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Economic analysis based on multinational studies: methods for adapting findings to national contexts
(2010)
Background: Health economic parameters are increasingly considered as variables in health care decisions, but decision makers are interested in country-specific evaluations. However, a large number of studies are performed in foreign countries or in a multinational setting, which limits the transferability to a single nation’s context.
Objective: The present analysis summarises several of the most common international methods for generating health economic analyses based on clinical studies from different settings.
Methods: A narrative literature review was performed to identify potential reasons for limited transferability of health economic evaluation results from one country to another. Based on these results, we searched the methodological literature for analytic approaches to handle the restrictions. Additionally we describe the possibility of transferring foreign economic study results to the country of interest by matching trial data with routine data of national databases.
Results: The main factors for limited transferability of health economic findings were found in country-specific differences in resource consumption and the resulting costs. These differences are affected by a number of influencing cofactors (demography, epidemiology and individual patient’s factors) and the overall health care system structures (e.g. payment systems, health provider incentives). However, despite the limitations country-specific health economic assessments could be realised using the pooled/split analyses approach, some statistical approaches and modelling approaches.
Conclusion: A variety of methods for identifying and adjusting country-specific differences in costs, effects and cost-effectiveness was established during the past decades. Multinational studies will continue to play a crucial role in the evaluation of cost-effectiveness at national levels. It seems likely that the growing interest in multinational studies will lead to continued developments in adaptation methods.
For patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic liver failure (ACLF), the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) can result in a prolongation of life, but data on costs and cost-effectiveness are lacking. A health economic evaluation of a prospective controlled cohort trial in patients with ACLF not eligible for liver transplantation with 3 years follow-up and consecutive modelling of long-term costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness was conducted. Costs were calculated from the perspective of the German health-care system. One hundred and forty-nine patients with ACLF were included of which 67 (44.9%) were treated with MARS and 82 (55.1%) assigned to the control group. Mean survival was 692 days in MARS-treated patients (33% survival after 3 years) and 453 days in control patients (15% after 3 years, logrank P = 0.022). MARS patients gained 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.12 to 1.46] life years (LYs), determined by the bootstrap method. The mean cost difference was 19.835 euro (95% CI: 13.308-25.429) with 35639 euro for MARS-treated patients and 15804 euro for controls. Incremental costs per LY gained were 29.985 euro (95% CI: 9.441-321.761) and 43.040 euro (95% CI: 13.551-461.856) per quality-adjusted LY gained. There is an acceptable cost-effectiveness of MARS, compared with other medical technologies presently reimbursed. Randomized controlled trials with sufficient sample size are necessary before a final recommendation for MARS can be given.
Objectives: To develop and psychometrically evaluate a domain-specific questionnaire to assess subtle but clinically relevant differences in treatment experiences and satisfaction over a wide range of currently available insulin therapy regimens. The study focussed on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and placed particular attention on the impact of different forms of insulin therapy on diabetes self-management. Methods: The development of the Insulin Treatment Experience Questionnaire (ITEQ) was conducted in three steps: (i) a qualitative phase to generate relevant items and identify relevant domains; (ii) a pilot study to reduce the number of generated items; and (iii) a validation study to assess major psychometric properties of the final ITEQ version. Results: The final version of the questionnaire comprised 28 items with the subscales ‘leisure activities’ (four items), ‘psychological barriers’ (two items), ‘handling’ (five items), ‘diabetes control’ (six items), ‘dependence’ (five items), ‘weight control’ (three items), ‘sleep’ (two items), and one further item assessing general treatment satisfaction. The subscales’ internal consistencies (Cronbach’s alpha) ranged from 0.52 to 0.83. Motivated by the homogenous structure of inter-scale-correlations (range 0.10–0.46), a summary composite score was calculated (alpha = 0.86). Construct validity showed statistically significant correlations with other scales (ITEQ vs the Problem Areas in Diabetes [PAID] questionnaire total score −0.60, ITEQ vs the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire [DTSQ] total score 0.52). Conclusion: The newly developed ITEQ displayed satisfactory to good psychometric properties, thereby allowing the assessment of everyday life experience and treatment satisfaction in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Additional research is needed to assess test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change.
We present a new approach for classifying MPEG-2 video sequences as dasiacartoonpsila, dasiacommercialpsila, dasiamusicpsila, dasianewspsila or dasiasportpsila by analyzing specific, high-level audio-visual features of consecutive frames in real-time. This is part of the well-known video-genre-classification problem, where popular TV-broadcast genres are studied. Such applications have also been discussed in the context of MPEG-7 [1]. In our method the extracted features are logically combined using a set of classifiers to produce a reliable recognition. The results demonstrate a high identification rate based on a large representative collection of 100 video sequences (20 sequences per genre) gathered from free digital TV-broadcasting in Europe.
