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The benefits of stepping into others’ shoes: perspective-taking strengthens transactive memory
(2013)
Perspective taking is an important requirement for effective communication. Teams working on knowledge-intensive tasks should benefit particularly. In a laboratory study, we examined whether perspective taking (vs. egocentrism) facilitated transactive memory when team members' knowledge was either different or similar. Perspective taking led teams to form more accurate transactive memory and agree more regarding each other's knowledge assessments. Corresponding effects were found when knowledge was similar. However, no interaction emerged. Our study shows that perspective taking is a cognitive state that can be induced with a short intervention and that can positively influence team-level outcomes such as transactive memory.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine, in two studies, whether trust in teammates and trust in management influenced transactive memory and how strongly transactive memory, in turn, influenced perceived team performance and job satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected via questionnaires from two samples of employees (n1=383 and n2=40). Regression and mediational analyses were employed to test the hypotheses.
Findings – Trust in teammates predicted transactive memory and transactive memory, in turn, predicted perceived team performance and job satisfaction. Trust in management did not predict transactive memory, but it did predict job satisfaction.
Research limitations/implications – Data are cross-sectional and cannot establish cause-effect-relationships. Furthermore, objective performance measures could not be obtained due to the nature of the studies. Thus, future studies need to use longitudinal or experimental designs and objective performance measures.
Practical implications – Intangible factors such as trust can strengthen knowledge sharing and transactive memory systems. This, in turn, can positively impact job satisfaction and team performance. Managers and team leaders should pay more attention to building a climate of trust and participation, both within teams and between team members and supervisors/management.
Originality/value – Results of two studies show the differential effects of trust in teammates versus trust in management. For finishing a knowledge-intensive task in a team, trust in teammates is more important than trust in management because trust influences transactive memory, which, in turn, leads to positive performance outcomes. However, for other organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction, trust in management can be as important as well.
Purpose – Regulatory focus theory (RFT) can successfully predict and describe organizational behaviour and managerial decision making. However, no empirical study has tested its central assumption in an organizational context. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between employee's regulatory focus and their work priorities.
Design/methodology/approach – In total, 307 employees from the public and private sectors in Germany participated and three organizational priorities were confirmed in a confirmatory factor analysis: growth, existence, and relatedness aspects. Their relationship with employee's regulatory focus was analyzed using multi-level modeling.
Findings – It was found that employees' promotion and prevention focus were related to specific work priorities: the higher a person's promotion focus, the more the person valued growth aspects. The higher the prevention focus, the more the person valued existence-related work aspects. Both regulatory foci increased the importance of good relationships at work.
Research limitations/implications – The findings provide new insights into previous research on the impact of personality traits, especially regulatory focus, on job-related attitudes like job satisfaction or job commitment.
Practical implications – The results are useful for leaders and human resource managers aiming to understand the driving forces behind employee's job motivation and decisions.
Originality/value – This is the first study to address the central question of different priorities associated with promotion and prevention focus in the organizational field. Results provide insight into previous findings on the impact of regulatory focus on job-related attitudes and offer practical implications for practitioners interested in job motivation and decision making.
This paper determines the relevance of industrial property rights to the development of innovations in the fashion industry. It examines how the level of innovation can remain high despite a free exchange of intellectual property – fashion designs – within the industry: The importance of innovation for a fashion business in the industry is determined by the choice of it’s competitive strategy. That is, either to be an innovator who creates fashion innovations or to be an imitator who adopts them once they have proven their ability to prevail in the market. The success of innovators depends largely on their ability to react to fashion trends, reinforced by the social role of fashion products and to the extent of their potential to confer status on the owner. Thus the duration of a temporary monopoly gained by an innovation is limited not only by the market entrance of imitators – a period of time that can be prolonged by making use of industrial property rights protection – but also by the constant changes in fashion, a process barely affected by the utilization of intellectual property rights protection. A monopoly maintained by using intellectual property rights might very well not extend the product life cycle beyond the limits posed by the shifting changes of fashion; moreover, an extended life cycle maintained in these circumstances could seriously limit the innovators agility in satisfying consumer demand in line with fashion trends and provoke an inappropriate allocation of resources to developing unfashionable innovations, resulting in a much greater risk of product failure.
