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- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- pitting corrosion (1)
- polymer encapsulant (1)
- polymers (1)
- polymers of intrinsic microporosity (1)
- polynorbornenes (1)
- power-to-gas (1)
- risk, reliability, inspection planning, offshore wind turbines (1)
- rotor balde (1)
- rubber (1)
- sandwich (1)
- schwach und mittel radioaktive Abfälle (1)
- shell (1)
- solar cells (1)
- solid microanalysis (1)
- spent fuel storage (1)
- steel (1)
- storage (1)
- sulfidation (1)
- t90-Zeit (1)
- test method (1)
- thermography (1)
- thick metal plate welding (1)
- traceable standards (1)
- u-p-Formulierung (1)
- utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology (1)
- zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (1)
- µCT (1)
- Ökdoesign (1)
- Ökodeisgn (1)
- Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (274)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (178)
- 9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen (120)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (116)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (98)
- 3.4 Sicherheit von Lagerbehältern (75)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (71)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (66)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (65)
- 3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern (65)
Residual stress formation during repeated gouging and repair welding cycles of high-strength steels
(2024)
The construction of foundation and erection structures for wind power plants requires the use of modern, sustainable and resource-efficient high-strength fine-grained structural steels. Weld defects due to the welding process are unacceptable. To overcome this issue, local thermal gouging followed by re-welding is a common and cost-effective method. The high shrinkage restraint of the gouge by the surrounding structure can cause crack initiation when design and re-weld induced residual stresses are superimposed. This risk is intensified by the progressive degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the weld repair process.
This investigation focuses on high-strength steels S500MLO for offshore applications and S960QL for mobile crane applications. The reduction and development of residual stresses caused by local thermal gouging and re-welding was investigated. Digital Image Correlated (DIC) stress-strain analysis was performed during preheating, welding and cooling. The results of the global DIC analysis and local longitudinal and transverse residual stresses of the weld determined by X-ray diffraction were found to be in good agreement. Furthermore, different stress levels were identified during gouging and welding. Repeated repair cycles led to an increase of longitudinal and transverse residual stresses in the weld metal as well as a hardness increase in the heat affected zone.
We present our approach and methodology for simulating piping erosion, which occurs during the installation process of suction bucket foundations for offshore wind turbines. We show several simulations and analyze the hydrodynamic and contact forces acting on the granular fabric and the differential pressure of the fluid phase. We demonstrate weak scaling performance on the LUMI supercomputer with a parallel efficiency of up to 90% for 4096 Graphics Compute Dies.
Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung.
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr.
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden.
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit.
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.
To address the challenges of the climate crisis, multiple solutions for sustainable energy sources and storage systems are needed. One such solution is lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, 5 to 30 % of LIBs are discarded immediately after manufacturing. The homogeneous distribution of all materials used in the coating of cathodes and anodes is critical for the quality of LIBs. Furthermore, during formation i.e., the first steps of the charge/discharge cycling, the solid-electrolyte interphase forms on the anode particles, which has a huge impact on the performance. The same happens to some extent on the cathode, forming the cathode-electrolyte interphase. Fluorinated polymers and electrolytes are used in the manufacturing of LIBs. The electrolyte in particular is prone to degradation during formation and aging of the batteries. The interface of the cathode material with the aluminum current collector is also a critical point where degraded fluorine components cause pitting corrosion and at the same time promote passivation of the metal foil. Monitoring the spatial distribution of fluorine on these surfaces and interfaces is essential for sustainable LIB production.
In order to reduce global warming, the use of hydrogen as a renewable energy source is becoming more important. To enable this transition, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be safely transported and stored. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety distances. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames. To verify the applicability of these models to hydrogen, real-scale tests are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS) with the aim to assess the flame geometry and the emitted thermal radiation. Parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In particular, the focus will be laid on the measurement and modelling of the thermal radiation. The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. Following from the experimental investigations, modelling parameters such as the Surface Emissive Power (SEP) and the radiant heat fraction for hydrogen and methane will be compared to literature data.
Einleitend wird im Vortrag das Aktivitätsfeld Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung vorgestellt sowie eine kurze Einführung in die Terminologie der elektrischen Energiespeicher gegeben. Im Folgenden wird das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Hier wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung und den Aufbau eines Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene gelegt. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer ersten Versuchsserie vorgestellt. Zum Abschluss wird ein kurzer Ausblick zu weiteren anstehenden Versuchen gegeben.
Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator
(2024)
Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.
Im Rahmen des BMBF-Vorhabens SEE-2L wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Versuche vorgestellt.
