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Understanding the fundamentals of bioreceptivity enables the developement of functionalized materials. Concrete as the most used building material worldwide is of special interest as microbially greened panels may represent an alternative to classic façade greening with plants.
As standards are not ye established, material characterization in context as well as bioreceptivity assessment itself has been proven to be difficult. The presentation reviews first results of methods adapted for this application.
The adaption of the set-up for gas permeability measurements for ultra-high performance concrete
(2022)
In the framework of this project, a steam pressure vessel was to be developed from ultra-high perfor-mance concrete (UHPC) to withstand process temperatures of 200 °C and the respective steam pressure of 15,5 bar. To guarantee the long-term water vapour tightness of the system, the permeability of two UHPC mixtures were tested after long-term cyclic autoclaving. As UPHC shows a high density and therefore low permeability, measurements after the RILEM-Recommendation (TC 116-PCD) reached their detection limit. Therefore, the measurement set-up was adapted to measure the permeability of highly dense UHPC more reliably and quickly. This adaption includes measurements in a higher pres-sure range, the change of sample size thickness and the usage of Ar as a medium compared with the RILEM Recommendation. Additionally, the system was equipped with two pressure sensors and Ar-flowmeters to guarantee a continuous record of the experimental parameters. The new system was tested and evaluated by comparing measurements with the RILEM recommended system. Preliminary results show that the adapted system is capable to provide efficient and reliable results of concrete with low permeability.
Composition and microstructure stability of cement compound under cyclic hydrothermal condition
(2020)
There have been many researches focused on the performance improvement of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) by autoclaving treatment. The goal of autoclaving is to increase the pozzolanic reaction, and to densify the cement stone and the transition zone which originates from the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as silica fume, fly ash and blast furnace slag. Due to the superior properties, UHPC can also be utilized under high mechanical load and aggressive condition, for example, the fabrication of water tanks for thermal storage which is of great significance for saving energy and reducing CO2 emission. It is known that mineral stability of the hydration products of an inorganic binder is highly related to the temperature and pressure of the environment. A certain stable composition at room temperature, however, may undergo a phase transformation at high temperature and the performance decrease under this severe condition will generally be more severe. In this way, the rationale behind this deterioration under long-term hydrothermal condition involving many cycles and long duration has to be clarified, and then appropriate optimizing methods will be performed in order to obtain a kind of construction with high durability under aggressive environment. For this purpose, different types and amounts of SCMs are introduced into the standard mixture of UHPC and the phase compositions after autoclaving at 200 °C and 15.5 bar are determined by combined X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Mercury intrusion porosimeter is used to characterise the microstructure of the samples. In order to establish the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties, compressive and flexural strength are also investigated.
Composition and microstructure stability of cement compound under cyclic hydrothermal condition
(2020)
There have been many researches focused on the performance improvement of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) by autoclaving treatment. The goal of autoclaving is to increase the pozzolanic reaction, and to densify the cement stone and the transition zone which originates from the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as silica fume, fly ash and blast furnace slag. Due to the superior properties, UHPC can also be utilized under high mechanical load and aggressive condition, for example, the fabrication of water tanks for thermal storage which is of great significance for saving energy and reducing CO2 emission. It is known that mineral stability of the hydration products of an inorganic binder is highly related to the temperature and pressure of the environment. A certain stable composition at room temperature, however, may undergo a phase transformation at high temperature and the performance decrease under this severe condition will generally be more severe. In this way, the rationale behind this deterioration under long-term hydrothermal condition involving many cycles and long duration has to be clarified, and then appropriate optimizing methods will be performed in order to obtain a kind of construction with high durability under aggressive environment. For this purpose, different types and amounts of SCMs are introduced into the standard mixture of UHPC and the phase compositions after autoclaving at 200 °C and 15.5 bar are determined by combined X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Mercury intrusion porosimeter is used to characterise the microstructure of the samples. In order to establish the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties, compressive and flexural strength are also investigated.
Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its high compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and its high durability. Thermal treatment at 90°C can accelerate the strength development so that the 28-days-strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment and an additional increase up to 30 % in some cases. The reason for the strength development is an accelerated hydration of the clinker minerals and an intensified pozzolanic reaction leading to a denser microstructure.
In previous research inhomogeneities in form of a zonation after unprotected thermal treatment were observed and analysed in respect to changes in the microstructure. This zonation is defined by a different microstructure in the core compared to the outer zone in the matter of porosity, mineral phase composition and a significant change in the potassium and sulphur concentration of the zones is measurable.
To isolate different transport mechanisms responsible for these element distributions UHPC samples were thermally treated at 90 °C and the microstructure was investigated under dry conditions and after immersion in water to investigate the influence of dehydration during and rehydration after the thermal treatment on the microstructure. Through durability testing via water absorption, water vapour diffusion, permeability testing and sulfuric acid resistance transport mechanisms like diffusion, migration, capillary suction are under investigation in correlation with the microstructure analysis. For the microstructure analysis measurements with µXRF, mercury intrusion porosity, XRD and SEM were conducted.
Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its high compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and its high durability. Thermal treatment at 90°C can accelerate the strength development so that the 28-days-strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment and an additional increase up to 30 % in some cases. The reason for the strength development is an accelerated hydration of the clinker minerals and an intensified pozzolanic reaction leading to a denser microstructure.
In previous research inhomogeneities in form of a zonation after unprotected thermal treatment were observed and analysed in respect to changes in the microstructure. This zonation is defined by a different microstructure in the core compared to the outer zone in the matter of porosity, mineral phase composition and a significant change in the potassium and sulphur concentration of the zones is measurable.
To isolate different transport mechanisms responsible for these element distributions UHPC samples were thermally treated at 90 °C and the microstructure was investigated under dry conditions and after immersion in water to investigate the influence of dehydration during and rehydration after the thermal treatment on the microstructure. Through durability testing via water absorption, water vapour diffusion, permeability testing and sulfuric acid resistance transport mechanisms like diffusion, migration, capillary suction are under investigation in correlation with the microstructure analysis. For the microstructure analysis measurements with µXRF, mercury intrusion porosity, XRD and SEM were conducted.
Several studies show that thermal and hydrothermal treatment can further improve the excellent properties of UHPC in terms of mechanical strength and durability. While for the thermal treatment the increase in strength is attributed to an intensified pozzolanic and hydraulic reaction, for the hydrothermal treatment previous studies accredited it mostly to the formation of tobermorite. In the presented study thermal and hydrothermal treatment of UHPC samples was systematically varied and the phase formation analysed related to the strength development of a reference sample cured for 28 days in water. For the thermal treatment the results show that the strength increase depends on the protection against desiccation and can be ascribed to an improved pozzolanic reaction of the siliceous fillers. To achieve a significant enhancement of strength, a pre-storage time of few days and a long dwell time at elevated temperature/pressure are required. For the hydrothermal treatment already heating the specimens up to 185 °C in saturated steam followed by an immediate cooling leads to a substantial increase in compressive strength. Pre-storage time did not affect the result as far as a minimum of several hours is guaranteed. The improved performance is due to an increase in the pozzolanic and hydraulic reaction. Surprisingly, tobermorite was only found within a very thin layer at the surface of the sample, but not in the bulk. Sulphate and aluminium stemming from the decomposition of the ettringite are bound in the newly formed phases hydroxylellestadite and hydrogarnet.
Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is characterised by its high compressive strength of more than 120 MPa and its high durability. With thermal treatment at 90°C, hydration is accelerated and a strength comparable to the 28-day strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment. In applying Optimum process conditions, the strength can be even further increased by up to 30%. Previous Research showed that thermal treatment can lead to inhomogeneities in form of a visible zonation within the cross-section, if the UHPC is not protected sufficiently from desiccation. This led to the question, to what extent the related changes in mechanical properties, microstructure and phase composition are of relevance for the performance of the UHPC. First investigations of small specimens thermally treated without protection exhibited a decrease of compressive strength, indicating that the zonation aspect requires further research.