In this paper we describe in detail the recent publications related to video-genre-classification and present our improved new approaches for classifying video sequences in real-time as 'cartoon', 'commercial', 'music', 'news' or 'sport' by analyzing the content with new high-level audio-visual descriptors and classification methods. Such applications have also been discussed in the context of MPEG-7. The results demonstrate identification rates of more than 90% based on a large representative collection of 100 videos gathered from free digital TV and Internet.
Wo genau liegt der technische Unterschied zwischen Fernsehern mit HD-ready und Full-HD? Welche Übertragungswege und Empfangsmöglichkeiten gibt es, und welche Zusatzgeräte brauchen die Verbraucher, um die verbesserte Bildqualität ihrer hochauflösenden TV-Geräte voll nutzen zu können? Und ist es wichtig, ob sich das Fernsehbild „progressiv“ oder „interlaced“ aufbaut? Antworten auf diese und weitere Fragen gibt die neue Publikation „HD-TV – Technologische Einblicke in das hochauflösende Fernsehen der Zukunft“.
Dr. Ronald Glasberg (Technische Universität Berlin) hat im Auftrag des BITKOM einen Leitfaden zu grundlegenden, technologischen Einblicken in das hochauflösende Fernsehen der Zukunft erstellt. Die Publikation weist die optionalen Übertragungswege via Terrestrik, Kabel, Satellit, Mobilfunk oder Internet auf. Vor allem die digitalen Übertragungswege ermöglichen dem Konsumenten viele Annehmlichkeiten wie zeitversetztes Fernsehen, Video-on-Demand, das Auffinden von Schlüsselbegriffen im laufenden Programm sowie zukünftig mehr Interaktivität.
It is often claimed that work opportunities decline with age, that hiring chances of older persons are poor. We investigate this by collecting questionnaire responses from personnel managers of German manufacturing firms, eliciting a hypothetical hiring decision based on three fictitious candidates. We rely on an age-neutral job and a small age-gap of 14 years between the youngest and the oldest candidate. The quasi-experimental design of the questionnaire allows us to control for possible productivity differences and other economic explanations for declining hiring chances. The data show a 60 percentage point difference in hiring probabilities between the youngest and oldest candidate.
Using a questionnaire and a sample of students and personnel managers we establish the existence of age discrimination in the hiring process in Germany and Norway. As expected, age discrimination is more prominent in Germany where the hiring probability of equally qualified applicants is reduced by about 22 percentage points due to an age differential of 14 years as opposed to only 12 percentage points in Norway. Within both countries the tendency to discriminate does not differ between students and personnel managers and does not depend on the age of the decision maker.
Teams with strong faultlines often do not achieve their full potential because their functioning is impaired. We argue that strong diversity beliefs held by team leaders mitigate the negative impact of socio-demographic and experience-based faultlines on team functioning. In a heterogeneous multisource field sample of 217 employees nested in 44 teams and their leaders, we tested our assumptions. Results of a path-analytic model showed that socio-demographic faultlines were negatively related to perceived cohesion and positively related to perceived loafing. The impact of sociodemographic faultlines on team functioning was less detrimental when leaders held strong diversity beliefs. Against our expectations, we found no support for an impact of experience-based faultlines on perceived cohesion or a moderating role of leaders’ diversity beliefs in this context. Potential explanations for these results and implications for organizations and team leaders are discussed.
The skill shortage is becoming an ever-increasing challenge for IT departments. Allocation of resources in the best possible way is even more important. The challenge is to improve the enterprise not only on the side of the organizational and process level, but to develop new strategies and approaches in human resource management. Only a symbiosis of the disciplines economics, psychology and information technology will enable relevant and indispensable employees and promote loyalty to the company. A frequent change of the work place, for a well-trained professional, is so long associated with normality until they find the best environment for fulfilling their needs and expectations. These expectations are no longer just on a financial level. This paper will analyse the previous work on these topics and demonstrate first conclusions regarding a way forward.
This essay develops an entrepreneur-oriented theory of risk-taking and innovation that is used to examine the different leadership styles of family business owners. This theory is based on the works of Schumpeter, who mainly focussed on the potential of supply in the competition for innovation, and the works of Hayek, who emphasized the importance of demand in this competition. By combining these two theories, a comprehensive understanding of economic innovation processes is presented. In the subsequent empirical section of the essay, these theoretical ideals of supply-oriented and demand-oriented innovators will be examined for what they look like in practice. Data from India and Japan is analysed in this explorative empirical research to examine the influence of cultural, social and legal norms on entrepreneurial risk-taking and innovation behaviour. The perspectives on “foreign cultures” expand our understanding of management in a way that encourages innovation- friendly entrepreneurship.
