se je stalo u filozofskom konceptu otuđenog čovjeka? Hoće li razmatranje alijenacije i dezalijenacije konačno obnoviti misao o Čovjeku koji, nažalost, nije to što jest, a treba biti ono što bi mogao biti?
En este artículo se trabaja con la pulsión de muerte, tan importante en el arte moderno, a través de Las Hurdes, tierra sin pan de Luis Buñuel. Se registran las formas más significativas en que dicha pulsión aparece en el mencionado documental y se tematizan en torno a la dualidad entre biofilia y necrofilia (entendida en sentido general, no sólo sexual) de Erich Fromm. Finalmente paso a una deconstrucción de dicha dualidad, o sea, a mostrar sus limitaciones como polaridad jerárquica.
Mexican psychiatry initiated since pre-Hispanic times. Historically, treatments were a mixture of magic, science and religion. Ancient Nahuas had their own medical concepts with a holistic view of medicine, considering men and cosmos as a whole. The first psychiatric hospital appeared in 1566 and a more modern psychiatric asylum emerged until 1910. International exchanges of theoretical approaches started in the National University with the visit of Pierre Janet. There were other important figures that influenced Mexican psychiatry, such as Erich Fromm, Henri Ey, Jean Garrabé and Yves Thoret. Regarding Mexican psychiatrists, some of the most important contributors to Mexican psychiatry were José Luis Patiño Rojas, Manuel Guevara Oropeza and Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. This article includes excerpts from >Clinical Psychiatry<, a book by Patiño Rojas where he tries to understand and describe the inner world experienced by patients with schizophrenia; also, the thesis conducted by Guevara Oropeza (>Psychoanalisis<), which is a critical comparison between the theories of Janet and Freud. Finally, we include >The study of consciousness: current status< by Ramón de la Fuente, which leads us through the initial investigations concerning consciousness, its evolution, and the contributions made by psychology, philosophy and neurobiology.
The present study aimed to delineate the psychological structure of materialism and intrinsic and extrinsic value pursuit. Moreover, we compared models based on self-determination theory (SDT), Fromm's marketing character, and Inglehart's theory of social change to account for racial prejudice. In a sample of undergraduate students (n=131) and adults (n=176) it was revealed that the extrinsic value pursuit Financial Success/Materialism could be distinguished from the extrinsic value scales Physical Appeal and Social Recognition, and Community Concern could be distinguished from the intrinsic value pursuit scales Self-acceptance and Affiliation. Moreover, Financial Success/Materialism and Community Concern were consistently and significantly related to prejudice, whereas the other SDT facet scales yielded weaker relationships with prejudice. Structural models based on SDT and Inglehart were not corroborated, but instead the present data supported a mediation model based on Fromm's work in which the effect of Community Concern was mediated by Financial Success/Materialism. Broader implications for SDT are critically assessed.
Drawing upon the thought of Eric Fromm, this paper argues that efforts to understand and counter behaviour that causes difficulties in education should begin in a critical and reflective engagement with both the conditions of human freedom and the character of educational institutions and society as a whole. Fromm’s critique of dominating ideas about good mental health within capitalistic societies is examined in relation to disablement and attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder. A study of a sixth-form college in the south of England elucidates connections between Fromm’s insights into social psychology and disablement as a process of oppression.
Beginning from a critique of neoliberalism, and in particular of its concept of freedom, I develop an alternative notion of freedom as love. In order to escape the current neoliberal hegemony, I argue that we must reconnect with the radical traditions of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I thus take as my starting point the debate between Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm over the nature of freedom that took place in the pages of Dissent in the mid-1950s. Building on their work I construct a theory of freedom as >connective expression<.