In this study the zonation of UHPC treated thermally at 90°C is investigated after applying four different procedures of treatment and curing in comparison. The samples are characterized with respect to their chemistry, mineral composition and microstructure to allow an assessment on durability and strength development, with focus on potential depth dependent changes associated with the zonation.
The measurements reveal the formation of a visible zonation in case of unprotected treatment, if followed by immersion in water. The compressive strength is not significantly impaired, but a decrease in bending strength gives reason for concern. Further results allow clear correlation with changes in pore structure, whereas the interpretation of relationships with phase distribution, degree of hydration, microchemistry is more complex and therefore, provides only partial clarification.
The advantages of treating prefabricated components made of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UCPC) at 90 °C are largely recognized, while hydrothermal treatment at 185 °C and the corresponding saturation pressure of 1.1 MPa, in contrast, is not applied in building practice so far and was studied only by a few researchers.
In the research presented, the parameters pre-storage-time before treatment and dwell time in the autoclave were systematically varied. The results illustrate in which way compressive strength increases with the duration of treatment. Already samples which were only heated up and immediately cooled down show an increase in strength compared to the 28-day reference of about 10 %. After 20 h the maximum increase of about 25 % is reached. Interestingly the compressive strength of samples treated very long hardly decreases. It can be therefore concluded that for the composition investigated the achievable mechanical strength is not severely sensitive regarding the duration of the treatment.
Also, pre-storage times before autoclaving longer than 0.5 days showed no significant impact on strength development.
The phase composition measured by XRD exhibits significant changes compared to the reference. The amount of ettringite and portlandite have vanished, the cement clinker phases are substantially decreased and hydroxylellestadite and hydrogarnet are formed as new phases. The increase in strength can be assigned to an improved pozzolanic and hydraulic reaction. Contradictory to literature, there was found no tobermorite, a mineral which is known to be susceptible for disintegration at Long autoclaving duration. This explains why no significant strength loss appeared.
Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is characterised by its high compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and its high durability. Due to thermal treatment at 90°C a strength comparable to the 28-days-strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment and in some cases can be even further increased up to 30 %. The explanations for the increase in strength are the accelerated hydration of the clinker minerals and the intensified pozzolanic reaction contributing to a denser microstructure and hence, a high performance in compressive strength.
Former research shows that thermal treatment can lead to inhomogeneities in form of a visible zonation within the cross-section. The width of the margin increases with shorter pre-storage time before the thermal treatment and with omitting protective measures against desiccation during the treatment. Specimens exhibiting a zonation typically show a lower compressive strength compared to the undisturbed reference whereas changes in chemistry, mineral content and microstructure were not reported in detail.
In this study the zonation of thermally treated UHPC is investigated with respect to its chemistry, mineral composition and microstructure to allow predictions on durability and strength development. Measurements show a change in pore sizes, minerals phase composition and element distribution leading to the visible zonation and weaker bending tensile strength compared to the reference.
Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is characterised by its high compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and its high durability. Due to thermal treatment at 90°C a strength comparable to the 28-days-strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment and in some cases can be even further increased up to 30 %. The explanations for the increase in strength are the accelerated hydration of the clinker minerals and the intensified pozzolanic reaction contributing to a denser microstructure and hence, a high performance in compressive strength.
Former research shows that thermal treatment can lead to inhomogeneities in form of a visible zonation within the cross-section. The width of the margin increases with shorter pre-storage time before the thermal treatment and with omitting protective measures against desiccation during the treatment. Specimens exhibiting a zonation typically show a lower compressive strength compared to the undisturbed reference whereas changes in chemistry, mineral content and microstructure were not reported in detail.
In this study the zonation of thermally treated UHPC is investigated with respect to its chemistry, mineral composition and microstructure to allow predictions on durability and strength development. Measurements show a change in pore sizes, minerals phase composition and element distribution leading to the visible zonation and weaker bending tensile strength compared to the reference.
The advantages of treating prefabricated components made of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UCPC) at 90 °C are largely recognized, while hydrothermal treatment at 185 °C and the corresponding saturation pressure of 1.1 MPa, in contrast, is not applied in building practice so far and was studied only by a few researchers.