The effects of temperature on service employees’ customer orientation: an experimental approach
(2012)
Numerous studies have demonstrated how temperature can affect perceptual, cognitive and psychomotor performance (e.g. Hancock, P.A., Ross, J., and Szalma, J., 2007. A meta-analysis of performance response under thermal stressors. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 49 (5), 851–877). We extend this research to interpersonal aspects of performance, namely service employees' and salespeople's customer orientation. We combine ergonomics with recent research on social cognition linking physical with interpersonal warmth/coldness. In Experiment 1, a scenario study in the lab, we demonstrate that student participants in rooms with a low temperature showed more customer-oriented behaviour and gave higher customer discounts than participants in rooms with a high temperature – even in zones of thermal comfort. In Experiment 2, we show the existence of alternative possibilities to evoke positive temperature effects on customer orientation in a sample of 126 service and sales employees using a semantic priming procedure. Overall, our results confirm the existence of temperature effects on customer orientation. Furthermore, important implications for services, retail and other settings of interpersonal interactions are discussed.
Practitioner Summary: Temperature effects on performance have emerged as a vital research topic. Owing to services' increasing economic importance, we transferred this research to the construct of customer orientation, focusing on performance in service and retail settings. The demonstrated temperature effects are transferable to services, retail and other settings of interpersonal interactions.
In this introduction to the special issue on Time and Change in Teams, we argue that the field of team research shows signs of a problem-method misfit with respect to the study of processes. Drawing on the distinction between differential and temporal (or variable vs. process) research, we scrutinise recent theories and research practices in the field, aiming to better understand the lack of congruence between research objectives and methods. We also discuss ways in which the gap between theory and method can be narrowed, and how the five studies making up this special issue contribute to this. We conclude with suggesting some future directions for the study of time and change in teams.
In this article, we provide an overview of current measures of shared leadership. Our aim is to help researchers choose the appropriate measure and give them advice on the statistical analysis of shared leadership measures. We first present traditional approaches, namely two questionnaires assessing shared leadership behaviors displayed by a team. We then describe social network indexes showing how leadership influence is distributed in a team and the coefficient of variation showing the relative dispersion of team members’ leadership influence. Finally, we present a new idea for modeling mutual influence processes in teams, the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM, Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006). It can depict how each team member’s outcomes are affected by own and other team members’ leadership behaviors. For all approaches, we point out requirements, advantages, and disadvantages.
Traditional Instrumentality × Value (I × V) models have attributed gains in performance groups to various conditions affecting the instrumentality of group members’ effort for a variety of valued outcomes. Social identity models have challenged this interpretation, suggesting that the instrumentality of effort may be irrelevant when group identification is high. A laboratory study is reported in which both indispensability and group identification are manipulated, and participants’ effort on a physical persistence task is assessed. Contrary to the social identity predictions but consistent with I × V predictions, the indispensability of effort had a positive effect on participants’ effort. Group identification had no direct or moderating effects on effort.
A widespread presumption in the law is that giving jurors nullification instructions would result in “chaos”—jurors guided not by law but by their emotions and personal biases. We propose a model of juror nullification that posits an interaction between the nature of the trial (viz. whether the fairness of the law is at issue), nullification instructions, and emotional biases on juror decision-making. Mock jurors considered a trial online which varied the presence a nullification instructions, whether the trial raised issues of the law's fairness (murder for profit vs. euthanasia), and emotionally biasing information (that affected jurors’ liking for the victim). Only when jurors were in receipt of nullification instructions in a nullification-relevant trial were they sensitive to emotionally biasing information. Emotional biases did not affect evidence processing but did affect emotional reactions and verdicts, providing the strongest support to date for the chaos theory.