La legalità socialista
(1971)
The conception of love in the Erich Fromm´s research tries to explain love from the point of view of his personality and through his work called The Art of Loving. The subject of this bachelor thesis is the Fromm´ s conception of the love compared to psychological and sociobiological explanations. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) received PhD in psychology from the University of Heidelberg in 1922. He worked with the Marx´s social concepts which he linked up with the psychological findings taken from Freud. The acquired knowledge was then applied to Fromm´s research of love. According to Fromm, love has many different images from the mother love, brother love, erotic love, self-love to the love to God. In the following chapters, the same analogical explanations of love are explained but from the sociobiological and psychological point of views. The sociobiology is science that supposes that the man was born to the world because his selfish genes wanted to. The only task the man has in his being is to pass on his genes to the next generation. Thus the categories of love are presented from this point of view. It is totally understandable that many people refuse the idea of just passing on the genes to the next generation as the only goal of their beings. The conception of love from the sociobiological point of view differs a lot from the Fromm´s understanding of love. However, the psychological views are shades into the Fromm´s views as it is influenced by his psychological education. Psychological conception of love describes the love according to the today´s psychologist views. There are three main views of love described in the bachelor thesis. It is not possible to decide if one is better than the other one. Psychology describes love as an emotional relationship which is characterized by the wide emotionality. On the contrary the sociobiology is science that lacks the emotions and its views is influenced by the evolution and biology. Although the impact of psychology is significant in Fromm´s works the sociology can also be identified. Each of the conceptions of love – Fromm´s, sociobiological or psychological prefers its own approach.
The aim of this article was presentation the Fromm’s concept of person, person, who is involved to dichotomy of human subsistence. Person live, sometime it lived according to nature, there was part, however, in course of evolution, mental authorities have spread out at it. Person gaining consciousness, it has broken attachment of junction it with nature same. Fear has appeared and sense of alienation. Person has become free, but same very solitary. In purpose of killing existential solitude, person resorts to rate interpersonal. Correct, according to Fromm’s conception, rate is love, however the most often chosen rate is authoritarism, destruction and mechanical conformism. Dichotomies of person incline for choice among life or death, existence or property. Correct orientation, inherent restless being, is existence and life, other postures are secondary in accordance with they and if they are in balance, it lives according to nature person.
Problems of love can be included to psychology domain remember he go together is psychological someone. Hand in glove of its bearing with this research, hence in research of art there are a space to analyze belles letters with approach is art psychology. This research use approach is art psychology and theory wearied was Erich Fromm psychology theory, especially its theory about love. According to Fromm, form religious from love of the so-called with God love psychologically is not differ. One definitive matter is that essence love to that God on a par with essence love to human being. Love is human and the relationship in line with growth love human being to God. Love to God started from a period to human being not yet recognized something and still depend on strength or element outside him. Then human being recognize God love which is matriarchal so-called with Davit. Principal of this matriarchal love is equality.
Neste artigo pretende-se analisar certos xingamentos utilizados por falantes do dialeto alemão hunsrückisch de uma comunidade rural da região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. À luz da concepção psicolinguística de Steven Pinker (2008) sobre o xingamento e da teoria do inconsciente social de Erich Fromm (1992), pretende-se analisar as formas arcaicas destes xingamentos e buscar em que medida ainda mantêm conexões com estímulos do pensamento medieval retido no inconsciente social desta comunidade.
The study grew out of a desire to examine how it feels to be denied what Hannah Arendt famously referred to as the >right to have rights,< including the right to disobey. More specifically, this study seeks to understand how people living under particular regimes of power – characterised by distinct politics of fear, uncertainty, and silence – feel, define, and express themselves in relation to power, whether in the form of submission or resistance. In other words: How do authoritarian power dynamics affect individuals’ perception of self and how does it play into and shape the everyday life of the individual? At the heart of this inquiry is the notion of the subject, which forms both the conceptual foundation and the central focus of this study.– The study draws primarily on the theoretical contributions of Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Hannah Arendt on the interplay of power, resistance, and subjectivity. To frame the discussion, a socio-historical examination of post-independence power practices in Egypt and their impact on the constitution of the political subject is conducted. Research data is generated through an art-inspired qualitative research approach, primarily using Egyptian novels as a source of data to uncover the nuances and interiorities of the process of subject formation. Through a dialogue between Western social theory and Egyptian literature, the study provides an understanding of power practice in Egypt from 1952 to the present, particularly at the level of the inner panorama of the self in society and expands it into a reading of social and political theories on the question of power, subjectivity, resistance, and agency.– The study is divided into six main chapters, including an introduction and a conclusion. Each empirical chapter of this study tells the story of a particular episode in time and is somewhat self-contained, yet all chapters are connected into a large coherent reading of modern Egyptian power practices. Just as the novels examined in this study tell a story with their words, so does my research.– The study concludes that the process of subject formation in Egypt should be understood as an artefact of historical continuity that connects the past to the present, not necessarily in a linear fashion, but in a way that gives it a genealogical context, and as a dynamic process of shifting subject positions. The study further argues for the limitations of the status conception of citizenship as a defining framework for the state – society relationship in the context under study and proposes instead the use of the power – subject framework as a substitute. Last but not least, the study suggests that the connection between theory and method, expressed in the very structure of the research, reveals the epistemic relevance of literature to the conceptual imagination, contributing in a sense, to the discussion of the decolonisation of knowledge production. In some ways, this interdisciplinarity underscores the sheer breadth and hybridity of the concept of subject formation that has become apparent throughout this analysis.