Low Transformation Temperature (LTT)-Schweißzusätze stellen einen innovativen Ansatz zur Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit geschweißter Konstruktionen dar. LTT-Schweißzusätze zeichnen sich durch eine martensitische Phasenumwandlung nahe der Raumtemperatur aus, welche Druckeigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht und der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) generieren.
Dieser Vortrag fokussiert sich auf die gezielte Einbringung zusätzlicher LTT-Lagen an ermüdungskritischen Stellen von konventionell geschweißten Verbindungen. Dies ermöglicht eine ökonomische Anwendung, ohne dass die Schweißnahtintegrität zu stark beeinflusst wird. Die Auswirkungen zusätzlicher LTT-Lagen wurden anhand geschweißter Längssteifen aus hochfestem Stahl hinsichtlich der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Eigenspannungen untersucht. Unter Variation der Schweißgeschwindigkeit und Abstand zur konventionellen Naht konnten 3 unterschiedliche Nahtausführungen des Chrom-Nickellegierten LTT-Zusatzes bewertet werden.
Die chemische Zusammensetzung wurde mittels OES-Analysen untersucht. Dabei stellte heraus, dass die Aufmischung in allen Varianten sehr ähnlich war trotz teils unterschiedlicher LTT-Volumina. Härtebestimmungen ergaben in allen 3 Varianten eine ähnliche Härte. Daraus lässt sich annehmen, dass die Martensitstarttemperatur bei allen Nahtvarianten ähnlich ist.
Röntgenografische Eigenspannungsmessungen belegen, dass die Eigenspannungen am versa-genskritischen Nahtübergang bei Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen deutlich abgesenkt werden. Während die konventionelle Schweißnaht Zugeigenspannungen von ca. 350 MPa aufweist, können an den LTT-Nähten teilweise Druckeigenspannungen von bis zu -150 MPa nachgewiesen werden. Je höher der Abstand zur konventionellen Naht und je größer das eingebrachte LTT-Volumen ist, umso stärker sind die Eigenspannungsreduzierungen am Nahtübergang. Da in allen 3 Varianten eine ähnliche Martensitstarttemperatur angenommen werden kann, ist somit die Geometrische Komponente der LTT-Zusatzlage ein entscheidender Faktor für die Eigenspannungsreduzierung.
Dem AVK-Arbeitskreis Wasserstoff-Drucktanks werden ausgehend von Zielen und Aufgaben der BAM sowie der Fachkompetenz auf dem Gebiet der Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern über die prüftechnische Ausstattung, die angewendeten und weiterentwickelten Prüf- und Untersuchungsmethoden sowie zu Beispielen von Forschungsvorhaben wie DELFIN, COLIBRI und SH2APED berichtet.
Packages for the transport of radioactive material are designed to en-dure severe accidents. Packages for the transportation of radioactive material must demonstrate that the package can withstand certain prescribed tests from the IAEA Regulations [1]. In addition to mechanical tests, a thermal test in form of a fire test must be carried out. As packages to be tested at BAM are signifi-cantly larger than previous package designs, BAM has expanded an existing fire test stand. A modular concept is chosen, which means that the arrangement of the burner nozzles can be adapted to the test specimen. The dimensions of the burner rings, the type, the orientation and the number of burner nozzles can be varied depending on the test specimen. In addition, various pumps can be used to set the corresponding mass flow. With the help of a calorimeter test, the fire test stand can be qualified for a specific size of packages regarding the boundary conditions of the IAEA Regulations [1]. Due to the typically wood filled impact limiters in German package designs, a fire test is necessary, as experiments have shown that possible openings that occurred during a mechanical test contributed to the igni-tion of the wood filled impact limiters within the prescribed 30 minutes of the IAEA Regulations [1]. From a series of experiments, two experiments are pre-sented to show the possibilities to obtain different temperatures and temperature rates in the test specimen. In addition to sensor data, the heat flux into the package is calculated to verify that the IAEA boundary conditions are satisfied. In addition to the temperature data, other data such as wind speed and wind direction are also recorded to explain subsequent effects in the measurement data in a comprehen-sible manner.
Germany had been transporting spent fuel to the reprocessing plant in Sellafield and La Hague for decades until around 2005. Resulting from the obligation to take back the vitrified high-level waste from reprocessing six CASTOR® HAW28M filled with 168 canisters with radioactive waste in vitrified form were transported from Sellafield to the interim storage facility Biblis in 2020. Rail wagons were used for the transport to the port in Barrow-in-Furness, where they were loaded into a dedicated seagoing vessel, certified as INF Class 3 according to the INF Code. This was the first time that vitrified high level waste with considerable heat load was transported under a German design approval certificate.