Das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften ist als eigenständiger Bestandteil in den meisten deutschen Studiengängen der Wirtschaftswissenschaft fest verankert. Der Aufsatz hat zum Ziel, die Inhalte und Lehrmethoden kritisch zu prüfen, die mehrheitlich in den juristischen Pflichtveranstaltungen im Wirtschaftsstudium verwendet werden. Sowohl Inhalte als auch Methoden der Lehre werden in der Regel aus der Ausbildung der Volljurist/innen übernommen. Ob aber Verfahren der Lehre, die für die Ausbildung von Jurist/innen entwickelt worden sind, uneingeschränkt auch für Wirtschaftswissenschaftler/innen geeignet sind, wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum bisher kaum diskutiert. Im Weiteren wird gezeigt, zu welchen Problemen die unreflektierte Übernahme von Lehrinhalten und Lehrmethoden ohne zielgruppengerechte Anpassung führt. Auf dieser Basis wird ein Vorschlag für die praxisorientierte Lehre rechtswissenschaftlicher Inhalte entwickelt. Es gilt, die in den Rechtswissenschaften bewährten Konzepte der Lehre den Bedürfnissen der Wirtschaftswissenschaftler/innen anzupassen und weiterzuentwickeln. Danach werden der rechtliche Lebenszyklus eines Unternehmens und Management-Fallstudien zu rechtlichen Problemen als didaktische Modelle vorgestellt und praktische Fragen der Lehre diskutiert. Ziel ist es, die Studierenden für die rechtlichen Probleme zu sensibilisieren, die in der betrieblichen Praxis von Bedeutung sind, und ihnen Kompetenzen zu vermitteln, mit deren Hilfe sie die in ihrem späteren beruflichen Alltag auftretenden Probleme erfolgreich bewältigen können.
The aim of this study is to carry out an economic analysis of the consequences that arose following the decriminalization of the issuance of bad checks in Turkey. In our statistical analysis we examined the legal situation of bouncing checks in three periods: before 2009 when the issuance of bad checks was subject to imprisonment, between 2009-2012 when a partial decriminalization took place and between 2012-2014 when the issuance of bouncing checks was fully decriminalized and penalties were reduced to only administrative fines. We test the hypotheses that partial or full decriminalization led to a rise in the number of bad checks in Turkey. We find that there is no statistical evidence for an association between the first, modest step of the decriminalization process (Law No. 5941) and the frequency with which checks bounced in Turkey. However, full decriminalization of bouncing checks (Law No. 6273) led to an increase in the frequency of bad checks. We also find that the establishment of a Risk Center by the Bank Association of Turkey helped to identify customers not worthy of credit and was successful in decreasing the frequency of bad checks. We conclude that in the case of Turkish check law imprisonment was more effective in deterring writers of bad checks than the administrative and civil sanctions that are now in place. Nonetheless, private credit screening efforts also promoted the targeted policy goal of limiting the number of bad checks in Turkey.
Sensory Marketing
(2014)
Nonprofit-Marketing
(2014)
Reputationsmarketing
(2014)
Gamification
(2014)
Keine Angabe
No details
Organisations, Individuals as Employees, Individuals as Consumers and the Relationships Between Them
(2014)
Organisations of all shapes and sizes face a significant number of challenges that they must meet if they are to thrive in today’s globally hypercompetitive environment. Our aim is to help them deal with some of the most critical. An organisation is a collection of individuals working together in a structured way to achieve certain goals, and this understanding is central to our research interests. We aim to provide insights on current and emergent issues related to the three interconnected themes we focus on:
● the relationship between the individual as an employee and the organisation
● the relationship between the individual as a consumer and the organisation
● the relationship between the individual and the digitalised world.
The recommendations that flow from our research all have in common that they are corporately socially responsible. Our framework is based on CSR, sustainability and an ethical approach.
Reputationsmanagement
(2015)
Anabel Ternès und Christopher Runge zeigen am Beispiel Medical Care, dass es sich auszahlt, in eine hohe Reputation zu investieren. Unternehmen mit einem guten Ansehen können höhere Preise verlangen, Kunden gewinnen und binden, die besten Mitarbeiter für sich gewinnen und insbesondere in Krisenzeiten von ihrer Reputation als immateriellem Wert als Wettbewerbsvorteil zehren. Voraussetzung hierfür ist ein systematisches, professionell begleitetes Reputationsmanagement, das gewährleistet, in Zukunft zu agieren statt nur zu reagieren. Gutes Reputationsmanagement erfordert einzelne, aufeinander abgestimmte Schritte, die sich gegenseitig perfekt ergänzen – zum Aufbau, zum Erhalt und zur Verbesserung einer positiven Unternehmensreputation.
Die Digitalisierung, Globalisierung und der demographische Wandel verstärken bestehende Diskrepanzen zwischen dem Vertrieb und anderen Unternehmensbereichen. Eine marktgerechte und wertorientierte Ausrichtung des Vertriebs kann hier unterstützen. Zielführend ist allerdings ein konsequentes Schnittstellenmanagement, das die enormen Informationsmengen und -geschwindigkeiten beherrscht.