内観を外部から見ると、内観三項目の中の「迷惑をかけたこと」が、自己抑制的になり自分の考えや気持ちを表現できなくなるのではないか、あるいは、道徳的な響きを感じる、といったふうな誤解を与える場合もあるようである。そこで、内観三項目がいかに精神の認識力を成長させるか、その構造について考察するとともに、とりわけ「迷惑をかけたこと」を調べる有用性を精神分析学者のエーリッヒ・フロムの「成熟すると両親から自由になり、自分自身の中に母性原理と父性原理を作り上げる。子どもは自分自身の父親になり、母親となる」という理論を借りて説明を試みた。内観をすることが、どうして内部に母性原理と父性原理を作り上げることが出来るのかを考察し、内観における「罪悪感」をその過程と構造を従来の罪悪感と比較しながら考察することによって「迷惑をかけたこと」の今日的解釈を導き、東洋思想から生まれた内観を西洋思想の言葉に置き換えようとするものである。
본 논문의 목적은 에리히 프롬이 분석한 근대화의 역설을 모델로 삼아, 박근혜 탄핵 반대집회에서 모습을 드러낸 ‘태극기 군중’의 유래와 정체성을 밝히는데 있으며, 이를 위해 세 가지 작업을 수행할 것이다. 첫째, 본 논문은 근대화의 역설에 대한 에리히 프롬의 분석을 통해 정치지도자에 대한 맹신이 등장하는 이유를 근대인의 심리적 구조를 통해 설명할 것이다. 둘째, 본 논문은 에리히 프롬의 분석을 모델로 삼아 태극기 군중의 역사적 기원을 1970년대에 ‘조국근대화’를 추진한 박정희의 지지층으로 보면서, 이들의 탄생이 근대화의 역설적 결과임을 보여줄 것이다. 셋째, 본 논문은 박정희 지지층 일부가 박근혜 등장 이후 태극기 군중으로 부활하게 된 것을 프로이트의 ‘가족로망스’와 ‘멜랑콜리’ 개념을 통해 설명할 것이다. 그리고 끝으로 태극기 군중의 등장을 사회 병리학적 관점에서 ‘사회적 질병’으로 규정하면서 이를 극복하기 위해 어떤 사회적 노력이 필요한지를 지적할 것이다.
This paper explores Erich Fromm’s contribution to Deweyan democratic education by referring to his psychoanalytic interpretation of John Dewey’s pragmatic theory. First, it employs the work by Gert Biesta to secure a space between critical pedagogy and Deweyan democratic education, from which Fromm’s theory can be discussed. Furthermore, it argues that Biesta’s perspective offers a valuable theoretical ground to extend the emancipatory potential of Deweyan democratic education, while avoiding some pitfalls of critical pedagogy. Subsequently, the paper contrasts Marcuse’s and Fromm’s views on Dewey to show how Fromm’s understanding of Dewey was more effective than that of Marcuse for developing the potential of Dewey’s philosophy. Next, the paper clarifies key similarities and differences between Fromm’s psychoanalysis and Dewey’s pragmatism, as it is applicable specifically to emancipatory education. Finally, the paper argues that despite the differences between these two thinkers, Fromm’s theory further radicalizes Deweyan democratic education by adding new elements to the list of preconditions on the role of the emancipatory teacher.