In the research presented, the parameters pre-storage-time before treatment and dwell time in the autoclave were systematically varied. The results illustrate in which way compressive strength increases with the duration of treatment. Already samples which were only heated up and immediately cooled down show an increase in strength compared to the 28-day reference of about 10 %. After 20 h the maximum increase of about 25 % is reached. Interestingly the compressive strength of samples treated very long hardly decreases. It can be therefore concluded that for the composition investigated the achievable mechanical strength is not severely sensitive regarding the duration of the treatment.
Also, pre-storage times before autoclaving longer than 0.5 days showed no significant impact on strength development. The phase composition measured by XRD exhibits significant changes compared to the reference. The amount of ettringite and portlandite have vanished, the cement clinker phases are substantially decreased and hydroxylellestadite and hydrogarnet are formed as new phases. The increase in strength can be assigned to an improved pozzolanic and hydraulic reaction. Contradictory to literature, there was found no obermorite, a mineral which is known to be susceptible for disintegration at Long autoclaving duration. This explains why no significant strength loss appeared.
UHPC (engl. ultra-high-performance concrete) bietet außergewöhnliche Eigenschaften, die sich durch eine optimierte Wärmebehandlung weiter verbessern lassen. Wie bei normalen Beton beschleunigt eine Wärmebehandlung den Aushärteprozess und reduziert das Schrumpfen. Durch Ausbildung eines dichteren Gefüges wird weiterhin die Druckfestigkeit und die Resistenz gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen erhöht.
Die Art der Wärmebehandlung wird durch die Parameter: Temperatur, Druck, Wasserdampfsättigung und Dauer definiert und hat einen entscheiden Einfluss auf die Phasenentwicklung und damit auf die makro- und mikroskopischen Eigenschaften des UHPCs. Auch die Dauer und Art der Vorlagerung des UHPCs vor der thermischen Behandlung sind von Bedeutung.
Ziel der vorgestellten Untersuchung war der Vergleich und die Optimierung verschiedener Wärmebehandlungsarten mit Blick auf die Druckfestigkeits- und Phasenentwicklung. Dafür wurden UHPC-Zylinder und Prismen hergestellt und ungeschützt bzw. in Folie eingeschweißt bei 90 °C im Ofen, im Heißwasserbad, sowie alternativ bei 185 °C und 1.1 MPa im Autoklaven wärmebehandelt. Zusätzlich wurde die Vorlagerungs- und die Behandlungszeit systematisch variiert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine praxisnahe Wärmebehandlung im Ofen (kurze Vorlagerungs- und Behandlungszeit, Verdunstungsschutz durch Einschweißen in Folie) zwar zu einer stark erhöhten Frühfestigkeit führt, aber die Langzeitfestigkeit wird nicht signifikant erhöht. Erst längere Behandlungszeiten verbunden mit intensiviertem Schutz gegen das Austrocknen führen darüber hinaus zu deutlich erhöhten Langzeitfestigkeiten. Nach der Autoklavierung dagegen wurden Festigkeitszuwächse von bis zu 30 % gemessen.
Die röntgenographisch nachgewiesene Phasenentwicklung wird in beiden Behandlungsarten durch die Limitierung des zur Verfügung stehenden Wassers bestimmt. Bei der Wärmebehandlung im Ofen wird das durch den Ettringitzerfall freigesetzte Wasser für die puzzolanische Reaktion der Mikrosilika verbraucht, reicht aber für eine weitere Reaktion der Klinkerphasen nicht aus. Bei der hydrothermalen Behandlung dagegen zeigen die Veränderungen im Phasenbestand sowohl eine Intensivierung der puzzolanischen als auch der hydraulischen Reaktion. Der für autoklavierte Baustoffe charakteristische Tobermorit konnte jedoch nicht im Probeninneren, sondern nur als Belag auf der Probenoberfläche nachgewiesen werden. Ursächlich hierfür ist vermutlich wiederum das zu geringe Wasserangebot im Gefüge des UHPC.
