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This paper assesses the relationship between decision util-ity and experienced utility of recreational nature visits.The former is measured as the travel cost to reach that siteas routinely used by the travel cost method (TCM), andthe latter is operationalized through visit-related subjec-tive well-being (SWB). As such, the analysis is a test ofconvergent validity by examining whetherex anteTCM-based assessment of recreational value reflecting decisionutility corresponds to statedex postSWB, reflecting expe-rienced utility. It explores to what extent utility revealedby counts of nature visits are associated with self-reported,visit-related SWB relating to that same visited site. Theanalysis uses two existing datasets providing informationon (i) 3672 recreational visits to green/blue spaces inEngland over the course of four years and (ii) 5937 recrea-tional visits to bluespace sites across 14 European coun-tries over one year. Results show a positive associationbetween travel cost and visit-related SWB while control-ling for trip frequency and a large set of covariates,suggesting convergent validity of the two utility concepts.A breakdown by travel mode suggests this relationshiponly holds for trips involving motorized transport and isnot present for habitual, chore-like walking visits to therecreational site.
The dominant literature on the development of the EU's new economic governance regime suggests that it constitutes another step towards integration in the European fiscal policy framework. However, I argue that this limited view neglects the politics of labour that underlies European monetary integration. In the euro area competitiveness adjustment is promoted, which means in practice fostering and facilitating the confrontation of workers by employers in order to keep unit labour costs down. The new economic governance reforms consistently reinforced this policy-making logic. Its central innovation was the systematization and 'hardening' of the macroeconomic surveillance framework beyond fiscal policy, which created new competences at the EU level to intervene in national labour market policies, including wages. This is what is actually new about the new economic governance; marking a recent key moment in European monetary integration and reinforcing the politics of labour underlying it.
The question to be answered in this thesis is whether Germany’s democratic system can be shown to affect its cybersecurity strategy (CSS) when comparing it to countries with similar and less democratic governance systems. Therefore, cybersecurity strategies of the United States, Germany and China were compared – one full democracy, one flawed democracy and one autocratic country. Analysed was whether those strategies are defensive or offensive, thus more pacifistic or belligerent. It can be concluded that democracies are pacifistic in a dyadic way in cyberspace. There exist normative constraints for offensive cyber operations and strategies, which do not exist in autocratic countries. A public debate is taking place. Besides, power in democracies is decentralised, and various institutional control mechanisms exist. The industry is independent of the government, and leaders need to be accountable to their people. In addition, there is a difference between full and flawed democracies. There exist more constitutional and normative constraints that hinder the country to conduct offensive cyber operations in the full democracy, Germany. Those constraints are less strong in the US. Institutional and normative democratic deficits seem to increase a country’s offensiveness. Nevertheless, influential might as well be other factors, such as the fact, that the US was for years the world’s superpower and is embedded in a system of allies. China communicates its adherence to active defence, but the cybersecurity frame is used by the CCP to keep itself in power. Therefore, various means like economic espionage or technical information controls mechanisms are used.
The EFFORT Controlling Tool represents an instrument that can be used in order to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching formats related to sustainability and responsibility. It comprises two standardized questionnaires: a pre-course questionnaire that needs to be completed by format participants prior to participation and a post-course questionnaire that needs to be filled out afterwards. The work published here includes paper-pencil-versions of the pre- and post-course questionnaires along with some general information respective the tool and its application. It was developed within the framework of the ERASMUS+ project “EFFectiveness Of Responsibility Teaching“ (EFFORT) (see: https://effort.lehre.hwr-berlin.de/home).
AbstractThis paper examines the influence of the six World Governance Indicators (WGIs), as defined by the World Bank, on the real GDP growth of five emerging markets, the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries, and three advanced economies, the United States, Germany and Japan. The analysis is based on a panel data set containing the six WGIs along with further macroeconomic variables (government debt, external debt, current account balance, trade balance, budget balance, foreign exchange rate and short-term interest rate), with annual data from 1996 to 2018. We find that regulatory quality has a positive impact on economic growth, an effect that remains stable across all robustness tests. This indicates that a sound regulatory environment stimulates economic growth. We also find a negative impact of rule of law on economic growth, but this effect is not robust. The literature, however, documents a negative effect from income to rule of law, expressing that higher income does not necessarily lead to a demand for better institutions. A principal component analysis on the WGIs shows that governance is diverse across countries, while stable over time. The first two PCs capture more than 95% of the WGIs variance and are able to cluster emerging and developed markets.
Supporting Material for the Teaching Format “Innovation and Technology for Sustainable Future“
(2022)
This work comprises several materials related to the innovative higher education teaching format “Innovation and Technology for Sustainable Future“. It aims to support educators in designing and implementing sustainability- and responsibility-related teaching by presenting the module description, the course outline, the teaching approaches, methods and exercises used as well as an resource overview. The work was developed within the framework of the ERASMUS+ project “EFFectiveness Of Responsibility Teaching“ (EFFORT) (see: https://effort.lehre.hwr-berlin.de/home).