Am Beispiel der Modeindustrie untersucht die Studie, ob Innovationen Schutzrechte benötigen. Die Modeindustrie dient hierbei als Beispiel für eine Industrie mit hohem Innovationspotential. Obwohl es Schutzrechte für Modedesigns gibt, die das geistige Eigentum der Industrie schützen sollen, ist deren Bedeutung im Innovationswettbewerb der Modeindustrie gering. Trotz der Abhängigkeit der Industrie von dem geistigen Eigentum, auf dem ihre Modeinnovationen basieren, zeigt die vorliegende Untersuchung, dass im Fall der Modeindustrie der freie Umgang mit geistigem Eigentum die Entstehung von Innovationen nicht erkennbar hemmt. Auf der Grundlage dieses Sachverhalts werden Schlussfolgerungen über die allgemeine Bedeutung von Schutzrechten für das Entstehen von Innovationen gezogen, die modischen Erscheinungen unterliegen.
Well-being and Risk-taking Behavior: a Case Study of Employee Well-being Policies in Corporate Japan
(2013)
This article describes risk taking and well-being in corporate Japan. A case study of a research intensive manufacturing company shows how a corporate management can design its business strategy to contribute to the well-being of the employees. An in-depth expert interview with the company’s Chief Executive Officer and a qualitative content analysis of official company documents present and discuss the firm’s employee well-being policy. Findings show that the organization employs its business philosophy to promote a working environment that encourages constructive risk-taking. This leads to technological innovations and improved competitiveness on the market. Furthermore, the company is successful in contributing to the well-being of its employees and other stakeholders.
The Commission of the European Union has identified divergences between the national contract laws of the Member States as an obstacle to the completion of the European Internal Market and put this issue on its highest political agenda. Alexander J. Wulf analyses and predicts the effects. The study is situated in the context of the recent developments in the discussion on European contract law. The book begins with an introduction to the economic and legal theories that serve as the rationale for the development of the line of argument. These theories are then applied to the issues involved in the current controversy on European contract law. The author develops a model that he uses to analyze the institutional processes of European contract law. Empirical data are employed to test this model and discuss the results. From his analysis the author develops criteria that can serve as a starting point for thinking about the economic desirability of an optional European contract law.
English Abstract:
Between the years 1200 and 1600 economic development in Catholic Europe gained momentum. By the end of this period per capita income levels were well above the income levels in all other regions of the world. We relate this unique development to the resurrection of Roman law, the rise of Canon law and the establishment of law as a scholarly and scientific discipline taught in universities. We test two competing hypotheses on the impact of these processes on economic growth in medieval Europe. The first conjecture is that the spread of substantive Roman law was conducive to the rise of commerce and economic growth. The second and competing conjecture is that growth occurred not as a result of the reception of substantive Roman law but rather because of the rational, scientific and systemic features of Roman and Canon law and the training of jurists in the newly established universities (Verwissenschaftlichung). This gave the law throughout Europe an innovative flexibility, which also influenced merchant law (lex mercatoria), and customary law. Using data on the population of more than 200 European cities as a proxy for per capita income we find that an important impact for economic development was not primarily the content of Roman law, but the rise of law faculties in universities and the emergence of a legal method developed by glossators and commentators in their interpretation and systematization of the sources of Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis, Digests) and Canon law. The endeavor to extract general normative conclusions from these sources led to abstraction, methodology, and the rise of law as a scholarly discipline. Wherever law faculties were founded anywhere in Europe jurists learned new legal concepts and skills which were unknown before and conducive for doing business.
