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Purpose:
The principal objective of our research is to characterize key exercises that represent significant milestones in the rehabilitation process, employing biomechanical parameters to facilitate the distinction between stages of progression.
Methods:
We conducted an observational cross-sectional study on healthy volunteers (30 years), approved by an ethics committee. Subjects with a history of lower extremity disease were excluded. Movement data was collected, including the following hierarchy of exercise progressions: sit-to-stand-supported (STSS) - sit-to-stand (STS) - squat, stair climbing supported (SCS) - stair climbing (SC) - step-up, single-leg-stance-supported (SLSS) - single-leg-stance (SLS) - single-leg-stance-advanced (SLSA). Motion data was captured using a marker-less system (CapturyLive, v255, TheCaptury, Germany) and used for musculoskeletal simulations in the AnyBody Modeling System (v7.4.4, AnyBodyTechnology, Denmark) with a full-body model. ANOVA or Welch-Test with Bonferroni Post-Hoc was used to describe the anterior-posterior joint reaction force (JRF) normalized for body weight (BW) for each exercise. Positive values indicate an anterior JRF, and negative values a posterior JRF.
Results:
We recruited 31 subjects (female: 23/74.2%) with a mean age of 22.81 years (SD:2.18). The analysis showed a significant difference in minimum JRF for STSS, STS, and squat (Welch-Test: F(2,56.421)=71.216, p0.001). Post-hoc analysis revealed that posterior JRF for STSS (mean:-2.63BW, SD:0.53) was lower than for STS (mean:-3.74BW, SD:0.42, p0.001), and STS was lower than squat (mean:-4.02BW, SD:0.35, p=0.043). No significant differences were observed in maximum JRF in the posterior direction (ANOVA: F(2,87)=1.151, p=0.324). For single-leg-stance exercises, the minimum JRF was similar for SLSS (mean:-0.34BW, SD:0.22) and SLS (mean:-0.55BW, SD:0.25, p=0.056), but higher in the posterior direction for SLSA (mean:-0.98BW, SD:0.49, p0.001; Welch-Test: F(2,54.379)=22.536, p0.001). Maximum JRF differences were also significant (ANOVA: F(2,87)=11.546, p0.001), with SLSS (mean:0.01BW, SD:0.22) showing a significant higher anterior JRF compared to SLS (mean:-0.16BW, SD:0.19, p=0.020). In the progression from SCS, SC to step-up, there was a significant difference in minimum JRF (ANOVA: F(2,87)=5.33, p=0.007), but not in maximum JRF (ANOVA: F(2,87)=0.624, p=0.538). SCS (mean:-3.42BW, SD:0.38) and SC (mean:-3.48BW, SD:0.54) showed no difference (p=1.000), but SC was significantly higher than step-up (mean:-3.58BW, SD:0.62, p=0.036).
Conclusion(s):
The exercises show differences in the JRF according to stages of progression, which can be taken into account when selecting exercises. Future research should address the group of patients who have undergone knee arthroplasty.
Implications:
In the future, it may be feasible to quantify patients' resilience based on sensor data and associate this with the optimal progression of an exercise sequence throughout the rehabilitation process.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are essential for modern technology, enabling precise geographic positioning in aviation, maritime shipping, and automotive systems. In the future, their role will be even more critical for autonomous vehicles, which rely on accurate localization for navigation and decision-making. However, the increasing connectivity of autonomous vehicles exposes them to cyber threats, including GNSS spoofing attacks, which manipulate location data to mislead onboard systems. As reliance on GNSS grows, so does the risk posed by spoofing attacks, making it a critical security concern. This paper describes GNSS spoofing attacks on autonomous vehicles, focusing on their detection both during and after an attack. Furthermore, we analyze data storage strategies to facilitate effective forensic analysis. We highlight the importance of position, signal, and camera data, which should be preserved to ensure a comprehensive forensic investigation. Finally, we suggest a simulation setup that enables studying which data could be used for a forensic investigation. Additionally, we examine established data frameworks and decide whether they are suitable for detecting GNSS spoofing attacks.