Supporting Material for the Teaching Format “Future Scenarios for Sustainable Business Solutions“
(2022)
This work comprises several materials related to the innovative higher education teaching format “Future Scenarios for Sustainable Business Solutions“. It aims to support educators in designing and implementing teaching formats at the intersection between sustainability and futures studies by presenting the module description, the course outline, the teaching approaches, methods and exercises used, as well as a resource overview. The work was developed within the framework of the ERASMUS+ project “EFFectiveness Of Responsibility Teaching“ (EFFORT) (see: https://effort.lehre.hwr-berlin.de/home).
This work comprises several materials related to the innovative higher education teaching format “Engaging for Sustainability“. It aims to support educators in designing and implementing sustainability- and responsibility-related teaching by presenting the module description, the course outline, the teaching approaches, methods and exercises used as well as an resource overview. The work was developed within the framework of the ERASMUS+ project “EFFectiveness Of Responsibility Teaching“ (EFFORT) (see: https://effort.lehre.hwr-berlin.de/home).
Supply chain viability (SCV) is an emerging concept of growing importance in operations management. This paper aims to conceptualize, develop, and validate a measurement scale for SCV. SCV is first defined and operationalized as a construct, followed by content validation and item measure development. Data have been collected through three independent samplings comprising a total of 558 respondents. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are used in a step-wise manner for scale development. Reliability and validity are evaluated. A nomological model is theorized and tested to evaluate nomological validity. For the first time, our study frames SCV as a novel and distinct construct. The findings show that SCV is a hierarchical and multidimensional construct, reflected in organizational structures, organizational resources, dynamic design capabilities, and operational aspects.
The findings reveal that a central characteristic of SCV is the dynamic reconfiguration of SC structures in an adaptive manner to ensure survival in the long-term perspective. This research conceptualizes and provides specific, validated dimensions and item measures for SCV. Practitioner directed guidance and suggestions are offered for improving SCV during the COVID-19 pandemic and future severe disruptions.
Recently, a number of structured funds have emerged as public-private partnerships with the intent of promoting investment in renewable energy in emerging markets. These funds seek to attract institutional investors by tranching the asset pool and issuing senior notes with a high credit quality. Financing of renewable energy (RE) projects is achieved via two channels: small RE projects are financed indirectly through local banks that draw loans from the fund’s assets, whereas large RE projects are directly financed from the fund. In a bottom-up Gaussian copula framework, we examine the diversification properties and RE exposure of the senior tranche. To this end, we introduce the LH++ model, which combines a homogeneous infinitely granular loan portfolio with a finite number of large loans. Using expected tranche percentage notional (which takes a similar role as the default probability of a loan), tranche prices and tranche sensitivities in RE loans, we analyse the risk profile of the senior tranche. We show how the mix of indirect and direct RE investments in the asset pool affects the sensitivity of the senior tranche to RE investments and how to balance a desired sensitivity with a target credit quality and target tranche size.
Businesses and governments are becoming increasingly concerned about the resilience of supply chains and calling for their review and stress testing. In this conceptual essay, we theorize a human-centred ecosystem viability perspective that spans the dimensions of resilience and sustainability and can be used as guidance for the conceptualization of supply chain resilience analysis in the presence of long-term crises. Subsequently, we turn to the technological level and present the digital supply chain twin as a contemporary instrument for stress testing supply chain resilience. We provide some implementation guidelines and emphasize that although resilience assessment of individual supply chains is important and critical for firms, viability analysis of intertwined supply networks and ecosystems represents a novel and impactful research perspective. One of the major outcomes of this essay is the conceptualization of a human-centred ecosystem viability perspective on supply chain resilience.
This work shows the results of the effectiveness testing of several higher education teaching formats/courses that are dealing with sustainability and/or responsibility and presents a variety of factors influencing teaching effectiveness. It was developed within the framework of the ERASMUS+ project “EFFectiveness Of Responsibility Teaching“ (EFFORT) (see: https://effort.lehre.hwr-berlin.de/home).