BAM was involved in the authority assessment of the conditions for the sea transport. For the first transport BAM required among others, assessment of temperature distribution during transport, logging of temperatures of cargo bays and graphical imaging of temperatures of the bay with the cask in order to ensure compliance with temperature specifications, e.g. maximal neutron absorber and gasket temperatures. Special interest was taken in the identification of possible events exceeding the specified temperatures considering the different philosophies of IMDG code and its supplement INF code regarding temperature control of hatches. Results show compliance with assumed conditions.
Der Bau von Gründungs- und Turmstrukturen für Windkraftanlagen erfordert den Einsatz moderner, nachhaltiger und ressourcenschonender hochfester Feinkornbaustähle. Durch den Schweißprozess verursachte Schweißnahtfehler sind nicht akzeptabel. Um diese zu beheben, ist das lokale thermische Fugenhobeln mit anschließendem Reparaturschweißen ein gängiges und wirtschaftliches Verfahren. Die hohe Schrumpfbehinderung um die ausgefugte Nut durch das umgebende Gefüge kann zu Rissbildung führen, wenn sich konstruktiv bedingte Spannungen und Eigenspannungen aus der Reparaturschweißung überlagern. Diese Gefahr wird durch die Verschlechterung der Mikrostruktur und der mechanischen Eigenschaften hochfester Stähle während des Schweißreparaturprozesses noch verstärkt.
The presentation gives an overview of BAM's activities on processing influences and application properties of MPEAs in the form of joined and machined high and medium entropy alloys (CoCrFeMnNi and CoCrNi). In the case of welding, the focus is on defect-free welded joints with sufficient mechanical properties. In the case of machining, the focus is on the possible influence on the surface quality of the materials through adequate milling parameters. In addition, the hydrogen absorption and diffusion properties as well as the electrochemical corrosion behavior are fundamentally examined.
Lithium (Li), Boron (B), Nitrogen (N), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca) are pivotal elements across various spheres such as the hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, significantly impacting (bio-) geochemical and physiological processes. These elements exhibit stable isotopes with substantial roles in geological, environmental, and biological studies. The traditional method for measuring isotope amount ratios has been through mass spectrometry, which, despite its accuracy, comes with high operational costs, the need for skilled operators, and time-consuming sample preparation processes.
Combining optical spectroscopy with chemometrics introduces an innovative, cost-effective approach by the hand of high-resolution continuum source atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS and HR-CS-MAS) for the analysis of isotope ratios in Li, B, N, Mg, and Ca. By analyzing the atomic or molecular absorption spectrum of the in-situ generated cloud of atoms of diatomic molecules (e.g., Li, BH, NO, MgF, CaF) during the electronic transition from the fundamental state, this method allows for the rapid determination of isotope ratios directly from sample solutions without the need for complex sample preparation.
For each element, the respective atomic or molecule's absorption spectrum was deconvoluted into its isotopic components using partial least squares regression or machine learning algorithms. Robust calibration models were developed, calibrated with enriched isotope, and validated against certified reference materials. Spectral data underwent preprocessing to optimize the modeling to determine the optimal number of latent variables.
The findings showcase that this optical spectrometric method yields results that agree with those obtained via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), offering a promising, cost-effective, and rapid alternative for isotope analysis with precisions as low as ± 0.2‰. This approach is a significant advancement in analytical chemistry, providing a new way to study isotope variations in biological, environmental, and geological samples.
What does GD-OES reveal about the aging and manufacturing processes of lithium-ion batteries?
(2024)
Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES), a powerful analytical technique, sheds light on the two critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): manufacturing and aging 1, 2. We optimized cell production in manufacturing by adjusting parameters, including cathode doping, electrolyte concentration, and pressing force. GD-OES provided in-depth elemental composition and homogeneity analysis, which is crucial for identifying optimal manufacturing conditions. These findings were validated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, confirming the quality of the manufactured batteries.
Shifting the focus to aging, we use GD-OES for fluorine depth profiling, a key element in understanding polymer and electrolyte degradation. However, fluorine presents analytical challenges. We addressed this by substituting argon with a neon:argon mixture, which significantly enhanced fluorine detection sensitivity. This advancement not only improves accuracy but also holds the potential to guide sustainable and cost-efficient manufacturing strategies.
Through its versatility, GD-OES has proven to be a powerful tool for not only optimizing LIB manufacturing processes but also gaining deeper insights into their aging mechanisms. This research extends beyond academic interest, offering tangible benefits for the industry by translating into improved battery quality, extended lifespan, and overall performance.
Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen bei Hochdruck im Realmaßstab
(2024)
Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle, welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 30 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen.