UHPC (engl. ultra-high-performance concrete) bietet außergewöhnliche Eigenschaften, die sich durch eine optimierte Wärmebehandlung weiter verbessern lassen. Wie bei normalen Beton beschleunigt eine Wärmebehandlung den Aushärteprozess und reduziert das Schrumpfen. Durch Ausbildung eines dichteren Gefüges wird weiterhin die Druckfestigkeit und die Resistenz gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen erhöht.
Die Art der Wärmebehandlung wird durch die Parameter: Temperatur, Druck, Wasserdampfsättigung und Dauer definiert und hat einen entscheiden Einfluss auf die Phasenentwicklung und damit auf die makro- und mikroskopischen Eigenschaften des UHPCs. Auch die Dauer und Art der Vorlagerung des UHPCs vor der thermischen Behandlung sind von Bedeutung.
Ziel der vorgestellten Untersuchung war der Vergleich und die Optimierung verschiedener Wärmebehandlungsarten mit Blick auf die Druckfestigkeits- und Phasenentwicklung. Dafür wurden UHPC-Zylinder und Prismen hergestellt und ungeschützt bzw. in Folie eingeschweißt bei 90 °C im Ofen, im Heißwasserbad, sowie alternativ bei 185 °C und 1.1 MPa im Autoklaven wärmebehandelt. Zusätzlich wurde die Vorlagerungs- und die Behandlungszeit systematisch variiert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine praxisnahe Wärmebehandlung im Ofen (kurze Vorlagerungs- und Behandlungszeit, Verdunstungsschutz durch Einschweißen in Folie) zwar zu einer stark erhöhten Frühfestigkeit führt, aber die Langzeitfestigkeit wird nicht signifikant erhöht. Erst längere Behandlungszeiten verbunden mit intensiviertem Schutz gegen das Austrocknen führen darüber hinaus zu deutlich erhöhten Langzeitfestigkeiten. Nach der Autoklavierung dagegen wurden Festigkeitszuwächse von bis zu 30 % gemessen.
Die röntgenographisch nachgewiesene Phasenentwicklung wird in beiden Behandlungsarten durch die Limitierung des zur Verfügung stehenden Wassers bestimmt. Bei der Wärmebehandlung im Ofen wird das durch den Ettringitzerfall freigesetzte Wasser für die puzzolanische Reaktion der Mikrosilika verbraucht, reicht aber für eine weitere Reaktion der Klinkerphasen nicht aus. Bei der hydrothermalen Behandlung dagegen zeigen die Veränderungen im Phasenbestand sowohl eine Intensivierung der puzzolanischen als auch der hydraulischen Reaktion. Der für autoklavierte Baustoffe charakteristische Tobermorit konnte jedoch nicht im Probeninneren, sondern nur als Belag auf der Probenoberfläche nachgewiesen werden. Ursächlich hierfür ist vermutlich wiederum das zu geringe Wasserangebot im Gefüge des UHPC.
Fiber-reinforced concretes (FRCs) offer significant improvements in tensile strength and durability compared to most other concrete mixes.
However, for safe and efficient use of FRC in large structures, anisotropy of fiber orientation needs to be understood and properly controlled. In this project, both cored samples extracted from a FRC slab and FRC samples cast individually in molds were assessed using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and measurements of fiber orientation were extracted from the resulting CT images. These results showed that fibers within the slab were highly anisotropic in orientation while fibers in individually cast samples showed a much more heterogeneous distribution of orientations.
This indicates that fiber orientation is highly dependent on the casting process and suggests that FRC can only be safely and efficiently utilized if anisotropic fiber orientation is properly accounted for during design and optimized casting methods are used during construction.
Ziel war die Entwicklung neuer Konzepte für die Herstellung sicherer, energieeffizienter und erschwinglicher Materialien für Gebäudehüllen und Innenwände für ein gesünderes Wohnklima.
Es werden Komposit-Fertigteile aus UHPC mit Wärmedämmung aus Porenbeton und aus Textilfaserbeton mit Wärmedämmung aus Schaumbeton vorgestellt.