Spanish Abstract:
Entre 1200 y 1600 el desarrollo económico en la Europa católica experimentó un notable impulso. Al final de este periodo los niveles de ingreso per cápita se encontraban bien por encima de aquellos correspondientes a otras regiones del mundo. Nosotros relacionamos este único desarrollo con el resucitar del Derecho Romano, el ascenso del Derecho Canónico y el establecimiento del Derecho como una disciplina escolástica y científica enseñada en las universidades. En esta ocasión, ponemos a prueba dos hipótesis concurrentes respecto del impacto que estos procesos han tenido sobre el crecimiento económico en Europa medieval. La primera de estas es que la propagación del Derecho Romano ha sido conducente al aumento del comercio y del crecimiento económico. La segunda y concurrente hipótesis es que el crecimiento no se dio como resultado de la recepción del Derecho Romano, sino como consecuencia de ser este un Derecho, junto con el Canónico, de naturaleza racional, científica y sistemática; y también como resultado del entrenamiento en estas disciplinas de los juristas en la universidades que recientemente se habían establecido (Verwissenschaftligung). Conjuntamente esto dio al Derecho a través de Europa una flexibilidad innovadora, la cual también influyó el Derecho Mercante (lex mercatoria), y el Derecho Consuetudinario. Utilizando datos sobre la población en más de 200 ciudades europeas como proxy del ingreso per cápita, podemos observar que un importante impacto sobre el desarrollo económico no fue principalmente el contenido del Derecho Romano como tal, sino el surgimiento de facultades de Derecho en las universidades y la aparición de un método jurídico desarrollado por glosadores y comentaristas en sus respectivas interpretaciones y sistematización de las fuentes del Derecho Romano (compuesto, entre otros, por el Corpus Juris Civilis y el Digesto); y del Derecho Canónico. El esfuerzo de obtener conclusiones normativas generales de estas fuentes de Derecho tuvo como resultado una abstracción, una metodología y el surgimiento del Derecho como una disciplina académica. Cuando quiera que alguna facultad de Derecho fuera fundada en cualquier lugar de Europa los juristas aprendían tanto conceptos jurídicos nuevos como habilidades que antes habían permanecido desconocidas y que ahora se consideran propicias para la actividad comercial.
Zwischen 1200 und 1600 setzte sich die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Westeuropa von der in allen anderen Weltregionen ab. Gegen Ende dieser Periode lag das Pro-Kopf-Einkommensniveau deutlich höher als irgendwo sonst auf der Welt. Wir bringen diese einzigartige Entwicklung in Verbindung mit der Rezeption des römischen Rechts, dem Aufstieg des Kirchenrechts und der Entwicklung der Rechtswissenschaft als methodisch geleiteter akademischer Disziplin, die an Universitäten gelehrt wurde. Wir testen zwei konkurrierende Hypothesen über den Einfluss dieser Entwicklung auf das wirtschaftliche Wachstum im mittelalterlichen Europa. Der ersten These zufolge war die Ausbreitung des materiellen römischen Rechts dem Aufschwung des Handels und dem ökonomischen Wachstum förderlich. Nach der zweiten und konkurrierenden These war das Wachstum keine Folge der Rezeption römisch rechtlicher Normen, sondern vielmehr der rationalen, wissenschaftlichen und systemischen Eigenschaften des römischen und des Kirchenrechts sowie der Ausbildung von Juristen an den neu gegründeten Universitäten (Verwissenschaftlichung). Das verlieh dem Recht eine ganz Westeuropa durchwirkende innovative Flexibilität, die auch das Handelsrecht (lex mercatoria) und das überkommene Gewohnheitsrecht beeinflusste. Unter Verwendung von Daten über die Einwohnerzahl in mehr als 200 europäischen Städten, die wir als groben Indikator für die Entwicklung der Pro-Kopf-Einkommens verwenden, stellen wir fest, dass nicht in erster Linie die Rezeption römischen Rechts in einer Region entscheidend war. Vielmehr war es die Zunahme juristischer Fakultäten an den Universitäten und das Entstehen einer rechtswissenschaftlichen Methodik durch Glossatoren und Kommentatoren und ihre Interpretation und Systematisierung der Quellen des römischen Rechts (Corpus Juris Civilis, Digesten) und des kanonischen Rechts. Die neu entstandene Fähigkeit, allgemeine normative Schlüsse aus diesen Quellen zu ziehen, führte zu Abstraktion, Methodologie und dem Aufstieg des gelehrten Rechts als akademischer Disziplin. Wo immer in Europa Rechtsfakultäten eingerichtet wurden, erlernten Juristen neue, bisher unbekannte Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten, die förderlich für Handel und Gewerbe waren. Dies galt in allen Regionen, in denen das neue Recht gelehrt wurde unabhängig davon, ob und in welchem Umfang in der Region das römische Recht sich durchsetzte.
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