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen.
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.
In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions.The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.
In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
In this presentation safety aspects of hydrogen transportation are discussed. At first, the regulatory background and level of safety are presented. In the second part, the modelling of consequence due to sudden rupture of pressure receptacles is explained. Finally, the results are used to define a limit for consequence to enable an acceptable and safe transport of hydrogen.
In einem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart wird das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Zielsetzung ist die Bereitstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Bestim-mung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbe-reich. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuchswerkstoff der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 näher vorgestellt. Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse von zwei bruchmechanischen Versuchsserien an SE(B)140-Großproben bei Belastungsraten von ca. 6∙104 MPa√ms-1 bei -40 °C und 60 °C präsentiert.
Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to IAEA SSG-26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the research project is on brittle fracture. The goal is the establishment of a methodology to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component.
The experimental program uses a DCI material of grade GJS-400, which is generally used for transport and storage containers of radioactive materials. Firstly, a basic mechanical-technological material characterization will be performed consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests. Following the material characterization, the loading rate relevant for brittle fracture will be determined using instrumented C(T)25-fracture tests at a temperature of -40°C. To be able to transfer the relevant loading rate to other specimen geometries or sizes, the time-dependent course of the Weibull stress is assessed via numerical analyses. With this information an extensive experimental program consisting of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25 and SE(B)140 specimens is performed. These experimental results will be further supported by numerical and fractographic analyses. The empirical experimental database developed for DCI materials will be used to assess the applicability of the MC concept for DCI materials under dynamic loading.
At the current time manufacturing and precracking of test specimens is ongoing. The authors provide first results concerning the mechanical-technological material characterization, the relevant loading rate for brittle fracture determined via C(T)25 tests, and some early results of other specimen types. These experimental results are also supported by preliminary numerical and statistical analyses.
Erstarrungsrisse bilden sich beim Schweißen hinter dem Schmelzbad. Im verwendeten MAG-Schweißverfahren wurden stark eingespannte Schweißungen mit verschiedenen hochfesten Schweißzusätzen durchgeführt. Alle verwendeten Zusätze weisen unter gewöhnlicher Einspannung keine Tendenz zur Erstarrungsrissbildung auf. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Schweißparameter und des Einspanngrades konnten Erstarrungsrisse in den Nähten festgestellt werden. Die Versuche zeigen, dass beim Schweißen hochfester und stark eingespannter Kehlnähte eine Kombination von hohen Wärmeeinträgen und Schweißgeschwindigkeiten zu erhöhter Bildung von Erstarrungsrissen führen kann.
Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) tests are known for applicatying high restraint intensity to fillet welds. Due to two different variations of the test it was possible to apply different amounts of restraint intensity to high-strength GMAW fillet welds at a high level of restraint. The results show the effect of heat input, filler material and restraint intensity on solidification cracking susceptibility.
Die Umstellung der Wirtschaft auf wasserstoffbasierte Energieversorgung soll in Deutschland vor allem auf Basis der Umstellung des bestehenden Erdgasnetzes erfolgen. Dabei sollen ca. 90 % dieser Fernleitungsnetze auf dem bestehenden Erdgasnetz basieren. Die Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas als auch der reine Wasserstofftransport werfen jedoch die Frage auf, ob und wie kompatibel die eingesetzten Materialien sind. Die Reparatur- und Erweiterungsfähigkeit von Erdgas-Bestandspipelines ist zu klären, wenn diese auf Wasserstoff umgestellt werden. Denn gerade Gashochdruckleitungen müssen regelmäßig gewartet und erweitert werden, um einen ordnungsgemäßen Betrieb sicherzustellen. Insbesondere das Schweißen unter Betriebsdruck bzw. an in Betrieb befindlichen Gasleitungen ist eine der wichtigsten Instandhaltungstechnologien, unabhängig von der Zusammensetzung des geförderten Mediums. Es ist daher dringend notwendig, eine geeignete Teststrategie zu erarbeiten, welche die nötigen Vorrausetzungen für sicheres Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen Druckwasserstoffleitungen schafft und entsprechende Kriterien für die Praxis liefert. Im Projekt H2-SuD - Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen - soll geklärt werden, ob und wie stark mit einer Eigenschaftsdegradation geschweißter Rohrstähle in Gasnetzen in Folge einer Wasserstoffaufnahme zu rechnen ist. Die Präsentation gibt dazu einen kurzen Überblick über den aktuellen Status des Projektes. Die Förderung erfolgt im Rahmen der DVGW-Innovationsprogammes Wasserstoff (Nr. G 202131).