Ensuring the security of modern automotive systems is critical due to their increasing complexity and reliance on interconnected Electronic Control Units. The Controller Area Network still serves as a key communication protocol within these systems, making it a primary target for security testing. Traditional fuzz testing approaches for Controller Area Networks often rely on random or brute-force message generation, not leveraging the system’s feedback to improve the generation process. This paper introduces the Genetic Fuzz Data Generator, a fuzzing method that leverages Genetic Algorithms and side-channel analysis to enhance Controller Area Network security testing. The Genetic Fuzz Data Generator dynamically refines its fuzzing strategy by evaluating system responses through side-channel data, such as processing unit temperatures and power supply variations. By structuring Controller Area Network messages as genetic individuals and applying evolutionary principles—including selection, crossover, and mutation—the Genetic Fuzz Data Generator systematically identifies active Controller Area Network IDs and generates targeted fuzz messages. Experimental validation was conducted on a real automotive electronic control unit within a controlled laboratory setup. The first results demonstrated the approach’s effectiveness, revealing system anomalies, including a Denial of Service vulnerability that disrupted functions of the investigated Electronic Control Unit. The findings highlight the potential of feedback-driven fuzzing for improving the efficiency of black-box security testing in Controller Area Network-based systems. Future research could further optimize fitness functions or explore
additional side-channel metrics.
Bodenverklebungen - wie elektrische Ströme das Adhäsionsverhalten bindiger Böden beeinflussen
(2024)
In der Bauausführung und Maschinentechnik sieht man sich immerwährend mit Haft- und Reibkräften zwischen Stahloberflächen und bindigen Böden konfrontiert. Im (Spezial-)tiefbau und auch im Tunnelbau führt die Adhäsionsneigung bindiger Böden an Aushubwerkzeugen zu massiven wirtschaftlichen Einbußen der jeweiligen Baumaßnahme und ist mit großem energetischem Aufwand für die Reinigung der Werkzeuge verbunden. In den vergangenen Jahren wurde über den Einsatz eines elektrischen Gleichspannungsfeldes eine vielversprechende Lösung diskutiert. In den ersten labortechnischen Untersuchungen konnte dabei ein Zusammenhang von elektrischen Gleichspannungsfeldern und Scher- und Zugwiderständen zwischen Stahloberflächen und bindigen Böden herausgearbeitet werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der Vorbehalte gegenüber elektrischen Strömen wurde innerhalb dieser vorgestellten Arbeit die Stromstärke auf ein Minimum reduziert. Es sollte unter definierten Rahmenbedingungen der minimal nötige Stromfluss herausgefunden werden, unter dem der gewünschte Effekt einer Adhäsionsreduktion eintritt. Bisher wurden ausschließlich die Effekte an der Kathode untersucht, ergänzend hierzu wurde in einer ersten Analyse der Einfluss des elektrischen Stroms auf die Scher- und Zugwiderstände an der Anode qualifiziert.
Der Artikel präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer deutschlandweiten quantitativen Online-Befragung von Therapeut*innen der Logopädie/Sprachtherapie zur Nutzung mundmotorischer Übungen (MÜ) in der Artikulationstherapie bei Kindern. Demnach setzen 70 Prozent der 239 Befragten MÜ in der Therapie phonetischer Störungen ein und kennen MÜ aus ihrer Ausbildung, aus der Fachliteratur sowie aus Fortbildungen. Die am häufigsten ausgewählten Gründe für den Einsatz waren die Empfehlung der (früheren) Ausbildungseinrichtung, die eigene Berufserfahrung und Erkenntnisse der besuchten Fortbildungen. MÜ werden eingesetzt, weil sie im Rahmen von Fortbildungen, in Ratgebern und Lehrbüchern empfohlen werden. Dies widerspricht jedoch der Studienlage, welche die Wirksamkeit von MÜ zur Intervention bei phonetischen Störungen widerlegt. Die Erhebung zeigt, dass viele Therapeut*innen MÜ dennoch weiterhin verwenden. Der Artikel plädiert für ein effektives und effizientes Arbeiten auf der Grundlage evidenzbasierter Methoden auch in der Artikulationstherapie.
Theoretical considerations on 2D multistable tensegrity structures based on equilateral triangles
(2024)
Enhancing Expert Interviews: Insights from Information Systems and Digital Transformation Research
(2024)
Expert interviews, a commonly employed qualitative data collection procedure in information systems (IS) research, lack consistent conceptualization. This paper aims to address this gap by providing a conceptual framework and comprehensive guidelines for a rigorous implementation of expert interviews, supported by real-world examples. After a systematic selection of method-relevant literature, a thematic analysis of twenty-eight articles, books, and book chapters is conducted to elicit the distinctive characteristics and rigorous conduct of expert interviews. Validation is provided by analyzing nineteen studies published in important IS outlets that use expert interviews. A particular focus is on a subset of five studies that cover digital transformation topics. The analysis reveals expert interviews’ flexibility as data collection procedure and shows the wide range of application opportunities for IS researchers. Lastly, we discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings to enhance the rigor, systematic use, and relevance of expert interviews in IS research.