づき」の概念が位置しており、この意味で永遠の哲学はマインドフルネスの理論基盤になりうるものである。本考察ではまず、ハクスレー、スミス、ラム・ダス、ウィルバーを援用し、永遠の哲学が多次元的な理論であることを示し、とくに魂の本質が気づき、観照であり、さらにスピリットが限りない純粋な気づきであること明らかにし、非二元的気づきに言及した。つぎに気づきの存在論を、ウパニシャッド、シャンカラ、ラマナ・マハルシ、ニサルガダッタ・マハラジを引きながら検討した。そしてクリシュナムルティ、フロム、ウィルバーを用いて、気づきと身心の関連を考察し、最後にハクスレーの端緒をもとに、気づきの多次元的教育をとりあげた。
O texto que se apresenta busca discutir alguns pontos da influência do conceito de liberdade na obra de Erich Fromm sobre a noção de autonomia no pensamento de Paulo Freire, em especial como a conexão entre as duas ideias pode contribuir para se debater sobre a construção da autonomia na escola, enfocando especialmente a relação entre professores(as) e alunos(as). O artigo se divide em três partes, sendo que a primeira aborda a noção de liberdade no pensamento de Erich Fromm, a segunda discute o conceito de autonomia em Paulo Freire, e a terceira busca realizar uma discussão ao redor da conexão entre as duas noções, trazendo algumas contribuições do campo da psicanálise na educação para se debater e ampliar a dimensão conceitual da autonomia como enfoque no trabalho pedagógico cotidiano.
Предметом рассмотрения настоящей статьи являются взгляды на феномен конформизма, изложенные в трудах представителей Франкфуртской школы: Макса Хоркхаймера, Теодора Адорно, Герберта Маркузе и Эриха Фромма. Прослеживается трансформация трактовки феномена конформизма в изученных работах. На основании воззрений мыслителей Франкфуртской школы выводятся некоторые закономерности и особенности конформного поведения личности. Автор приходит к выводу, что феномен конформизма можно рассматривать как адаптацию поведения человека к нормам, правилам и установкам, господствующим в обществе. Конформизм в качестве формы социального поведения может быть взаимосвязан и с различными нарушениями в системе социального порядка. Амбивалентность конформизма состоит в том, что конформное поведение может приводить как к конструктивным, так и к деструктивным последствиям. При этом представители Франкфуртской школы сосредоточивают свое внимание главным образом на деструктивной стороне конформизма, давая ему негативную оценку, так как конформистское поведение личности происходит, главным образом, из принуждения. Принужденный к конформизму индивид, не осознающий, ради чего он соглашается с навязанным образом действий, приспосабливается к не понятным и не приемлемым для него общественным установкам, оказывается осуществляющим деструктивную деятельность.
Straipsnyje aptariama E. Frommo socialinio charakterio koncepcija, kuri sudaro jo socialinės koncepcijos branduolį, analizuojama jo struktūra ir funkcijos. Kritikuojami bandymai E. Frommą laikyti neofroidizmo, arba kultūrinės psichoanalizės, atstovu. Teigiama, kad socialinis charakteris – tai kultūros sukuriama specifinė žmogaus energijos forma, kuri gali būti bendra kurios nors visuomenės nariams. Kiekvienos visuomenės klasės arba socialinės grupės turi tam tikrą bendrą charakterio struktūrą. Socialinio charakterio funkcija – garantuoti, kad kiekvienas visuomenės narys efektyviausiai atliktų savo socialinį vaidmenį, kurio reikalavimai turi virsti žmogaus antrąja prigimtimi. Socialinis charakteris nulemia ne tik individo veiksmus, bet ir mąstymą. E. Frommas pripažino socialinės aplinkos vaidmenį individo formavimesi ir siekė atskleisti visuomenės ir individo santykį, jį domino ir socialinės struktūros bei universalios žmogiškosios prigimties santykis. Šia prasme socialinis charakteris yra abstrakčios, imanentinės žmogaus prigimties konkreti, istorinė egzistavimo forma. E. Frommas panaudojo K. Marxo ideologijos ir iškreiptos sąmonės sampratas, psichoanalizės idėjas apie racionalizaciją ir nuslopinimą.
Erich Fromm, one of the pioneers of Third Force psychology, consciences: the authoritarian conscience, which, representing the values of munity or culture, demands obedience; and the humanistic conscience, which, the inner self, asks that the individual act in ways that show his respect for his potentiality. It is not surprising that the two consciences, in life as well as in literature, often in conflict. What is surprising is the occasional example of ready obedience demands of an authoritarian conscience. The biblical account of the sacrifice Old English versions of which are discussed in this paper, provides just such an comparison of the language of the Cædmonian poet with that of Ælfric's almost word translation from the Vulgate leads to a conclusion that the biblical story and Isaac represents a moment in the history of religious consciousness when the authoritarian conscience was succeeded by the humanistic conscience.