Diese Studie konzentriert sich auf den Einfluss der Bearbeitung auf die Eigenspannungen und den Verzug von WAAM-Proben. Definierte Proben wurden vollautomatisch mit einem speziellen WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >820 MPa) mit unterschiedlichen geometrischen Designs geschweißt. Der Eigenspannungszustand vor und nach dem Abtrennen der AM-Struktur von der Substratplatte wurde mittels Röntgenbeugung an der Probenoberfläche analysiert und durch 3D-Verformungsanalysen mittels Photogrammetrie ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Einfluss der Geometrie auf die Relaxation und Umverteilung der Eigenspannungen.
Der Vortrag befasst sich mit der gezielten Einbringung zusätzlicher LTT-Lagen zur Erzeugung von Druckeigenspannungen in ermüdungskritischen Bereichen von konventionellen Schweißverbindungen. Dies ermöglicht eine wirtschaftliche Lösung, ohne die Integrität der Schweißverbindungen zu beeinträchtigen. Dazu wurden Längssteifen aus hochfestem Stahl in der ersten Lage mit konventionellem Schweißzusatzwerkstoff mittels Metall-Lichtbogenschweißen geschweißt. Anschließend wurde ein Chrom-Nickel-legierter LTT-Schweißzusatz auf die Stirnseiten der Steifen aufgebracht. Durch Variation der Schweißparameter konnten verschiedene Schweißnahtgeometrien des LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffs analysiert werden.
MVT testing was conducted in Transvarestraint mode in multiple welding conditions and under a range of bending speeds. The materials observed were high strength filler metals used in GTAW namely DIN EN ISO 16834-A G 69 4 M21 Mn3Ni1CrMo (G69), 16834-A G 89 6 M21 Mn4Ni2CrMo (G89 6), 16834-A G 89 5 M21 Mn4Ni2,5CrMo (G89 5) and a filler wire 18276-A T 89 4 ZMn2NiCrMo M M21 1 H5 (T89). For evaluation light optical microscope pictures were used. Pixels containing cracks were manually segmented using a self-written program. Out of the segmented images data including crack length, position and area can be calculated for every crack. The results show dependencies of solidification cracking on the test parameters.
Next to chemical composition, metallurgy and welding parameters, the intensity of restraint is one of the variables influencing solidification cracking. Tests like the Houldcroft Test, rate the hot cracking susceptibility indirectly on the amount of restraint the welding can endure without cracking. Modern lightweight steel construction welds can be subject to a larger amount of restraint due to their high-strength nature compared to classical use cases. By varying the plate thickness of Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) tests produced out of S1100 QL, it was possible to vary the intensity of restraint on fillet welds at a high level. Testing was conducted with four different filler wires for Metal Active Gas (MAG) welding, including three solid and one metal-cored wire. In addition, two sets of welding parameters were tested. The first set with high heat input and high welding speed was shown to be more prone to solidification cracking compared to the second set with lower heat input and welding speed. The results show an increase in solidification cracking with increasing restraint severity.
Influence of machining on residual stresses in additive manufactured high-strength steel components
(2024)
This study focuses on the effect of machining on the residual stresses and distortion of WAAM specimens. Defined specimens were welded fully automatically with a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength >820 MPa) with different geometric designs. The residual stresses state before and after cutting of the AM structure from the substrate plate were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction on the specimen surface and complementary by 3d deformation analyses using photogrammetry. The results reveal significant influences of the geometry on the relaxation and redistribution of residual stresses.
This presentation describes the usability of the hollow tensile specimen technique for in-situ material testing in a hydrogen atmosphere.
In addition, the presentation provides an outlook on the methodology for investigating the suitability of pipeline steels and their weld seams for hydrogen operation.
This article focuses on the selective placement of additional LTT layers to generate compressive residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas of conventional weld joints. This enables an economical solution without effecting the integrity of welded joints. For this, longitudinal stiffeners made of high-strength steel were gas metal arc welded using conventional welding consumable in the first layer. Afterwards, a chromium-nickel alloyed LTT welding consumable was deposit on front sides of the stiffeners. By varying the welding parameters, different weld geometries of the LTT filler metal could be analyzed. The effects of additional LTT layers were investigated with regards to residual stresses, microstructure and strength. X-ray residual stresses measurements show that the residual stresses at the failure critical weld toe are significantly reduced by using additional LTT layers. While the conventional weld is characterized by tensile residual stresses, compressive residual stresses can be detected at the LTT weld. The level of residual stresses is influenced by the geometry of the LTT layer. Additional LTT layers with a high offset to the conventional weld generate more compressive residual stress in the HAZ than with a low offset. Therefore, the weld geometry has a considerable impact on the residual stress profile.