Diskutiert werden die Strategien zum Erreichen einer erhöhten Dauerhaftigkeit und Ressourceneffizienz sowie zur Erzeugung multifunktionaler Oberflächen.
Ziel war die Entwicklung neuer Konzepte für die Herstellung sicherer, energieeffizienter und erschwinglicher Materialien für Gebäudehüllen und Innenwände für ein gesünderes Wohnklima.
Es werden Komposit-Fertigteile aus UHPC mit Wärmedämmung aus Porenbeton und aus Textilfaserbeton mit Wärmedämmung aus Schaumbeton vorgestellt.
Diskutiert werden die Strategien zum Erreichen einer erhöhten Dauerhaftigkeit und Ressourceneffizienz sowie zur Erzeugung multifunktionaler Oberflächen.
The project has developed a variety of new multifunctional and flexible building components for a healthier indoor environment. [H] house solutions are durable, energy efficient, safe and affordable. They are suitable for use in new buildings and for renovation. [H] house solutions cover aspects of long service life, reduced maintenance and long-term improvement of energy efficiency.
The life span of a building product is a key Parameter when it comes to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) performance. Nevertheless, many uncertainties affect this parameter due to a lack of long-term performance data. The sensitivity of the LCA outcomes to this parameter has been studied within the framework of the FP7 project H-House (Healthier Life with Eco-innovative Components for Housing Constructions) funded by the European Commission.
The paper Features two comparative studies conducted within the scope of this project: one for new construction and another for renovation. An innovative precast sandwich panel made of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) and Foamed Concrete (FC), used for external walls in new construction, is compared with a steel reinforced concrete (SRC) wall of the same thermal resistance. For renovation, a novel halfsandwich panel made of Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete (UHPC) and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is compared with cladding having the same thermal performance. The Evaluation was conducted using a multi-criteria basis according to the LCA methodology (ISO 14040- 44). In each case, an identical life span for both scenarios leads to the fact that H-House components have a better environmental performance. The ISO 15686 and ist relevant parts have been considered for the estimation of the service life span. The sensitivity analysis shows the link between the impact savings of the innovative walls and the life span of the walls and their components. In particular, it was found that since both scenarios need to fulfil the same service during an identical reference period, and since some maintenance and replacement of materials are necessary over time for standard Solutions compared to the innovative ones, the chosen life span of the components plays a role of utmost importance. The sensitivity analysis discloses the effect of the assumptions on these aspects.
The aim of this study was to develop a lightweight composite façade element for refurbishment of existing façades. It was crucial to minimize the thermal bridges and to undercut the thermal requirement of the system existing façade new element. The awareness of the environmental impact of the building sector is increasing. In this context, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) materials are shown to be promising alternatives with advantages such as lower embodied energy and reduced environmental impact. Predictions suggest that UHPC composite elements for building envelopes could have other benefits such as an increased service life, optimized use of building area due to thinner elements and minimized maintenance due to the absence of reinforcement or use of non-corrosive reinforcing materials such as carbon fibers. In this framework, composite elements have been developed combining an autoclaved aerated concrete insulation layer with an external UHPC supporting layer. The results show that the lightweight composite element has a good performance in term of thermal transmittance and minimization of thermal bridges.
Beton ist als Massenbaustoff vielseitig einsetzbar. Eine der neuesten Entwicklungen ist Ultrahochleistungsbeton (UHPC). Seine besonderen Eigenschaften ermöglichen eine zusätzliche Funktionalisierung der Oberflächen, da annähernd beliebige Mikrostrukturen exakt abgeformt werden können. So lassen sich beispielsweise Fassadenelemente aus UHPC bereits bei ihrer Herstellung im Betonfertigteilwerk mit selbstreinigenden Oberflächen ausrüsten. Eine andere Möglichkeit ist eine Anwendung als Datenspeicher. Wie das Beispiel der Schallplatte aus UHPC zeigt, lassen sich Muster, die hier die Schallinformationen enthalten, exakt von einer Matrize kopieren.