Sraffian supermultiplier models, as well as Kaleckian distribution and growth models that make use of non-capacity creating autonomous demand growth to cope with Harrodian instability, have paid little attention to the financial side of autonomous demand growth as the driver of the system. Therefore, we link the issue of Harrodian instability in Kaleckian models driven by non-capacity creating autonomous demand growth with the associated financial dynamics. For a simple model with autonomous government expenditure growth, zero interest rates and no consumption out of wealth, we find that adding debt dynamics does not change the results obtained by Skott (2017) based on Lavoie's (2016) model without debt, each published in this journal. Hence, in this simple model, the long-run equilibrium is stable if Harrodian instability is not too strong and the autonomous growth rate does not exceed a maximum given by the long-run equilibrium saving rate. Introducing interest payments on government debt as well as consumption out of wealth into the model, however, changes the stability requirements: First, the autonomous growth rate of government expenditures should not fall short of the exogenous monetary interest rate. Second, this growth rate should not exceed a maximum given by the saving rate in the long-run equilibrium net of the propensity to consume out of wealth. Third, Harrodian instability may be almost as strong as in the simple model without violating long-run overall stability, particularly if the propensity to consume out of wealth is low. We claim that irrespective of the relevance or irrelevance of Harrodian instability, it is necessary to introduce financial variables into models driven by non-capacity creating autonomous demand in order to assess the long-run (in-)stability and sustainability of growth.
The author investigates the different influences of labor shortage on wages in firms with or without collective bargaining agreements. In addition to training, technological solutions, and organizational flexibility, employers can also offer higher wages at a constant employment level to fill vacancies if the current payments are lower than the marginal revenue of the workers. Firms with collective bargaining agreements probably already pay wages according to marginal revenue or, in the case of rent sharing, above it, and the remuneration is probably also not adjusted. Using wage regressions with panel data for German establishments, this paper shows that collective bargaining and a lack of skilled workers can lead to higher wages. However, the latter only applies to firms that are not bound by collective agreements. Hence, wage differentials between these firms decrease, providing further explanation for a countercyclical development of the wage premium from the collective bargaining agreement.
Shaping a Sustainable Future
(2022)
This book gives insights into important factors that are shaping effective learning for sustainability and describes innovative teaching formats that will enable students to contribute to a more sustainable world in their future role as decision makers. Basic concepts in the context of sustainability-related teaching and learning are defined and the relation between learning objectives, methods, skills and outcomes is conceptualised. The book’s detailed description of 23 teaching formats, including their learning objectives, course contents and structure, as well as applied methods aims at supporting lecturers and trainers in the design of their own teaching formats. With conbtributions by Pilar Acosta, Bimal Arora, Hasret Balcioglu, Diana Bank Weinberg, Maria Angeles Bustamante Gallego, Silke Bustamante, Julen Castillo-Apraiz, Helen Chiappini, Arrate Lasa Elguezua, Iñaki Etaio Alonso, Diego Rada Fernandez de Jauregui, Irene Garnelo-Gomez, Jonatan Miranda Gomez, Zsuzsanna Győri, Tony Henshaw, Igor Hernandez Ochoa, Mark Hoyle, Maria V. Ilieva, Divya Jyoti, Achilleas Karayiannis, Prashan S. M. Karunaratne, Philipp Kenel, William Kitch, Tetiana Kravchenko, Idoia Larretxi Lamelas, Edurne Simón Magro, Olaia Martinez Gonzalez, Martina Martinovic, Virginia Navarro Santamaria, Maria, Nemilentseva, Rana Parweeen, Andrea Pelzeter, Daria Podmetina, Manuel Quirós, Ellen Saltevo, Marina Schmitz, Elena Senatorova, Kai Shaman, Aušrinė Šilenskytė, Julia Solovjova, Unai Tamayo Orbegozo, Marko, Torkkeli, Itziar Txurruka Ortega, Gustavo Vargas-Silva, Anna Young-Ferris and Chuan Yu.
The Central American countries made up of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama have shared a common electrical network for nine years through an agreement called the Electrical Interconnection System for Central American countries (SIEPAC). This regional project has generated many benefits for the consumers of each country since there are agreements and regulations, the establishment of a regional energy market, cost reduction, and incentives for renewable generation. However, SIEPAC's energy matrix has not managed to improve its diversification and has difficulties in accelerating and substantially increasing renewable energy options. The analysis indicates that considering some isolated efforts in the field of electromobility that some countries of the Central American region have carried out, it is feasible to connect or incorporate the topic of electromobility within the SIEPAC system, managing to accelerate the change in the Energy Matrix of the Electrical Interconnection System for Central American countries; Likewise, the challenges that must be overcome in the regulatory framework to materialize the expected benefits of the combined model of renewable energy and electromobility developed in this research are also indicated.
In 2021, Portuguese politics was strongly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In this constraining context, the Portuguese population went twice to the polls in presidential and local elections. Moreover, the Portuguese government was the holder of the presidency of the Council of the European Union. Throughout the year, the Portuguese government negotiated with the political parties to get the 2022 budget approved. However, most opposition parties rejected the budget for different reasons. Therefore, the President of the Republic dissolved Parliament and announced early elections for 30 January 2022. Although it was a difficult year, Portugal was able to implement an aggressive vaccination programme, which led to a high vaccination coverage of 80 per cent of the population.