Ultrasonic echo testing is a well-established non-destructive testing technique used to investigate the interior of concrete structures in civil engineering. For the reconstruction of internal features, methods similar to seismic imaging are applied. To improve the ultrasonic imaging capabilities, we investigate the potential of a newly available 3D matrix mode measurement device in combination with advanced imaging techniques.
Commonly used ultrasonic array measurement devices rely on several ultrasonic transducers coupled to act as one transducer that transmits or receives transversal ultrasound waves. Although this approach is well suited to detect elongated structures such as pipes and rebars, it has limitations if 3D embedded objects are present. Hence, the ultrasonic device MiraA1040Pro used here is designed to measure the ultrasonic wavefield on a 4 by 16 matrix of individual transducers. For testing, we used laboratory specimens with linear and spheric embedded structures first. Both linear and matrix mode measurements were conducted and analysed using the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique
(SAFT) which is similar to Kirchhoff migration. Second, we used a data set from Teutschenthal mine at a shotcrete specimen constructed to simulate engineered barriers tailored for nuclear waste repositories. Ultrasonic measurements were investigated as a tool for quality assurance of these structures. The specimen contains both artificial 3D artifacts as well as naturally occurring defects such as a delamination. To make use of the advanced data acquisition, focusing 3D imaging techniques are applied to further improve the imaging quality.
Generally, the reconstructed images from the 3D matrix mode data have a lower level of Signal-to-Noise-Ratio than the 2D linear mode because the source signal is weaker compared to the linear mode. Moreover, complex wave conversions of the SH-transversal wave occur that are reduced in the 2D linear scenario. However, clearer images can be achieved at non-linear features, particularly with focusing imaging methods. Thus, combining 3D data acquisition techniques with advanced imaging methods improves the success in imaging complex concrete structures. This is of particular interest for thick concrete structures in nuclear barrier systems or foundations. Additionally, we demonstrate opportunities to use well-constrained test laboratory scenarios from non-destructive testing as a practical test case for geophysical methods.
Evaluation of Heat Fluxes in Fire Reference Test Conducted in BAM Propane Gas Fire Test Facility
(2024)
Packages for the transport of intermediate- and high-level radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has established specific mechanical and thermal tests. Packages for the transport of radioactive material must withstand these tests to comply with the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials IAEA [IAEA (2018)]. A fire reference package was developed with the primary objective to demonstrate that the fire meets the regulatory requirements. Another aim is to characterise the boundary conditions of the actual fire as input parameters for thermo-mechanical simulations. A simple method to characterise the boundary conditions of a real steady state fire with a fire reference package is presented. The thermal test mainly consists of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, such as a propane gas fire. The fire reference tests are performed prior to the actual fire test with the real package. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. To investigate local and overall heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for repeated use. The fire reference package presented in this paper represents the outer geometry of a small transport container for radioactive material and is used as a device in civil engineering. It is designed as a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 182 mm and a diameter of 102 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Open-air fire tests were performed in a BAM propane gas fire test facility with the fire reference package. The measured temperatures are used to determine the changes of heat fluxes into the fire reference package in relation to the package surface temperature. The calculated heat fluxes allow its fitting to express the thermal exposure as simple mathematical boundary condition. Therefore, in a first approach, fire properties such as adiabatic surface temperature (AST) as proposed by Wickström et al. (2007), convection coefficient and emissivity are determined mathematically fitting the heat flux development presented in this paper. The evaluated results provide an initial picture of local fire characteristics of the conducted propane gas fire and are a further development of previous works from Feldkamp et al. (2020). The results can be used in thermal and thermo-mechanical models to simulate the load on the real transport package in fire. The test shows that the examined propane gas fire covers the IAEA-fire over a wide range of surface temperatures with the chosen test stand parameters.
