Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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Cyclic and linear poly(L-lactide)s by ring-expansion polymerization with Bu2SnO, Oct2SnO, and Bu2SnS
(2023)
To elucidate the usefulness of commercial Bu2SnO as catalyst for syntheses of linear and/or cyclic polylactides L-Lactide was polymerized in bulk with variation of the LA/Cat ratio, temperature and time. Based on a ring-expansion polymerization (REP) mechanism cyclic polylactides (PLAs) with weight average molecular weights in the range of 200,000–300,000 are obtained at the highest temperature (180 °C). Polymerizations at 150 °C yielded crystalline, mainly cyclic polylactides which, after annealing, showed high melting temperatures (up to 197.5 °C) and high crystallinities (>80%). Polymerization at 120 °C confirmed the trend towards more linear chains with lower temperatures but yielded extended-ring crystals showing a “saw-tooth pattern” in the mass spectra. Oct2SnO gave similar results as Bu2SnO. Bu2SnS proved a sluggish polymerization catalyst, but a good transesterification catalyst in solid PLA.
Phenolic compounds constitute a widespread and important class of water pollutants that should be efficiently removed from wastewater because of their toxicity even at low concentrations. They are indeed discharged in the liquid effluents from various factories: chemical, petrochemical, paper, wood, metallurgy and cocking plants 1. Phenols are also found in the waste waters of agroindustrial processes like the olive oil mills, tomato processing and wine distilleries 2,3. These contaminants cause several health problems for humans and aquatic organisms 4. Therefore, numerous studies on the removal of polyphenols from wastewaters have been conducted and many techniques have been used. Among them, adsorption is considered to be the best effective and low cost method. In this context, we have focused our efforts on optimizing adsorption process by development of novel, low-cost adsorbents derived from biobased byproducts with high adsorptive capacity.
The main aim of this study is to synthesize triazole-based poly(ether-pyridine)s as new synthetic adsorbent phases for the extraction of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, new fluoromonomers containing 1,2,3-triazole units were prepared by the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and then used for the elaboration of novel poly(ether-pyridine-triazole)s (PEPTs) by direct polycondensation with isosorbide and bisphenol A. Chemical structure of fluorinated pyridinic monomers as well as resulting polymers was confirmed by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopic methods. The thermal behaviour of the obtained PEPTs was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their uptake performance to eliminate organic compounds was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Lignin is a highly aromatic low value biomass residue, which can be utilized for chemicals, fuels and materials production. In recent years, significant attention has focused on adsorber materials based on lignin. However, only 5% of the available lignin is exploited worldwide, thus significant opportunities for materials development still exist. Lignin has been vastly utilized as a feedstock for the synthesis of adsorbers for the removal of dyes and toxic organic molecules . To improve adsorption capacity, lignin can be chemically modified with oxygen-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-containing functional groups. Most frequently the phenolic groups of lignin were modified. In order to extend the application of lignin as adsorbers, we are especially interested in the chemical modification of this natural resource with a bio-based linear difluoro oligomers LOx (di- or monofunctional) or a heterocyclic monomer (Figure).
MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry for the characterization of biobased polymers suitable for depollution
(2022)
In this work, bio-based polymers were synthesized and designed as polymers phases for adsorption of a variety of pollutants from aqueous solutions. The obtained adsorption results showed that the integration of bio-sourced synthons generate attractive hydrophilicity, and wettability of the resulting adsorbent phase. Such polymers phases enable stronger interactions with the organic and inorganic pollutants in water.
A wide variety of different bio-based polymers structures (e. g. poly(ethersulfones, poly(etherphosphines or poly(etherpyridines) with different functional groups were successfully designed in order to adapt chemical structure to different pollutants type and matrice nature.
In order to characterize and to determine the correlation between polymer structures and nature of interaction with pollutants, different analytical technics (NMR, GPC, ATG, DSC, Mass spectrometry) were successfully used. Amongst them, MALDI TOF mass spectrometry plays a superior role since this technique enables the simultaneous determination of the polymer structure, polymer end groups and molecular weight.
This work focusses on the characterization of synthesized polymers. The chemical structure of the repeating unit, the nature of the end groups, as well as the molecular weight, which are all important for the specific interactions of the polymer with the pollutants were clearly determined and suggestions to improve these interactions by changing the synthetic pathway could be given.
In this work, four triazole-based poly(ether-pyridine)s polymers were synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, new fluoromonomers containing 1,2,3-triazole units were prepared by the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and then used for the elaboration of novel poly(ether-pyridine-triazole)s (PEPTs) by direct polyconden-sation with isosorbide and bisphenol A. Chemical structure of fluorinated pyridinicmonomers as well as resulting polymers was confirmed by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopic methods. The thermal behavior of the obtained PEPTs was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Results of sorption showed that polymers can be effectively used as a sorbent for the removal of polarorganic pollutants. The isosorbide-based poly(ether-pyridine-triazole) which contains hydrophilic hydroxyl groups as pendants chains (P4) exhibited the highest sorption efficiencies (78%–100% after 1 h). In order to explain the results an adsorption mech-anism mainly based on π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding with the pendent groups is proposed.