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September 9/11 shocked the Japanese. It also reminded me of the 1995 sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subways by the Aum Shinrikyo and the Oklahoma City Bombing by the American extreme right. A novel form of terrorism seems to have aroused since 1995. Therefore I have tried to analyze some similarity and difference between the Aum Shinrikyo Sect and Usama bin Laden's al-Quaida for several months in order to clarify the content of a >new terrorism<. Although at first assumed that the two incidents were heterogeneous, the more I have analyzed them, the more I have founded out that were homogeneous. This paper tries to examine the similarity between the two groups and point out that their common motivation is a kind of self-actualization developed by A. H. Maslow. The survey includes anomie scale and authoritarian scale. This analysis reveals that economic factor and anomie factor influence over the self-actualization of current Japanese students who must overcome their anxiety aroused by the serious economic crisis as well as their identity crisis developed by Erick H. Erikson. It also points out that such a self-actualization and authoritarian personality developed by Erich Fromm influence over their inclination to religion. As a result it implies that such a perspective could explain also the behaviors of the Aum Shinrikyo Sect and Usama bin Laden' al-Qaida: The two terrorist groups that are mainly consisted of young males escape from freedom committing to religion, namely Aum Shinrikyo or >fundamentalist< Islam to remove anxiety aroused by the serious economic crisis.
(Foreword, Japanese)
(1991)
(Foreword, Japanese)
(2000)
Three major postwar schools of sociology in the Federal Republic of Germany are discussed: (1) Rene Konig, leader of the Cologne school, conceived of the family as a group or system, and demonstrated the theoretical relevance of sociology of the family for general sociology. (2) Helmut Schelsky considered the family as an institution and investigated changes in the German family since World War II, using 180 >family monographs<; he perceived the basis of official family policy to be the ideologization of family stability. (3) Max Horkheimer and Erich FROMM (the Frankfurt school) examined the aspect of authority in the relationship between soci-ety and the family; questions of authority in the family were studied to determine their effect on socialization processes and on women's opportunities for emancipation. Three phases in the development of West German research on the family since 1945 are identified by Heidi Rosenbaum: a surge of progress around 1950, followed by a decline, and then renewed interest in the 1960s.