Joining and welding technologies are of high importance for the manufacturing of components and parts used in sustainable energy generation, conversion, and transport. In that connection, offshore and on-shore installed wind turbines are of high interest for the generation of electrical energy as well as photo-voltaic systems (solar cells). The electricity can be either directly transported or conversed via power-to-gas e.g., to hydrogen. In that scope, electrolyzer up to MW-range are of interest as well as the conver-sion back to electricity via fuel cells. In addition, hydrogen is a key element of the decarburization of in-dustries as well as the mobility sector encompassing sea, air and land transportation driven by hydrogen or its derivates. Well-known examples cover the direct reduction of iron ore to replace the conventional blast furnace process up to gas turbines or fuel cells for home-end use. All mentioned technologies re-quire reliable components, which are to a high extend dependent on joining and especially welding pro-cessing of materials. Especially, the (petro-) chemical industry has many years of experience with both materials used in hydrogen applications. The challenge is e.g., the transition to mass production of sys-tem components of electrolyzers/fuel cells and for distribution grids. At this point, the scalability of cur-rently applied joining processes often limits the economic efficiency, whereas especially laser welding or additive manufacturing will be of high interest. In that connection, it is very important to provide answers by joint research of universities, institutes, and industrial companies. Very often, solutions are already available and “just” have to be investigated and adapted for the new application, like repair welding of NG pipelines. For that reason, we want to set up a series of comprehensive papers with the aforementioned title. The idea is to get an in-depth but manageable overview of the importance of joining technologies in sustaina-ble energy generation, conversion, and transport encompassing current processes, limitations, and fur-ther perspectives. In that connection, the additive manufacturing is gaining more and more attention. If applicable, current challenges in the adaption or creation of new standards/regulations shall be addressed.
Microalloying elements such as Nb and Ti play a decisive function in achieving the desired mechanical strength of quenched and tempered, high-strength fine-grain structural steels with a nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa. The current specifications for the chemical composition only provide manufacturers with upper limits. However, even minor deviations in the alloy concept can have a significant impact on the mechanical properties. Consequently, accurate prediction of weldability and the integrity of welded joints becomes difficult or even impossible due to differences in composition and the resulting microstructures. Undesirable consequences include a possible softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or, conversely, hardening effects. In view of these challenges, various microalloying strategies with different Ti and Nb contents are being systematically investigated for the first time using specially developed laboratory casting alloys. Each alloying route is based on the common S690QL, maintaining both the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters. To analyse the weldability, three-layer welds were performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and critical microstructures, such as areas of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) that exhibit significant softening or hardening, were identified. The effect of the softened HAZ region on failure was evaluated using transverse tensile specimens. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to image changes in local strains in different HAZ regions in situ. Using a specially developed mirror system, the local strains of the microstructure zones on the top and bottom of the weld are recorded simultaneously. This makes it possible to analyse how the weld seam geometry (e.g., V-seam) influences the strain gradients. In addition, the analysis of the local deformation helps to understand the effects of the softened HAZ on the global strain, the fracture constriction, the fracture position, and the overall fracture behavior.
As energy carrier of the future, green hydrogen can make a decisive contribution to a sustainable energy supply. Particularly important is the decarbonization of heavy industry. Therefore, a reliable supply of hydrogen must be guaranteed. A hydrogen pipeline grid can achieve this purpose. In Europe concrete plans for a hydrogen pipeline grid already exist, as the so called “European Hydrogen backbone”. As building a completely new pipeline grid is economically not justifiable, a dual-way strategy of repurposing natural gas (NG) pipelines and newly built pipelines is intended. Long distance pipeline grids require regular maintenance and repairs. For natural gas (NG) pipelines in-service welding is state of the art. Concepts such as hot-tapping (drilling into pressurized pipelines) and “stoppling” (sealing off pipeline sections after installing bypasses or pressure relieves) allow the repair of damaged pipeline sections or the installation of new branches without shutting the pipeline down, which in most cases isn’t possible from an economic standpoint. The EIGA 121/14 guideline already pointed out in 2014 that “a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure”. This shows that the determination of the transferability of these repair concepts to hydrogen pipelines is of utmost importance. Due to the degrading effects of hydrogen on mechanical proper-ties, commonly referred to as “hydrogen embrittlement” it is necessary to understand and investigate the occurring effects. In the special case of repair welding on in-service hydrogen pipelines an increased hydro-gen uptake due to a large heat input and microstructural changes in the material needs to be considered. Therefore, material degradation must be investigated to determine whether modifications of repair procedures are necessary to ensure a reliable and safe hydrogen transportation via pipelines. For this reason, this paper gives an overview on existing weld repair concepts and its risks and limitations in terms of hydrogen absorption and possible embrittlement effects when transferred to hydrogen pipelines. The complexity lies in a large variety of materials (low alloyed steels), pipeline diameters and corresponding welded joints. The material compatibility of materials in used (repurposed NG-pipelines) and new condition must be investigated. Particularly for repurposed/used pipelines the effect of a pre-matured/corroded inner surface and sometimes insufficient documentation of the material “history” needs to be considered. An overview on ongoing and completed R&D-projects with respect to repair concepts for hydrogen pipelines and hydrogen effects on pipeline materials is given. The focus hereby lies on possible methods of material testing and modeling. Its current difficulties, limits and possible solution will be discussed.