Anabel Ternès, Ian Towers und Marc Jerusel gehen der Frage nach, welche neuen Konsummuster sich aufbauend auf den Begriffen Individualisierung und Nachhaltigkeit herausbilden könnten. Denn der Trend nach nachhaltigen und individualisierten Produkten ist bereits seit mehreren Jahren spürbar, gilt jedoch weiterhin als Trend für den Privatkonsum der kommenden Jahre. Im Bereich Individualisierung erläutern die AutorInnen dafür zum Beispiel das Produktionsprinzip der Mass Customization. Nachhaltig Denkende versuchen dagegen, bewusste Konsumentscheidungen zu treffen.
Metamorphose für Verkäufer
(2015)
Für einen nachhaltigen Erfolg im Vertrieb sind neue Qualitäten notwendig: weniger Rhetorik — mehr Empathie, weniger Produktpräsentation — mehr Entwicklung von individuellen Lösungen, weniger Verkäufer — mehr Berater. Denn der Kunde von heute ist anspruchsvoller als früher, er ist gut informiert und nimmt sein Recht auf umfassenden Service wahr.
Anabel Ternès, Ian Towers und Marc Jerusel widmen sich der Frage, welche Konsummuster den Privatkonsum im Deutschland der kommenden zehn Jahren verändern werden. Dabei wird auf bereits absehbare Konsumtrends wie zum Beispiel E- und M-Commerce sowie Connected Retail Bezug genommen. Im Vordergrund stehen die Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf den stationären Handel und die Konsumenten. Die AutorInnen stellen u.a. dar, dass eine der zentralen Herausforderungen darin liegen wird, sich der Digitalisierung proaktiv zu stellen, um das Konsumerlebnis der Verbraucher zu verbessern. Doch auch die Grenzen des Onlinehandels werden aufgezeigt.
Interactions among people have substantially changed since the emergence of social networks, the expansion of the Internet and the proliferation of connected mobile devices, and so have the possibilities of collaborative learning, with the inclusion of new e-learning platforms. From this point, assessing human knowledge in these virtual environments is not a trivial task. This work presents a novel cloud-computing-based service which relies on advanced artificial intelligence mechanisms to infer knowledge and interest from users considering the aggregated data presented from/to these users in different social networks. This way it is possible to assess with a certain degree of confidence the user knowledge level in different topics as well as recommend additional specific education related to his/her former studies in order to get a better/desired job.
Begleitet das Fach „Betriebliches Umweltmanagement“ in Baden-Württemberg. Das Profil Wirtschaft wird durch Fragestellungen der Ökologie ergänzt und der Leitgedanke des nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens von Unternehmen in die ökonomischen Entscheidungen miteinbezogen. Die theoretischen Grundlagen des betrieblichen Umweltmanagements, sowie die Anwendung volks- und betriebswirtschaftlicher Verfahren auf betriebliche Umweltprobleme werden anhand von praktischen Beispielen erklärt. Ziel des Faches, wäre die Entwicklung einer Umwelthandlungskompetenz der Schüler.
The reporting of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in hotels plays a crucial role in the assessment of their sustainability activities. Research shows, that if the CSR commitment of hotels is interpreted by guests as a real public interest, CSR has a positive impact on brand evaluation as well as on guest satisfaction. However, the sustainability efforts of hotels are often perceived as pure self-interest and the charge of greenwashing is in the air. Thus, standards in CSR reporting are urgently required. In hospitality so far, neither guidelines for CSR reporting nor third party monitoring organizations exist so far. This paper presents a six-step framework encouraging bilateral sustainability communication in the hotel industry. The common method to proclaim sustainability via reports or websites is typically one-directional from the hotel to the guest (typically referred to as signalling approach). In the long run, this is not enough. Thus, the other direction (typically referred to as screening approach), should particularly be considered as well. Screening is achieved through the use of user generated content (UGC) and electronic word of mouth (eWOM) via evaluation platforms, which nowadays enjoy wide acceptance by guests.
In the presented framework, CSR reporting and CSR rating are outsourced to the guest and the corresponding crowd. This procedure includes several advantages for hotels. First, the efforts and costs of CSR reporting are reduced. Second, the general public is used as a third-party control mechanism for the CSR reporting (typically referred to as monitoring approach). Finally, following this monitoring aspect, the perceived credibility of the CSR reporting in turn will be higher.
Since the credibility and reputation of eWOM largely depend on the number of existing reviews, it is important to generate sustainability-oriented eWOM and to utilize guests for CSR reporting issues. Therefore, based on the well-known phases of service marketing, a five-step-approach is integrated in the framework.