Contemporary steels creep-resistant steels like the 13CrMoV9-10 are used as thick plates e.g., for applications in hydrocrackers. The large plate thickness requires high efficiency welding processes like submerged arc welding (SAW) and a mandatory post weld heat treatment (PWHT). The PWHT-parameters stem from a combination of empirical knowledge and traditional experiments on free shrinking (FS) welds. In that connection, the formation of so-called stress-relief cracking (SRC) must be anticipated. The SRC susceptibility of a welded component is a complex combination and interaction of com-ponent specific, thermal, and metallurgical factors. Many of which have to date not been conclusively researched. For example, it is well known that SRCs develop during PWHT due to formation and growth of carbides on prior austenite grain boundaries, resulting in a significant hardness increase (secondary hardening) and toughness decrease. This leads to a high SRC susceptibility of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of the last weld bead during PWHT. This is intensified in case of high residual stresses from the component-specific, structurally induced stiffness. In combination with multi-layer welding this leads to a multiaxial stress distribution. Nonetheless, the combined effect of PWHT and high-residual stresses on the SRC formation is merely unknown. For that reason, this study presents the effect of different heating rates in conjunction with a certain component stiffness. For that reason, SAW joints of 13CrMoV9-10 steel were investigated under FS and defined external restraint condition.
Der Wasserstofftransport auf der Straße ist wichtig und wird wie der noch geringe Transport auf der Schiene weiter stark zunehmen. Die bisherige Effizienzsteigerungen sind über Werkstoff- und Designänderungen vom Vollstahl über umfangsumwickelte Stahl- bis zu Compositespeichern mit Kunststofflinern erfolgt.
Hinzu kam die auf Basis der BAM-GGR 022 an Vorbedingungen geknüpfte Prüffristverlängerung von 5 auf 10 Jahre. Die wiederkehrende Prüfung von großen Transporteinheiten bedeutet jedes Mal einen Stillstand von gut 8 Wochen. Entsprechend steht mit Blick auf die weitere Effizienzsteigerung die Reduktion des Prüfaufwands im Fokus.
Eine Effizienzsteigerung kann nach aktueller Rechtslage geschehen, indem die hydraulische Prüfung auf eine Gasdruckprüfung umgestellt wird. Dies könnte zukünftig mit geeigneten Arbeitsschutzmaßnahmen pneumatisch durchgeführt werden – auch ohne Rechtsänderung.
Ein deutlich größerer Schritt in Richtung Verbesserung des Aufwands- zu Nutzenverhältnis ließe sich erreichen, indem die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung nicht mehr nur als Arbeitsschutz-motiviertes, begleitendes, sondern als zentrales Prüfverfahren ausgebaut wird. Gerade wenn – wie für die Schallemissionsanalyse erwartet – eine relativ gute Abschätzung des Berstdruckes möglich ist, könnte auf die 100%-Prüfung verzichtet werden und bis zu einem kritischen Alter nur auf Stichprobenprüfung basieren, was allerdings erhebliche Rechtsänderung erfordert und auch neue Werkezuge der Informationsverwaltung.
Als Vorlage für einen praktischen Ansatz zur Rechtsänderungen inkl. Informationsverwaltung wird auf die SV 674 in Verbindung mit 6.2.3.5.3ff ADR/RID verwiesen. Dies kombiniert mit einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte, die auf der digitalen Qualitätssicherung (QI-digital) beruht, wäre ein mächtiges Werkzeug für eine Verbesserung des Aufwands- zu Nutzenverhältnis und so auch eine Lösung des mit der stark steigenden Anzahl der Transporteinheiten absehbaren Kapazitätsproblems in der wiederkehrenden Prüfung.
The hydrogen economy is one of the main solutions for achieving climate neutrality in Europe. Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide (e.g., autoclave technique).
The hollow specimen technique is presented as an alternative method that can overcome the limitations of current techniques and complement them. To standardise the technique, a process has been initiated by ISO in 2021. Knowledge gaps for tests with the technique in hydrogen have been identified by DIN. The H2HohlZug project, which falls under the umbrella of TransHyDE, aims to address the identified knowledge gaps and provide a foundation for a comprehensive standardisation of the hollow specimen technique.
This presentation discusses the potentials of probabilistic methods in offshore foundation installation, from the perspective of probabilistic ground models and data-driven site characterization. We discuss about methodologies for utilizing site-specific geotechnical (CPT) and geological data, aiming to construct an integrated ground model that can predict stratigraphic profiles and useful for geotechnical design parameters at any location within a 3D domain. The predicted parameters and stratigraphy are then used to predict the probability of potential pile tip damage, upon collision with a boulder.